含促进剂M与DM胶料的硫化特性

研究了促进剂Ｍ与ＤＭ在ＮＲ中的硫化特性，并深入探讨了它们对胶料加工性能及物性影响的差异。试验结果表明，促进剂Ｍ的焦烧速度、硫化速度比ＤＭ快，硫化平坦性比ＤＭ差、在较低温度下促进剂Ｍ对ＮＲ的增塑效果高于ＤＭ，但随着温度的升高，ＤＭ的增塑效果可超过Ｍ。促进剂Ｍ的活化能比ＤＭ低得多，说明其硫化速度对温度的依赖性小于ＤＭ。此外．含促进剂Ｍ胶料的拉伸强度、定伸应力、抗撕裂性、弹性等均略低于含ＤＭ的胶料，而耐热老化性能却比ＤＭ胶料好。     

CR／MMA乳液接枝共聚物的研制

用乳液接枝共聚法制备ＣＲ／ＭＭＡ共聚物，讨论ＣＲ乳液、引发剂、接枝温度、ＭＭＡ用量对接枝共聚转化率，接枝ＭＭＡ含量、ＭＭＡ接枝效率和粘接性能的影响，用红外光谱对接枝共聚物进行表征，该共聚物具有较好的粘接性能。     

RIM聚氨酯技术发展状况

介绍了聚氨酯ＲＩＭ、ＲＲＩＭ、ＳＲＩＭ技术现状和开发动向，以及ＲＩＭ设备开发状况。     

质量流量计（MFM）／质量流量控制器（MFC）原理及应用简介

质量流量计（ＭＦＭ）／质量流量控制器（ＭＦＣ）原理及应用简介龚光祥（北京建中机器厂，北京１０００１６）北京建中机器厂于１９７９年国内首次开发成功ＭＦＭ／ＭＦＣ，在多年的努力和众多用户的支持下，其中流牌Ｄ０７系列ＭＦＭ／ＭＦＣ已发展成标准化、系列化、规...     

MMA反应萃取生产工艺的开发

提出反应萃取方法生产ＭＭＡ的新工艺，选择二甲苯为萃取剂，经过实验考评，证实此工艺能解决ＭＭＡ生产中存在的ＭＭＡ、ＭＡＡ高温自聚和因酯化为可逆反应所造成的ＭＭＡ单程收率较低等问题，提出一错流反应萃取工艺，并以此为背景建立了能描述此过程的模型，且进行了模拟，为ＭＭＡ反应萃取连续化工艺设计提供了依据。     

无定形VDC/MMA悬浮共聚树脂的合成研究

用悬浮聚合法合成了无定形ＶＤＣ／ＭＭＡ共聚树脂,研究了单体配比、聚合温度、引发剂浓度等因素对聚合速率、树脂组成和树脂某些特性的影响。结果表明,单体中ＭＭＡ质量分数含量在２０％～４０％范围时,ＶＤＣ／ＭＭＡ悬浮共聚的速率随ＭＭＡ含量的增加而加快,并具有明显的自动加速现象,温度低于６０℃时,自动加速现象较剧烈;高转化率的树脂中ＭＭＡ单元的含量大于初始单体中ＭＭＡ的含量,其玻璃化温度与窄组成分布的ＶＤＣ／ＭＭＡ共聚树脂相近;当初始单体中ＭＭＡ质量分数大于２５％时,用本文悬浮法制得的树脂为无定形ＶＤＣ／ＭＭＡ共聚树脂     

氯酸镁氧化Mn~(2+)沉积法制化学MnO_2及其特性研究

在一定条件下，以氯酸镁氧化Ｍｎ２＋沉积法制化学ＭｎＯ２（简称（ＣＭＤ），对其进行ＭｎＯ２含量、视密度、肼指数、放电性能以及红外与差热等分析。结果表明，制得的ＣＭＤ电化活性较高，有望替代电解ＭｎＯ２（简称ＥＭＤ）作为干电池的阴极活性材料。     

二胺替比林基溴代苯甲烷的合成及其分析应用的研究

合成了ＤＡｏＢＭ、ＤＡｍＢＭ、ＤＡｐＢＭ３个二安替比林甲烷芳香族衍生物,其中ＤＡｏＢＭ和ＤＡｍＢＭ为首次合成。研究了Ｈ３ＰＯ４介质中和Ｍｎ（Ⅱ）存在下其与Ｃｒ（Ⅵ）、Ｖ（Ⅴ）、Ｃｅ（Ⅳ）、Ｍｎ（Ⅶ）的显色反应,开发了几个试剂的应用体系,显示了良好的应用前景。     

溶液法马来酸酐接枝EPDM的研究及对尼龙的相容,增韧效应

本文介绍采用溶液法制备马来酸酐（ＭＡＨ）接枝乙丙橡胶（ＥＰＤＭ）以及该接枝物对尼龙（ＰＡ）的相容、增韧效应。研究了引发剂ＢＰＯ和ＭＡＨ用量与接枝率、接枝效率、交量的关系，当ＭＡＨ／ＥＰＤＭ为１０／１００（质量比，下同）时，ＢＰＯ／ＥＰＤＭ的最佳值约为２．２８／１００；固定ＢＰＯ／ＥＰＤＭ为１０／１００时，ＭＡＨ／ＥＰＤＭ的最佳值约为１２．５／１００。由Ｍｏｌａｕ实验表明，ＭＡＨ接枝ＥＰＤＭ／ＰＡ比     

新型含能粘结剂BAMO

综述了新型叠氨含能粘结剂ＢＡＭＯ的理化特性和ＢＡＭＯ／ＴＨＦ、ＢＡＭＯ／ＮＭＭＯ等ＢＡＭＯ类粘结剂的热分解特性和燃烧特性方面的研究进展。     

Enzymes-Assisted Extraction of Plants for Sustainable and Functional Applications

The scientific community and industrial companies have discovered significant enzyme applications to plant material. This rise imparts to changing consumers’ demands while searching for ‘clean label’ food products, boosting the immune system, uprising resistance to bacterial and fungal diseases, and climate change challenges. First, enzymes were used for enhancing production yield with mild and not hazardous applications. However, enzyme specificity, activity, plant origin and characteristics, ratio, and extraction conditions differ depending on the goal. As a result, researchers have gained interest in enzymes’ ability to cleave specific bonds of macroelements and release bioactive compounds by enhancing value and creating novel derivatives in plant extracts. The extract is enriched with reducing sugars, phenolic content, and peptides by disrupting lignocellulose and releasing compounds from the cell wall and cytosolic. Nonetheless, depolymerizing carbohydrates and using specific enzymes form and release various saccharides lengths. The latest studies show that oligosaccharides released and formed by enzymes have a high potential to be slowly digestible starches (SDS) and possibly be labeled as prebiotics. Additionally, they excel in new technological, organoleptic, and physicochemical properties. Released novel derivatives and phenolic compounds have a significant role in human and animal health and gut-microbiota interactions, affecting many metabolic pathways. The latest studies have contributed to enzyme-modified extracts and products used for functional, fermented products development and sustainable processes: in particular, nanocellulose, nanocrystals, nanoparticles green synthesis with drug delivery, wound healing, and antimicrobial properties. Even so, enzymes’ incorporation into processes has limitations and is regulated by national and international levels.     

中低温煤焦油蒸馏过程中金属元素的迁移规律

以中低温煤焦油轻油和重油为实验原料,采用常压蒸馏获得170~200℃、200~240℃、240~270℃、270~300℃、300~320℃、320~340℃、340~360℃和360~390℃煤焦油馏分油;利用配有油品加氧制冷进样系统的ICP-OES测定了21种微量元素在馏分油中的含量,考察了不同馏分油中元素的分布情况。研究表明：在原煤焦油中,未发现Ag、Mg、Mo、Na、Ni、Fe、Mn、Cr及Ti元素,含量较高的元素有Sn、P、Al、Pb、Si,其中Sn元素在轻油和重油中的含量分别为11.78μg/g和14.04μg/g;在所有馏分油中,未发现Al、Mo、Fe、Mn、Cr及Ti元素,含量比较高的元素有Si、Sn、Na、Zn、Pb,特别是Si、Na、Sn、Zn、Ni、Pb及B元素可以有效富集于馏分油中。可能的原因是Ca、Fe、Mg、Al等金属以不同的盐类形态存在,在煤焦油脱水及<170℃蒸馏过程中,这些金属盐类会被部分带出,导致其在馏分油中的含量未富集或未检出;通过关联金属元素在馏分油中的分布与其组成的关系,馏分油中元素的分布可能与酚类化合物、杂环化合物和蒸馏温度等相关。酚类化合物及杂环化合物可能与Ag、B、Cu、Mo、Sn、Na、Zn、Ca、Pb等金属形成络合物或卟啉配合物,蒸馏温度一方面可以破坏Sn、Cd、Pb、Zn、Cu、Ca、Pb等元素在馏分油中的结合力,另一方面也可以促进这些元素与馏分油中的含氧、含氮等化合物更好地发生化合反应,进而影响金属元素在馏分油中的含量分布。     

Mechanisms Governing Anaphylaxis: Inflammatory Cells,Mediators, Endothelial Gap Junctions and Beyond

Anaphylaxis is a severe, acute, life-threatening multisystem allergic reaction resulting from the release of a plethora of mediators from mast cells culminating in serious respiratory, cardiovascular and mucocutaneous manifestations that can be fatal. Medications, foods, latex, exercise, hormones (progesterone), and clonal mast cell disorders may be responsible. More recently, novel syndromes such as delayed reactions to red meat and hereditary alpha tryptasemia have been described. Anaphylaxis manifests as sudden onset urticaria, pruritus, flushing, erythema, angioedema (lips, tongue, airways, periphery), myocardial dysfunction (hypovolemia, distributive or mixed shock and arrhythmias), rhinitis, wheezing and stridor. Vomiting, diarrhea, scrotal edema, uterine cramps, vaginal bleeding, urinary incontinence, dizziness, seizures, confusion, and syncope may occur. The traditional (or classical) pathway is mediated via T cells, Th2 cytokines (such as IL-4 and 5), B cell production of IgE and subsequent crosslinking of the high affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI) on mast cells and basophils by IgE-antigen complexes, culminating in mast cell and basophil degranulation. Degranulation results in the release of preformed mediators (histamine, heparin, tryptase, chymase, carboxypeptidase, cathepsin G and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and of de novo synthesized ones such as lipid mediators (cysteinyl leukotrienes), platelet activating factor (PAF), cytokines and growth factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Of these, histamine, tryptase, cathepsin G, TNF-α, LTC₄, PAF and VEGF can increase vascular permeability. Recent data suggest that mast cell-derived histamine and PAF can activate nitric oxide production from endothelium and set into motion a signaling cascade that leads to dilatation of blood vessels and dysfunction of the endothelial barrier. The latter, characterized by the opening of adherens junctions, leads to increased capillary permeability and fluid extravasation. These changes contribute to airway edema, hypovolemia, and distributive shock, with potentially fatal consequences. In this review, besides mechanisms (endotypes) underlying IgE-mediated anaphylaxis, we also provide a brief overview of IgG-, complement-, contact system-, cytokine- and mast cell-mediated reactions that can result in phenotypes resembling IgE-mediated anaphylaxis. Such classifications can lead the way to precision medicine approaches to the management of this complex disease.     

Recent advances in synthesis, physical properties and applications of conducting polymer nanotubes and nanofibers

This article summarizes and reviews the various preparation methods, physical properties, and potential applications of one-dimensional nanostructures of conjugated polyaniline (PANI), polypyrrole (PPY) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT). The synthesis approaches include hard physical template method, soft chemical template method, electrospinning, and lithography techniques. Particularly, the electronic transport (e.g., electrical conductivity, current-voltage (I-V) characteristics, magnetoresistance, and nanocontact resistance) and mechanical properties of individual nanowires/tubes, and specific heat capacity, magnetic susceptibility, and optical properties of the polymer nanostructures are presented with emphasis on size-dependent behaviors. Several potential applications and corresponding challenges of these nanofibers and nanotubes in chemical, optical and bio-sensors, nano-diodes, field effect transistors, field emission and electrochromic displays, super-capacitors and energy storage, actuators, drug delivery, neural interfaces, and protein purification are also discussed.     

松香基表面活性剂研究进展

松香是一类产量丰富、价格低廉的可再生林产资源,被广泛地应用于食品、农业、橡胶、油墨、涂料等领域。松香的三环二萜结构具有超强的疏水性,通过催化异构、Diels-Alder加成等手段引入亲水基团可制备高附加值、易生物降解的绿色表面活性剂。本文从阴离子、阳离子、非离子和两性离子表面活性剂4个大类对松香基表面活性剂应用的文献及专利进行综述,重点分析了羧酸盐、磺酸盐、硫酸盐和磷酸盐4种阴离子型表面活性剂和季铵盐阳离子型表面活性剂,多元醇型和聚氧乙烯型非离子表面活性剂,以及甜菜碱型和氧化胺型两性离子表面活性剂。剖析松香基表面活性剂产业化开发的新技术及新产品概况,提出松香基表面活性剂替代传统表面活性剂的潜在应用领域。同时,对松香基表面活性剂的研究发展与产业化发展进行了评价与展望。     

High-Performance Polymers for Separation and Purification Processes: An Overview

Separation and purification techniques are applied in many important fields, such as in the medical, chemical, metallurgical, environmental, and pharmaceutical industries. Recent advances in separation science and the urgent need for highly selective purification have necessitated a rapid progress with respect to the reagents, chemicals, and surfactants used in separation processes to attain a high efficiency and selectivity. Polymeric materials have attracted considerable interest, and they have been widely used as extractants, catalysts, and modifiers, in separation and purification processes. This review outlines the recent advances in the use of novel polymers, natural and synthetic, in different separation and purification techniques. Various separation techniques such as chromatography, crystallization, precipitation, distillation, electrophoresis, filtration, and mineral processing methods are discussed, and the polymers used in each method are described in terms of their properties, structure, and function. The application of polymers shows great promise in achieving a highly efficient separation, especially in the areas of membrane separation and water purification. The rational design of new multifunctional polymers with triggered functions presumably presents new opportunities for the development of advanced separation methods.     

Petrography and geochemistry of the Middle Devonian coal from Luquan, Yunnan Province, China

Coals from Luquan, Yunnan Province, China, have high contents of cutinite and microsporinite, with an average of 55 and 33.5 vol%, respectively, (on a mineral-free basis). The coals are classified as cutinitic liptobiolith, sporinite-rich durain, cutinite-rich durain, and sporinitic liptobiolith. These four liptinite-rich coals are often interlayered within the coal bed section and vary transversely within the coal bed. The vitrinite content varies from as low as 1.6-20.5% (mineral-free basis), and it is dominated by collodetrinite, collotelinite, and corpogelinite. The maceral composition may be attributed to the type of the peat-forming plant communities. Moreover, the Luquan coals are characterized by high contents of volatile matter, hydrogen, and oxygen, and the high values of the atomic hydrogen to carbon ratio as a result of the maceral composition. As compared with the common Chinese coals and the upper continental crust, the Luquan coals are enriched in Li, B, Cu, Ga, Se, Rb, Mo, Ba, Pb, Bi, and U, with averages of 99.9, 250, 111, 24.4, 4.55, 130, 58.8, 1276, 162, 3.85, and 34.1 μg/g, respectively. The SEM-EDX results show that V, Cr, Ga, and Rb occur mainly in clay minerals, and Cu and Pb are associated with clay minerals and pyrite, and Mo and U are mainly in clay minerals and organic matter. Barite and clay minerals are the main carrier of barium. The high B and U contents are probably resulted from deep seawater influence during coal formation.     

Perspectives on additives for polymers. 1. Aspects of stabilization

Since the earliest discovery and subsequent developments in the world of polymers associated problems and increasing applications have resulted in the rapidly expanding field of “additives.” In this context, the term additive is very generalized in that it encompasses many facets associated with ever growing needs. Of the most important are antioxidants (primary and secondary), light stabilizers, processing aids, metal deactivators, flame retardants, biocides, nucleating agents, antistatic compounds, fillers, dyes, pigments (nano, micro, and macro) to name but only a few each serving a particular function and not necessarily all at the same time in the one package. This article presents a general perspective on the type, mode of action, properties, uses, and problems (and circumvention) based on some of the more important key additives. The properties and behavior of many additives in this regard relates very much to the initial incorporation and formulation and in turn is often a major controlling factor in end use performance from a physical, esthetic, structural, mechanical, and chemical point of view. Indeed, with many polymers like PVC, for example, one enters a highly complex world of interactions which can in many cases destroy or even enhance the activity of functional processing additives. Some of these will be highlighted and hopefully the aim being here to enthuse the polymer and additive manufacturers and technologists in the processing laboratories to become more aware of potential issues and problems.     

Effects of Extraction Temperature and Preservation Method on Functionality of Soy Protein

The effects of extraction temperature and preservation method on the functional properties of soy protein isolate (SPI) were determined. Four extraction temperatures (25, 40, 60, and 80 °C) were used to produce SPI and yields of solids and protein contents were determined. Three preservation methods were also tested (spray-drying, freeze-drying, and freezing–thawing) and compared to fresh (undried) samples for each extraction temperature. No differences in yields of solids and protein were observed among SPIs extracted at 25, 40, and 60 °C; however, SPI extracted at 80 °C yielded significantly less solids and protein. Extraction temperature significantly affected SPI functionality. As extraction temperature increased, solubility and emulsification capacity decreased; surface hydrophobicities, emulsification activities and stabilities, and dynamic viscosities increased; and foaming properties improved. Preservation method also significantly affected SPI functionality. Drying method did not affect the denaturation enthalpies of SPIs, but spray-dried SPIs had higher solubilities, surface hydrophobicities, and emulsification stabilities, and lower viscosities, emulsification activities and rates of foaming than freeze-dried SPI exhibited. Emulsification and foaming capacities and foaming stabilities were similar for both methods of drying. There was significant interaction between extraction temperature and preservation method for all functional properties except emulsification capacity.