葡萄的芳香物质

芳香物质是葡萄果皮中的主要物质,存在于果皮的下表皮细胞中。但有的葡萄品种（如玫瑰香MUSCAT系列品种）的果肉中也含有芳香物质。各种葡萄品种特殊的果香味决定于它们所含有的芳香物质的种类。葡萄的香味对于每个品种是特定的,但其浓度和优雅度决定于品种的营养系、种植方式、年份、生态条件和浆果的成熟度。葡萄的芳香物质种类很多,以具有挥发性的游离态和不具挥发性的结合态,但可变为游离态的芳香物质两种形态存在。因此,只有游离态的芳香物质才具有气味。1 葡萄的游离态芳香物质这类物质包括能同时引起嗅觉和味觉的挥发性物质…     

Characterization of key-aroma compounds of botrytized wines,influence of grape botrytization

Botrytized wines (BW) are famous for their distinctive, complex aromas. To date, only a few studies have analysed the volatile compounds involved in their typical flavours. In this paper, GC–O was applied to BW and dry white wines (DW) made from the same grape varieties to characterize the main odorants responsible for their sensory differences. Surprisingly, only two odorous zones, with grapefruit or curry nuances, were apparently specific to BW. However, GC–AEDA revealed important differences in the FD values between BW and DW, making it possible to screen potent odorants of BW, such as 3-mercaptohexan-1-ol, homofuraneol^®, furaneol^®, sotolon, methional, and phenylacetaldehyde. GC–MS quantification of homofuraneol^®, furaneol^®, norfuraneol^®, phenylacetaldehyde, and methional in 14 BW, mostly at levels above their perception thresholds, confirmed their contribution to the aroma of BW. Increased concentrations of some of these odorants in BW were shown to be associated with grape botrytization, partially through the desiccation process.     

Glycosidic aroma compounds of some Portuguese grape cultivars

In order to evaluate the potential aroma of some Portuguese grapes, several glycosidically bound aroma compounds of ten grape varieties grown in Évora, Alentejo, Portugal, were released, identified and quantified using gas chromatography–mass spectrophotometry. White varieties were Arinto, Perrum, Rabo‐de‐Ovelha, Roupeiro and Antão Vaz. Red varieties were Trincadeira, Aragonez, Tinta Caiada, Moreto and Castelão. Grapes of Roupeiro and Trincadeira from five other vines in the Alentejo region were also studied. For each variety pulp and skin were analyzed separately. The compounds produced by enzymatic hydrolysis of glycoside precursors extracted from pulps and skins of these grapes were similar to the ones appearing in the so‐called ‘aromatic’ varieties; however, the amounts found were significantly lower. These results seem to show the neutral characteristic of these grapes to indicate that each variety has a distinctive profile regarding compounds from the linalool class. The ratios of trans : cis forms of some linalool compounds remain the same in all samples of Roupeiro and Trincadeira, regardless their origin. In Trincadeira grapes no linalool was detected. Skins are always richer than pulps. The acid hydrolysis of norisoprenoid aglycons produced highly odorant compounds previously described in grape varieties. Although some differences between varieties could be detected, the red grapes Aragonez and Castelão are richer in vitispiranes while Moreto, Trincadeira and Tinta Caiada are richer in actinidols; in white grapes, only Roupeiro and Perrum show detectable amounts of vitispiranes. These results need further investigation and analysis to be considered as a statement and should be confirmed in an extended study. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry     

葡萄梗(茎)中的生物活性物质研究现状

葡萄梗(茎)是葡萄加工业副产物之一,富含高附加值的生物活性成分,可用于食品、医药和化妆品等工业领域,但较少被人们关注和开发。本文介绍了葡萄梗(茎)中生物活性物质的分布和分离纯化的研究现状,旨在为葡萄生产废弃物葡萄梗(茎)的综合利用提供一定的参考和借鉴。      

葡萄果实成熟过程中含氮化合物的变化

本文通过对琼瑶浆、玫瑰香、赤霞珠、小白玫瑰4个葡萄品种在果实成熟过程中硝态氮、氨态氮、总氮含量的测定,探讨了葡萄果实成熟过程中不同氮化物的变化.结果表明:4个品种在果实成熟过程中果肉和种子中硝态氮、氨态氛、总氮含量呈逐渐升高的趋势,接近成熟时其含量趋于稳定;4个品种果实种子中的硝态氮、氨态氮、总氮含量均高于果肉中的含量.     

梅鹿辄葡萄4个营养系果实酚类物质变化研究

酚类物质对葡萄酒的感官品质和生理活性功能有重要作用,该研究以梅鹿辄葡萄4个营养系（M-181、M-343、M-346、M-348）为材料评价酚类物质差异。结果表明,不同品系梅鹿辄葡萄可溶性固形物含量无显著差异（P＞0.05）,M-348平均粒质量高于其他三个营养系,且可滴定酸含量与M-181、M-343无显著差异（P＞0.05）。在成熟时,4个营养系果皮和种子总类黄酮含量差异不显著（P＞0.05）,但M-348果皮中单宁、黄烷醇和原花色素含量显著（P＜0.05）高于其他三个营养系;随着果实的发育,4个营养系果皮中花色苷含量逐渐增加,在花后120 d,M-348中花色苷含量为13.48 mg/g。梅鹿辄M-348葡萄果皮酚类物质含量丰富,可作为黄土高原区梅鹿辄种植品系。     

Biosynthesis of flavour compounds in Muscat Gordo Blanco grape berries

Inflorescences of the floral grapevine cv Muscat Gordo Blanco (syn. Muscat of Alexandria) were grown on their own shoots until maturity or, after approach-grafting before flowering, on the shoots of the non-floral cv Shiraz (in the glasshouse) or Sultana (in the field). The flavour compounds of their berries were compared with those in the berries of the non-floral cultivars, grown either on their own shoots or, by grafting, on the shoots of the Muscat cultivar. For this, monoterpene glycosides were isolated from the fruits, enzymatically hydrolysed and the released monoterpene aglycons were liquid-liquid extracted and analysed by GC-MS. The Muscat Gordo Blanco berries of ungrafted bunches and of bunches grafted onto Shiraz or Sultana vines yielded fruit with monoterpenes at levels and types typical of this floral grape variety. The berries of Shiraz and Sultana bunches contained only low levels of monoterpene glycosides both on their own shoots or grafted onto Muscat shoots. The lack of difference between flavour compounds in grafted and non-grafted fruit indicate that aroma compounds are synthesised in the berries and that their presence is determined by the genotype of the grape bunch rather than by the genotype of the vine.     

Potential health benefits of phenolic compounds in grape processing by-products

Food Science and Biotechnology - Prevention emerges as a powerful approach in minimizing the risk of deleterious lifestyle diseases because therapies do not necessarily guarantee a permanent cure....     

Changes in volatile compounds during maturation of some grape varieties

The evolution of volatile compounds in three Vitis vinifera varieties (Monastrell, Cabernet Sauvignon and Tempranillo) was followed during maturation to determine whether they could be used as a maturation index. The volatile compounds were extracted and analysed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The volatile compounds of these non-aromatic varieties generally occurred in very low concentrations and only the C₆ compounds appeared in sufficiently high concentrations for their evolution to be followed and used to determine optimum maturity.     

西拉葡萄果实成熟过程中果皮内非花色苷酚类物质的变化

利用高效液相色谱-质谱联用(HPLC-MS)技术研究西拉葡萄果实成熟过程中果皮内非花色苷酚类物质的变化.结果表明:在葡萄成熟过程中共检测到27种非花色苷酚类物质,其中黄酮醇类物质舍量最高,黄烷-3-醇类次之.各类非花色苷酚类的含量在转色开始逐渐上升,到转色后1～2周达到最大值,随后缓慢下降;采摘前2周,除了酚酸类物质含量趋于稳定、白藜芦醇含量下降之外,其它非花色苷酚类物质含量再次升高.     

HS-SPME-GC-MS分析红提葡萄白兰地挥发性风味化合物

以新疆产区红提葡萄白兰地为研究对象,采用顶空固相微萃取（HS-SPME）优化其萃取条件,结合气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）联用技术对其挥发性风味化合物进行定性定量分析,并采用气味活度值（OAV）判断其挥发性成分对白兰地整体香气的贡献度。结果表明,最佳萃取条件为：萃取头二乙烯基苯-羰基-聚二甲基硅氧烷（DVB-CAR-PDMS）50/30 μm,萃取温度40 ℃,萃取时间40 min。在该萃取条件下,共检出62种挥发性化合物,其中酯类、醇类、酸类、醛酮类、缩醛类、萜烯类和其他类物质分别有21种、13种、8种、9种、3种、5种、3种,其相对含量分别为51.19%、6.90%、12.94%、5.76%、3.28%、0.51%和19.42%。通过OAV评价得出具有香气贡献的主要化合物（OAV＞1）共10种,以酯类、醛类和酸类为主。     

Characterisation of various grape seed oils by volatile compounds,triacylglycerol composition,total phenols and antioxidant capacity

Grape seed oil (Oleum vitis viniferae) representing a promising plant fat, mainly used for culinary and pharmaceutical purposes as well as for various technical applications, was subject of the present investigation. HS-SPME-GC–MS was applied to study volatile compounds in several seed oil samples from different grape oils. The triacylglycerol (TAG) composition of these oils was analyzed by MALDI-TOF-MS/MS. In addition the total phenol content and the antioxidant capacity (using TEAC) of these oils were determined. The headspace of virgin grape oils from white and red grapes was dominated by ethyl octanoate (up to 27.5% related to the total level of volatiles), ethylacetate (up to 25.0%), ethanol (up to 22.7%), acetic acid (up to 17.2%), ethyl hexanoate (up to 17.4%) and 3-methylbutanol (up to 11.0%). Triacylglycerol composition was found to be dominated by LLL (up to 41.8%), LLP (up to 24.3%), LLO (up to 16.3%) and LOO (up to 11.7%), followed by LOP (up to 9.3%) and LOS/OOO (up to 4.3%). Total phenol content ranged between 59 μg/g and 115.5 μg/g GAE. Antioxidant capacity (TEAC) was analyzed to range between 0.09 μg/g and 1.16 μg/g.     

不同成熟度乍娜葡萄挥发性香气成分分析

采用固相微萃取法,分别使用50/30μmCAR/DVB/PDMS和100μmPDMS萃取头萃取了乍娜葡萄的香气成分。通过比较萃取物质的种类和含量,选定50/30μmCAR/DVB/PDMS为最佳萃取头,并利用该萃取头结合气相色谱质谱联用(GC-MS)技术测定了3种不同成熟度乍娜葡萄的挥发性香气成分。结果表明:乍娜葡萄的香气成分主要由酯类、醇类、醛类和酸类组成,其中含量较高有乙酸乙酯、1-己醇、(E)-2-己烯-1-醇、(E)-2-己烯醛等。随着成熟度的增加,香气成分的总量增加,其中酯类、醛类和酸类总量和相对含量均下降,醇类含量升高。     

Evaluation of the bioactive compounds and the antioxidant capacity of grape pomace

Grape pomace is an agro‐industrial residue produced worldwide and mainly employed for animal feed or as a fertiliser. Several studies have shown that grape pomace is a rich source of bioactive compounds, such as phenolic compounds, polysaccharides, fatty acids and others. Three varieties of grape pomace were evaluated in this study. Antioxidant activity was determined by three different methods, namely, DPPH˙, ABTS and ferrous ion assays. Fatty acids and phenolic compounds were identified, respectively, by gas and liquid chromatography. Results showed that grape pomace is a rich source of polyunsaturated fatty acids and phenolic compounds. Cabernet Sauvignon pomace revealed higher values of total phenolic compounds, total flavonoids and total monomeric anthocyanin, and presented the lowest value of EC₅₀, and thus a higher antioxidant activity among the samples analysed.