高压脉冲电场技术及其在果蔬汁加工过程中的应用进展

高压脉冲电场技术(pulsed electric field,PEF)作为非热处理技术之一,在杀菌钝酶、活性物质提取、保持食品原汁原味等方面显示了很大的优势,近些年来成为食品科学与工程研究的热点。文章就国内外关于PEF技术及其在果蔬汁生产过程中的应用研究进行综述,以期为该技术应用于果蔬汁工业生产提供参考。      

脉冲电场对食品中生物活性物质的影响

生物活性物质是食品的重要组成部分,对食品的品质及人体的健康有重要作用。脉冲电场(pulsed electric fields,PEF)是一种非热加工技术,以其大量保留食品中营养物质的独特性成为了最近的研究热点。总结和分析了PEF技术对食品中生物活性物质的影响,主要包括辅助提取、降解及保护作用;探讨了这些作用的机理及其影响因素,为PEF加工过程中生物活性物质稳定性的控制及技术的产业化发展提供有利的支持。      

High-intensity pulsed electric fields processing parameters affecting polyphenoloxidase activity of strawberry juice

High-intensity pulsed electric fields (HIPEF) were applied to strawberry juice to study the feasibility of inactivating polyphenoloxidase (PPO). Response surface methodology was used to evaluate the effect of HIPEF processing, in which total treatment time (1000 to 2000 μs), pulse frequency (50 to 250 Hz), pulse width (1.0 to 7.0 μs), and polarity (monopolar or bipolar) were the controlled variables at a constant electric field of 35 kV/cm. The proposed 2nd-order response functions were accurate enough to fit experimental results. Strawberry juice PPO was strongly reduced within the range of assayed conditions. HIPEF treatments were more effective in bipolar than in monopolar mode in inactivating PPO. Treatments of longer duration resulted in reductions of the enzyme activity. Moreover, it was feasible to minimize residual PPO activity (down to 2.5%) by selecting bipolar treatments at frequencies higher than 229 Hz and pulse widths between 3.23 and 4.23 μs for a constant total treatment time of 2000 μs.     

Effect of pulsed electric fields – assisted extraction on anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activity of brown rice bioactive compounds

The bioactive compounds of brown rice exhibit many beneficial health effects, ranging from antioxidant to cytotoxic activities. Pulsed Electric Field (PEF) pretreatment can significantly enhance their extraction, through the induction of the electro-permeabilization of the cell membranes.This paper aims to demonstrate that PEF-assisted extraction of brown rice enables not only enhanced yields of antioxidant compounds, such as γ-oryzanol, polyphenols and phenolic acids, and of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, but also increased cytotoxic effects on cancer cells.Initially, the PEF-assisted extraction conditions have been defined by the assessment of the cell permeabilization index via impedance measurements and the DPPH antioxidant activity. Subsequently, the biological effects of PEF have been evaluated on the cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory properties against human colon cancer cell line HT29.The results show that PEF-assisted extraction, enhancing the yield of bioactive compounds, with respect to untreated extracts, significantly promotes their antioxidant activity, which is correlated with an increased HT29 cells cytotoxicity. In addition, PEF extracts of brown rice substantially inhibit also gene expression and interleukin production in colon cancer cells, suggesting their exploitation as natural anti-inflammatory agents.The integration of PEF pretreatment in the solvent extraction process of bioactives from brown rice appears, therefore, as a promising practice to significantly enhance their biological activity.     

Inactivation of Penicillum expansum in sour cherry juice, peach and apricot nectars by pulsed electric fields

Inhibitory effects of pulsed electric fields (PEF) on Penicillum expansum inoculated into sour cherry juice, apricot and peach nectars were determined based on germination tube elongation, spore germination rate, and light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations in this study. After inoculation of juice/nectar samples with P. expansum spores at the level of 10(5)-10(6)cfu/mL, the samples were processed by bench scale PEF pulse generator as a function of differing electric field strengths (0, 13, 17, 20, 23, 27, 30 and 34kV/cm) and processing times (0, 62, 94, 123, 163, 198 and 218mus). Results revealed that with an increase in electric field strength and processing time, germination tube elongation and spore germination rate were completely inhibited. Light and SEM observations revealed considerable morphological alterations in fungal conidia such as cytoplasmic coagulation, vacuolations, shrinkage and protoplast leakage. PEF processing of juice/nectars was demonstrated to be effective in inactivating P. expansum. To our knowledge, this is the first study confirming the inhibitory effects of PEF on germination tube elongation and spore germination rate of P. expansum in fruit juice/nectars.     

Effect of pulsed electric fields pretreatment on juice expression and quality of chicory

This study investigates the effects of pulsed electric fields (PEF) and freeze thawing (FT) pretreatments on juice yield and quality from chicory by pressing (P). The four different modes (P, PEF-P, FT-P and P-PEF-P) were compared. The effects of pressing mode, PEF conditions, cossettes size on the juice yield, and total soluble matter (°Bx), conductivity, pH, turbidity in expressed juices were evaluated. The pressing kinetics for different modes were also investigated. For studied modes, the highest juice yield and kinetic rate were obtained for FT-P mode, the lowest was P mode. PEF-P and P-PEF-P modes resulted in the same juice yield, an increase of 9% higher than P mode. A 600 V/cm of intensity and 0.2 s duration were optimal PEF conditions with desired energy consumption. Moreover, cake mixing and relative small-sized cossettes allowed improving juice yield assisted by PEF-P mode. Quality analysis showed that expressed juice from smaller cossettes by PEF-P mode has lower turbidity and higher inulin content.     

Influence of high-intensity pulsed electric field processing parameters on antioxidant compounds of broccoli juice

The effect of high-intensity pulsed electric field (HIPEF) processing parameters (electric field strength, treatment time, and polarity) on broccoli juice carotenoids, vitamin C, total phenolic (TP) content and antioxidant capacity (AC) was evaluated. Results obtained from HIPEF-processed broccoli juice were compared with those of thermally treated (90 °C/60 s) and untreated juices. HIPEF processing parameters influenced the relative content (RC) of bioactive compounds, and the relative AC (RAC). Maximum RC of lutein (121.2%), β-carotene (130.5%), TP (96.1%), vitamin C (90.1%) and RAC (5.9%) was reached between 25 and 35 kV/cm and from 2000 μs to 500 μs. The highest RAC and RC of bioactive compounds were observed in HIPEF treatments applied in bipolar mode, except for vitamin C. HIPEF-treated broccoli juice exhibited greater RC of bioactive compounds and RAC than juice treated by heat. HIPEF technology could be considered a promising option for preserving the antioxidant quality of broccoli juice.Industrial relevanceVegetable juices are becoming more and more popular because of their wide range of health-related compounds. Particularly, broccoli juice is attracting the food industry attention because it contains high amounts of vitamins, carotenoids and phenolic compounds, among other bioactive compounds. Broccoli juice requires treatment conditions that protect its microbial, nutritional and sensorial quality. HIPEF is a non-thermal technology for liquid food preservation that inactivates microorganisms and enzymes without compromising the nutritional and sensorial features of foods. Consequently, this technology could be used in the food industry as an alternative for thermal treatment to preserve the bioactive compounds present in vegetable juices, offering to consumers a healthy product.     

高压脉冲电场对梨汁杀菌及钝化酶的研究

研究了高压脉冲电场(PEF)对梨汁的杀菌钝酶效果的影响。结果表明,当电场强度30kV/cm,处理时间200μs,10℃水浴温度时,沙门氏菌数量最大降低了3.4个数量级。温度具有辅助杀菌效应,当样品温度从10℃上升至40℃时,沙门氏菌致死率进一步提高了1.8个数量级。脉冲电场能够降低梨汁中多酚氧化酶的活性,但多酚氧化酶对脉冲电场的抗性比微生物强,在0～20kV/cm范围的电场强度下,PEF对PPO几乎无影响;电场强度25kV/cm后,酶活显著下降。温度升高会加速多酚氧化酶的灭活,电场强度30kV/cm,时间1200μs,温度由10℃上升至40℃时,残留酶活从33.3%下降至13.2%。因此,PEF能有效杀灭梨汁中的微生物,并且能钝化其中的多酚氧化酶。      

Impact of apple processing modes on extracted juice quality: Pressing assisted by pulsed electric fields

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of pulsed electric field (PEF) on apple juice characteristics (turbidity, polyphenolic content and antioxidant capacities). The pressing was used as a standard method for juice extraction. Experiments were carried out at a constant pressure (P = 3 bar) using a laboratory press cell. Two different methods for PEF application at 400 V/cm were investigated (PEF treatment of whole samples before cutting and PEF treatment of apple slices after cutting). PEF treatment resulted in increase of the juice yield from 44 g/100 g apple (untreated samples) to 58 g/100 g apple (treatment of whole apples) and 64 g/100 g apple (treatment of slices) after 30 min of pressing. The analysis of pH and conductivity showed no significant difference between untreated and PEF-treated samples. However, the total soluble matter content of juice increased after PEF treatment. The obtained turbidity and transmittance data evidence a noticeable improvement of juice clarity for PEF-treated samples. The PEF pre-treatment was accompanied by an increase of the content of polyphenols and intensification of the antioxidant capacities of juice. Most of these effects (juice clarity and content of antioxidants) were more pronounced for the whole treated apples as compared to untreated apples and PEF-treated apple slices. The evolution of apple browning before and after PEF treatment was more pronounced for whole samples. PEF treatment accelerates browning. The obtained data can contribute to the determination of an optimum time for PEF application. The results evidence that PEF-enhanced expression is promising for production of higher quality juices. PEF treatment of whole apples reduces the energy consumption and is advantageous for industrial applications as compared to the treatment of apple slices. PEF combined with pressing can become a good alternative to traditional process.     

Metrology system for pulsed electric fields processing

Efficient process monitoring and accurate measurement of the electrical parameters defining pulsed electric fields (PEF) treatment and lethality are key factors in the implementation of PEF. A metrology system that can accurately evaluate and record treatment delivery was developed. To achieve this end one current sensor and two high voltage sensors were placed in a food PEF coaxial treatment chamber, grounded and shielded to minimize noise pick up due to electromagnetic interference, and connected to a digital oscilloscope to register PEF pulses. A graphical computer program was developed to control the oscilloscope and conduct data acquisition, measurement, and keep a data record of the electrical parameters defining the process: peak current, peak voltage, electric field, pulse width, and energy delivered. The program allows real-time calculation of the electrical parameters and reports all measurements with their uncertainties, which were evaluated with an uncertainty propagation analysis of the whole system. The metrology system was tested during PEF processing of a saline solution (σ=0.47 S/m at 20 °C) using a pilot plant pulse generator. The relative uncertainties reported range from 1.3 to 13.5%. The experimental results showed good agreement when compared with those simulated by PSpice™ software. Also, the calculated energy density applied to the saline solution correlated to its temperature rise, within 1 °C. The methodology followed in this research and the metrology system developed can be extrapolated and implemented in industrial scale PEF systems to monitor and keep data records of the PEF process.     

Radio frequency electric fields processing of orange juice

The non-thermal process of radio frequency electric fields (RFEF) has been shown to inactivate bacteria in apple juice at moderately low temperatures, but has yet to be extended to inactivate bacteria in orange juice. An 80 kW RFEF pasteurizer was used to process pulp-free orange juice at flow rates of 1.0 and 1.4 l/min. Escherichia coli K12 in orange juice was exposed to electric field strengths of 15 and 20 kV/cm at frequencies of 21, 30, and 40 kHz. Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) content and color of the juice before and after treatment were analyzed. Electrical energy costs were calculated using the measured voltage and current. An energy balance was performed using the inlet and outlet temperatures. Processing at an outlet temperature of 65 °C reduced the population of E. coli by 3.3 log relative to the control. Increasing the treatment time and temperature and decreasing the frequency enhanced the level of inactivation. Varying the electric field strength over the range of conditions used had no effect on the inactivation. No loss in ascorbic acid or enzymatic browning was observed due to RFEF processing. The electrical energy determined using the voltage and current was 180 J/ml. This was in good agreement with the energy calculated using the temperature data. The electrical cost was $0.0026/l of orange juice. The results provided the first evidence that the RFEF process inactivates bacteria in orange juice at moderately low temperatures.

Industrial relevance

The RFEF process has been shown to inactivate E. coli in apple juice at moderately low temperatures, but has yet to be extended to inactivate bacteria in orange juice. An RFEF pilot plant pasteurizer was used to process orange juice at rates of up to 1.4 l/min. RFEF processing reduced the population of E. coli by 99.3% at 60 °C and a hold time of 3 s, whereas conventional heating at the same conditions had no effect on the E. coli. This work demonstrated that the non-thermal RFEF process can be extended to inactivate bacteria in orange juice.     

Effect of thermosonication on bioactive compounds in watermelon juice

Freshly squeezed watermelon juice was subjected to thermosonication treatments with processing variables of temperature (25-45 °C), amplitude level (24.1-60 ??m) and processing time (2-10 min) at a constant frequency of 20 kHz and pulse durations of 5 s on and 5 s off. Hunter color values (L*, a* and b*), lycopene (LC), phenolic content (TP) and ascorbic acid (AA) content were measured. Higher retention of AA and LC was observed at low treatment conditions. AA, LC & TP decreased significantly at higher amplitude levels and at the maximum processing time. A second order response function covering the range of experimental conditions investigated was obtained for each of the compounds measured. Model predictions for color parameters and bioactive compounds were closely correlated to the experimental results obtained. Prediction models were found to be significant (p < 0.05) with low standard errors and high coefficients of determination (R²). It was concluded that thermosonication significantly influences key watermelon juice quality parameters     

高压脉冲电场对番茄汁杀菌效果的研究

运用高压脉冲电场对番茄汁进行非热杀菌,通过单因素实验和正交实验对染有大肠杆菌的番茄汁进行了研究。结果表明,番茄汁的菌落总数随电场强度、脉冲数、初始温度的增加而降低。当电场强度E为50kV/cm,脉冲个数为36个,样品出口温度为40℃时,番茄汁中接种的大肠杆菌数量可降低6个对数以上。同时从抗坏血酸、番茄红素、还原糖、果胶和可溶性固形物等方面对番茄汁品质进行分析,结果表明运用高压脉冲电场非热杀菌不影响番茄汁的品质。      

高压脉冲电场对黑莓汁杀菌效果的研究

以某地产黑莓汁及其经沙门氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌人工污染的样品为研究对象,使用自制的脉冲电场杀菌装置对其进行杀菌试验,测定处理前后的菌落总数、基本成分和理化指标。研究表明：细菌的残活率随电场强度、脉冲宽度和脉冲个数的增加而降低;同一条件下,细菌残活率由大到小依次为：枯草芽孢杆菌〉金黄色葡萄球菌〉大肠杆菌〉沙门氏菌。脉冲电场处理对黑莓汁的理化指标基本无影响。     

Changes on flavor compounds throughout cold storage of watermelon juice processed by high-intensity pulsed electric fields or heat

The application of HIPEF processing (35 kV/cm for 1727 μs using bipolar pulses of 4-μs at 188 Hz) on watermelon juice was evaluated as an alternative to conventional heat treatments (90 °C for 30 s or 90 s) in order to achieve better preservation of watermelon aroma compounds for 56 days of storage at 4 °C. HIPEF processing not only induced a rise (roughly 20%) in the concentrations of hexanal, (E)-2-nonenal, nonanal, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one and geranylacetone but also achieved less reductions on the retention of volatiles than the thermal treatment at 90 °C for 60 s. In contrast, the content of (Z)-6-nonenal, 1-nonanol and (Z)-3-nonen-1-ol in the untreated and processed juices remained unchanged after processing. Despite the decrease in overall flavor compounds observed during storage irrespective of the treatment applied, HIPEF-treated juices showed better flavor retention than heat-treated samples for at least 21 days of storage. Moreover, changes in aldehydes and ketones during storage of treated watermelon juices were well fitted by a model based on the Weibull distribution function. Therefore, the application of HIPEF may be appropriate to preserve the initial volatile profile of watermelon juices during storage.     

高强脉冲电场对食品成分的影响

强脉冲电场是近年来发展起来的一项非热食品绿色加工新技术,有望取代传统热处理技术,从而引起了业内广泛关注。本文综述了强脉冲电场处理对液态食品品质和成分的影响,与热处理相比,强脉冲电场处理具有保存食品原有风味和营养价值的特性。      

Identification of equivalent processing conditions for pasteurization of strawberry juice by high pressure,ultrasound, and pulsed electric fields processing

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of high pressure processing (HPP), ultrasound (US) and pulsed electric fields (PEF) for the pasteurization of strawberry juice (SJ). Acid-adapted Escherichia coli was used to inoculate SJ prior to treatment with HPP, US, and PEF. HPP was applied at several pressures (200–400 MPa) up to 2 min while US (120 μm, 24 kHz) was conducted at 25, 40, and 55 °C up to 10 min in continuous pulsing mode. In order to avoid excessive use of SJ, PEF was performed using a model solution (MS) basically composed of citric acid (8 g/L), fructose (35 g/L), glucose (35 g/L), Na₂HPO₄ (0.2 M) and NaCl (5%) to simulate the SJ electrical conductivity, pH, and total soluble solid (TSS). A face-centered composite design was conducted for PEF processing at different electric field intensities (EFI) (25–35 kV/cm) and treatment times (5–27 μs). Processing conditions were selected that resulted in 5-log CFU/mL inactivation of E. coli. HPP at 300 MPa for 1 min, and US at 55 °C (thermosonication) for 3 min reduced E. coli in SJ by 5.75 ± 0.52 and 5.69 ± 0.61 log CFU/mL, respectively. PEF treatment at 35 kV/cm, 27 μs treatment time, 350 mL/min flow rate, and 2 μs pulse width in monopolar mode resulted in 5.53 ± 0.00 log reduction of E. coli in MS. Likewise, E. coli population in SJ was also reduced by 5.16 ± 0.15 log after applying the same PEF conditions to SJ. No E. coli was detected in SJ subjected to conventional thermal pasteurization at 72 °C for 15 s. All technologies reduced the natural microbiota below 2 log CFU/mL in terms of the total aerobic bacteria and yeast-mold counts. Thus, this study identified the equivalent conditions for the SJ pasteurization by three nonthermal processing technologies.Industrial relevanceConsumers have an increasing interest towards fresh-like food products with desirable nutritional and sensorial attributes. High pressure, ultrasound and pulsed electric field are three relevant novel nonthermal technologies as alternatives to conventional thermal treatments. This study identified the processing conditions of these three nonthermal technologies for the pasteurization of strawberry juice based on equivalent inactivation of acid-adapted E. coli. From an industrial point of view, the established processing conditions are useful references for the development of novel berry juices. In addition to microbiological safety, this study on equivalent processing allows direct efficacy and quality comparisons of a given juice pasteurized by the three nonthermal technologies under consideration.     

杏汁饮料的工艺配方及稳定性研究

以新鲜杏肉为主要原料设计了混浊型果汁饮料的加工工艺,采用正交实验设计方案,以感官风味作为评价指标,优选出杏汁、蔗糖和柠檬酸的最佳复配比为：14％杏汁＋8％蔗糖＋0．08％柠檬酸,并确定复合稳定剂的最佳组合为：0．10％果胶＋0．15％CMC＋0．10％黄原胶。