我国植物油脂废水常规生物处理技术研究进展

生物处理是植物油脂废水处理工艺中的重要工艺 ,对我国生物法 (常规 )处理植物油脂废水的研究进展进行评述。     

污水组合处理工艺在油脂废水中的应用

植物油脂废水是一类有机物含量较高的工业废水,介绍了近几年来经工程实践证明较成熟、处理效果相对较理想的植物油脂废水处理组合工艺,给出了各工艺的流程图及处理效果,并对其进行了初步的经济效益分析.     

Use of earthworms (Eisenia fetida) to reduce phytotoxicity and promote humification of pre‐composted olive oil mill wastewater

BACKGROUND: Olive mill wastewaters (OMWW) contain a high recalcitrant organic load and an associated toxicity that make their treatment necessary before environmental application. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of promoting the valorization and reducing the phytotoxicity of OMWW through a pre‐composting process together with straw‐chip bulking materials followed by the application of earthworms (Eisenia fetida) in the presence of oat seedlings (Avena sativa L.) seedlings. RESULTS: After 3 months, the pre‐composted material showed properties similar to a partially digested compost with some significant amelioration of chemical–physical and biochemical properties. The application of earthworms permitted a significant decrease in chemical (total organic carbon, water‐extractable organic carbon, total nitrogen) and biological parameters (dehydrogenase enzyme activity), and an increase in humic substances and available nitrogen forms. In the presence of plants a higher C/N ratio and a lower content of nitrates were observed. In addition, the reduction in phenolic compounds observed in treatments with earthworms caused a decrease in phytotoxicity by about 50% with respect to the pre‐composted material, which results in an increase in germination index. CONCLUSION: The utilization of earthworms, in particular in the presence of plants, may be an ecologically sound and economically feasible technology to obtain a non‐toxic, high‐value product useful for agricultural purposes. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

植物油厂降低废水处理成本的控制措施

植物油厂的废水主要来源于生产废水,其COD浓度高、含磷高,因此处理成本较高。从废水处理成本构成要素出发,分析各项费用降低方法,提出应对措施:源头控制,减少污泥,计量管理,变频调速,调整曝气和气浮,利用在线仪器科学加药,加强设备维保管理。经过半年降本措施的实施,某企业废水处理成本降低10.5%,年节省费用近90万元。     

Olive oil extractability index as a parameter for olive cultivar characterisation

Extractability, when applied to the olive oil extraction process is defined as the percentage of oil extracted from the total oil content of the fruit. In this work, extractability index (EI), a new parameter determined in a laboratory oil mill, has been studied for 24 olive (Olea europaea L) cultivars from the Olive Germplasm Bank Collection of Mengibar (Spain). In order to evaluate the genetic variability of this new parameter, the influence of cultivar and tree on EI variability has been analysed in olive fruits collected at the same ripening index. The results indicate that cultivar is the most important variation source. Thus olive oil extractability depends on extraction process variables and cultivar. Extractability index could be used together with pulp oil content (on a dry matter basis) as a parameter for olive cultivar characterisation and selection for breeding projects. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry     

PSAF混凝剂在植物油脂废水处理中的应用

用煤矸石及硫铁矿烧渣作原料制备了一种高效复合混凝剂聚硅酸铝铁（PSAF），并将其用于植物油脂废水的处理。研究结果表明，在较宽的pH范围内，PSAF混凝剂对废水均有很好的处理效果。在常温下，pH为6．0～7．0，混凝剂的投加量为80mg／L条件下，SS、CODCr和油脂的去除率分别为90．5％、79．7％和84．3％。与传统混凝剂PAC和PPS相比，PSAF混凝剂具有较好的混凝沉降性能。此法具有混凝沉降速度快、破乳性能好、处理废水费用低等特点。还探讨了混凝剂PSAF对油脂废水的混凝沉降机理。     

Olive byproducts and their bioactive compounds as a valuable source for food packaging applications

Among the most important agro-industrial activities in the Mediterranean basin, olive oil production has a high impact on the economy of many Mediterranean countries. However, olive oil extraction generates huge quantities of byproducts, including leaves, pomace residues, stones and wastewater, which have severe environmental impacts mainly because of their phytotoxicity and great organic content. Olive oil byproducts are regarded as inexpensive and abundant raw materials rich in bioactive compounds with high and varied health-related activities. Several phenolic compounds and terpenoids were recovered from olive byproducts using different conventional and advanced extraction methods due to their potential to be used in food, packaging, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. Recently, the use of olive byproducts and their functional compounds to enhance the functional properties of packaging systems was investigated as a sustainable strategy for food preservation, fostering the sustainability of the olive-oil chain, and promoting circular economy. In this framework, the main goals of this review are to summarize the main bioactive compounds in olive byproducts, to review the main advancements in their extraction, purification, and characterization, and finally to discuss their applications in food packaging systems as well as safety-related aspects.     

食用植物油中5种儿茶素类抗氧化剂的检测方法研究

建立了食用植物油中5种儿茶素类抗氧化剂的HPLC检测方法。样品经正己烷溶解,再用饱和正己烷的乙腈萃取,振荡,超声25 min,离心后取乙腈层,定容,过0. 45μm滤膜。然后采用Waters XTerra RP-C18色谱柱(4. 6 mm×250 mm,5μm),选择甲醇-水(体积比1∶9)+乙腈作为流动相,流速为1 mL/min,梯度洗脱。综合分析各化合物吸收光谱,选择216、230、280 nm作为检测波长。结果表明:建立的HPLC检测橄榄油中5种儿茶素类化合物的检测方法,化合物分离度好,峰型尖锐,加标回收率在80%～101. 3%之间;方法通用性和精密度实验数据均表明该方法满足检测需要。     

脂肪酸含量对植物油介电特性的影响

为了提供植物油在微波和射频等介电加热技术和通电加热技术中的应用基础数据,考察脂肪酸含量对植物油介电特性的影响,分别利用LCR阻抗测试仪和网络分析仪(同轴探针法)测量了4种植物油(橄榄油、自制橄榄油、橄榄调和油、大豆油)和5种脂肪酸(棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸)在低频段(1 000 Hz~2 MHz)和高频段(300~10 000 MHz)的介电特性。结果表明:低频下,植物油的介电常数比较稳定,其均值为(1.56±0.02),介电损耗随着频率的增加而下降,其中0.7 MHz时橄榄油具有最大的介电常数(1.67±0.00)和介电损耗(7.31±0.02);高频下,植物油的介电特性随着频率的上升而缓慢下降,4种植物油之间的介电特性的差异不显著(p0.05);低频下,在植物油中加入油酸后,植物油的介电常数和介电损耗呈现先上升后下降的趋势,而添加亚油酸呈现相反的趋势。添加脂肪酸会加快油脂的氧化反应。     

Transfer of phenolic compounds during olive oil extraction in relation to ripening stage of the fruit

The transfer of phenolic compounds of Olea europaea L. cv. Arbequina variety during olive oil extraction in relation to ripening stage was investigated. The parameters of oil extraction by the Abencor system are shown together with mass balances of the products and by products from the olive oil extraction in relation to olive paste. The phenolic compounds in olive paste, pomace, oil and wastewater were identified and measured by HPLC. Throughout the study, the concentrations of simple phenols, secoiridoids and flavonoids were higher in the olive paste and pomace phases than in oil and wastewater phases. High concentrations of 4‐(acetoxyethyl)‐1,2‐dihydroxybenzene (3,4‐DHPEA‐AC) and secoiridoid derivatives such as the dialdehydic form of elenolic acid linked to 3,4‐DHPEA (hydroxytyrosol) or p‐HPEA (tyrosol) (3,4‐DHPEA–EDA, p‐HPEA–EDA, where EDA is elenolic acid dialdehyde) and an isomer of oleuropein aglycone (3,4‐DHPEA–EA, where EA is elenolic acid aldehyde) were found in olive oil, together with lignan compounds. It was observed that 3,4‐DHPEA–EDA was the most abundant polyphenol present in the wastewater phase. This indicates that biotransformation occurred during olive extraction, especially in the crushing and malaxation operations, and reflects the possible chemical changes that lead to the formation of new compounds. Moreover, the distribution of compounds showed their affinities toward different phases. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

Olive oil polyphenol extract inhibits vegetative cells of Bacillus cereus isolated from raw milk

This study was conducted to analyze the antibacterial effect of olive oil polyphenol extract (OOPE) against vegetative cells of Bacillus cereus isolated from raw milk and reveal the possible antibacterial mechanism. The diameter of inhibition zone, minimum inhibitory concentration, minimum bactericidal concentration, and survival counts of bacterial cells in sterile normal saline and pasteurized milk were used to evaluate the antibacterial activity of OOPE against B. cereus vegetative cells. The changes in intracellular ATP concentration, cell membrane potential, content of bacterial protein, and cell morphology were analyzed to reveal possible mechanisms of action. Our results showed the diameter of inhibition zone, minimum inhibitory concentration, and minimum bactericidal concentration of OOPE against B. cereus vegetative cells were 18.44 ± 0.55 mm, 0.625 mg/mL, and 1.25 mg/mL, respectively. Bacillus cereus GF-1 vegetative cells were decreased to undetectable levels from about 8 log cfu/mL after treatments with 0.625 mg/mL of OOPE in normal saline at 30°C for 3 h and in pasteurized milk at 30°C for 10 h. The antibacterial mechanisms of OOPE against B. cereus GF-1 vegetative cells may be due to the reduction of intracellular ATP concentrations, cell membrane depolarization, decrease of bacterial protein content, and leakage from cytoplasm. These findings illustrated that OOPE could be used to prevent the growth of contaminating B. cereus cells in dairy products.     

QuEChERS净化—气相色谱—质谱法测定食用植物油中4种合成抗氧化剂

建立了一种QuEChERS净化—气相色谱—质谱(GC-MS)快速测定7类食用植物油中4种合成抗氧化剂(BHT、BHA、TBHQ、Ionox-100)的方法。样品经乙腈超声提取后,运用QuEChERS技术净化,采用DB-35MS毛细管色谱柱(30 m×0.250 mm×0.25μm)分离,选择离子监测(SIM)模式进行测定,外标法定量。结果表明:各合成抗氧化剂在0.5~20.0μg/mL内线性关系良好,其相关系数R 2均>0.999,相对标准偏差RSD为0.4%~4.5%,检出限为0.05 mg/kg,加标回收率为84.1%~108.0%,采用质控样品进行验证,结果均为满意。该方法适用于食用植物油中抗氧化剂含量的快速筛查和测定。     

The utilisation solutions of olive mill by-products in the terms of sustainable olive oil production: a review

Despite the high economic and nutritional value as major positive aspects, olive oil production has an unfavourable side, which is the negative environmental impact caused by the generation of significant amounts of liquid and solid wastes. Therefore, the implementation of sustainable technologies to add value to the olive oil production process is a matter of great interest. This study aimed to review novel solutions dealing with the utilisation of olive oil production by-products while taking into account sustainable waste management options. The most promising technologies for the production of high-added value products from olive oil production by-products have been described with a special attention to the sustainable nonthermal technologies for the extraction of bioactive phenolic compounds, and the key findings of such investigations were reviewed. All described technologies are environmentally friendly and show great potential. Nevertheless, further researches are required to optimise and increase their applicability.     

棕榈油甲酯化制备植物绝缘油的热稳定性分析

植物油由于运动黏度较大、凝点高,限制了其在油浸绝缘高电压设备中作为绝缘油的使用。植物油通过酯交换反应,能够大大降低其黏度,提高散热性能。为探究经酯交换得到甲酯的热稳定性,以NaOH为催化剂,棕榈油为原料油,通过酯交换反应(醇油摩尔比9∶1、反应温度65℃、催化剂用量1%、反应时间30 min)制备得到棕榈油甲酯。通过热重分析平台分别在10、20、30、40℃/min升温速率条件下考察棕榈油甲酯与棕榈油热稳定性,并基于等转化率法采用非预置模型FlynnWall-Ozawa计算两者的热解活化能,利用Avrami理论计算热解反应级数。结果表明,棕榈油经酯交换后起始分解温度大大降低,棕榈油和棕榈油甲酯的热解活化能平均值分别为195. 57 kJ/mol和57. 14 kJ/mol,反应级数分别为0. 315～0. 383和1. 402～1. 580。     

假单胞菌O-2-2利用油脂废水生产鼠李糖脂研究

通过摇瓶培养试验,研究了铜绿假单胞菌O-2-2以植物油精炼废水为原料生产鼠李糖脂生物表面活性剂的适宜条件.结果表明:以NaNO3为氮源,碳氮比为15,培养基初始pH为7.5,32℃,250r/min培养84 h,鼠李糖脂产量最高,达2.14g/L.液-质联用分析结果表明,所提取的糖脂由11种同系物组成,都含有1～2分子的鼠李糖和1～2个含β-羟基的碳链长度为8～12的饱和或不饱和脂肪酸.该糖脂生物表面活性剂的临界胶束浓度为69.5 mg/L,可将水的表面张力降至29.2 mN/m,具有良好的耐温耐盐性.     

作为植物油浸出溶剂烃类毒性

该文主要介绍己烷、环己烷、环戊烷、庚烷、戊烷等烃类的物化特性及其作为浸出溶剂安全性,为新型植物油浸出溶剂筛选提供依据和参考。     

Spray drying of a phenolic‐rich membrane filtration fraction of olive mill wastewater: optimisation and dried product quality

Olive mill wastewater (OMWW) from 3‐ and 2‐phase mills was subjected to a two‐step membrane filtration process. The obtained reverse osmosis retentate (RO‐R) is a phenolic‐rich coproduct stream, and the reverse osmosis permeate is a near‐pure water stream. A pilot‐scale spray dryer was used for the production of RO‐R powder. The optimum temperature/feed pump conditions were obtained for 3‐phase (150°C/4.4 Hz) and for 2‐phase RO‐R (175°C/3.8 Hz). The powders obtained by spray drying under these conditions were analysed for physicochemical properties, including identification and quantification of phenolic compounds. Protocatechuic acid, 3‐hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol, vanillic acid and p‐coumaric acid were quantified in both RO‐R powders, which show the possibility to obtain a phenolic‐rich powder from an OMWW filtration fraction. This will lead towards better usage of by‐products from olive oil production.     

Biophenol extracts from olive oil mill wastewaters by membrane separation and adsorption resin

The disposal of olive oil mill wastewater, the main effluent resulting from the production of olive oil, presents technical difficulties which are still unsolved. Several techniques have been proposed for the treatment of this effluent, but only a few processes have been applied at pilot or industrial scale and, nowadays, the management of olive oil mill wastewaters represents an environmental problem in the olive oil‐producing countries. Tests were carried out at pilot scale, by means of a plant with 1 m³ h^?1 capacity; a process for the treatment and valorisation of olive mill wastewaters was reported. By this process, it was possible to produce starting from olive mill wastewaters resulting from a three‐phase milling system, 62% of purified water, which could be reused in the industrial processes, and a concentrated phenolic extract (9.5% total phenols), which could be used in food, cosmetic or animal feed industry.     

Fungal enzymes as a powerful tool to release antioxidants from olive mill wastewater

Enzymatic hydrolysis of olive mill wastewater compounds (OMW) using culture broth of Aspergillus niger, Trichoderma atroviride and Trametes trogii was tested in order to release free simple phenolic compounds having high antioxidant activity. HPLC analysis of treated and untreated OMW indicated the release of large amounts of free hydroxytyrosol (HT). Enzymatic pre-treatment of OMW by A. niger and T. atroviride broth cultures which are rich in β-glucosidase increased the amount of HT respectively from 0.05 up to 1.1 and 0.50 g/L. However, the use of T. trogii broth culture showed an oxidation of phenolic compounds due to its high laccase activity. The ethyl acetate extract of OMW treated by A. niger broth culture with IC₅₀ of 45 μg/mL showed the strongest antioxidant potency compared to untreated OMW with IC₅₀ of 501 μg/mL.