Effects of clay after an aflatoxin challenge on aflatoxin clearance,milk production,and metabolism of Holstein cows

Oral supplementation of clay to dairy cattle has been reported to reduce toxicity of aflatoxin (AF) in contaminated feed. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of 3 concentrations of dietary clay supplementation in response to an AF challenge. Ten multiparous rumen-cannulated Holstein cows [body weight (mean ± SD) = 669 ± 20 kg and 146 ± 69 d in milk], were assigned to 1 of 5 treatments in a randomized replicated 5 × 5 Latin square design balanced to measure carryover effects. Periods (21 d) were divided in an adaptation phase (d 1 to 14) and a measurement phase (d 15 to 21). From d 15 to 17, cows received an AF challenge. The challenge consisted of 100 μg of aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁)/kg of dietary dry matter intake (DMI). The material was fitted into 10-mL gelatin capsules and administered into the rumen through a rumen-cannula based on the average DMI obtained on d 12 to 14. Treatments were no clay plus an AF challenge (POS); 3 different concentrations of clay (0.5, 1, or 2% of dietary DMI) plus an AF challenge; and a control consisting of no clay and no AF challenge (C). Statistical analysis was performed using the MIXED procedure of SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). Two contrasts, CONT1 (POS vs. C) and CONT2 (POS vs. the average of 0.5, 1, and 2% clay), were compared along with the linear and quadratic treatment effects (POS, 0.5%, 1%, 2%). Cows supplemented with clay had lower AF excretion in milk as aflatoxin M₁ (AFM₁; 0.5% = 20.83 μg/d, 1% = 22.82 μg/d, and 2% = 16.51 μg/d) and AF transfer from rumen fluid to milk (AFM_1; 0.5% = 1.01%, 1% = 0.98%, and 2% = 0.74%) compared with cows in POS (AFM₁ = 27.81 μg/d and AF transfer = 1.37%, CONT2). Similarly, concentrations of AFM₁ in milk (0.5% = 0.35 μg/kg, 1% = 0.30 μg/kg, 2% = 0.25 μg/kg), AFB₁ in feces (0.5% = 1.79 μg/g, 1% = 1.52 μg/kg, 2% = 1.48 μg/kg), and AFB₁ in rumen fluid (0.5% = 0.05 μg/kg, 1% = 0.02 μg/kg, 2% = 0.02 μg/kg) were reduced in cows fed clay compared with POS (0.43 μg/kg, 2.78 μg/kg, and 0.10 μg/kg, respectively, CONT2). Cows supplemented with clay tended to have lower 3.5% fat-corrected milk [0.5% = 38.2 kg, 1% = 39.3 kg, 2% = 38.4 kg, standard error of the mean (SEM) = 1.8] than cows in POS (41.3 kg; SEM = 1.8; CONT2). Plasma superoxide dismutase (SOD) concentration tended to be lower for cows fed clay in the diet (0.5% = 2.16 U/mL, 1% = 1.90 U/mL, 2% = 2.3 U/mL; SEM = 0.3) than for cows in POS (2.72 U/mL; CONT2). Additionally, when cows were exposed to AF without clay in the diet, plasma concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) decreased from 84.23 (C) to 79.17 (POS) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) decreased from 91.02 (C) to 75.81 (POS). In conclusion, oral supplementation of clay reduced the transfer of AF from the rumen to milk and feces.     

Influences of climate on aflatoxin producing fungi and aflatoxin contamination

Aflatoxins are potent mycotoxins that cause developmental and immune system suppression, cancer, and death. As a result of regulations intended to reduce human exposure, crop contamination with aflatoxins causes significant economic loss for producers, marketers, and processors of diverse susceptible crops. Aflatoxin contamination occurs when specific fungi in the genus Aspergillus infect crops. Many industries frequently affected by aflatoxin contamination know from experience and anecdote that fluctuations in climate impact the extent of contamination. Climate influences contamination, in part, by direct effects on the causative fungi. As climate shifts, so do the complex communities of aflatoxin-producing fungi. This includes changes in the quantity of aflatoxin-producers in the environment and alterations to fungal community structure. Fluctuations in climate also influence predisposition of hosts to contamination by altering crop development and by affecting insects that create wounds on which aflatoxin-producers proliferate. Aflatoxin contamination is prevalent both in warm humid climates and in irrigated hot deserts. In temperate regions, contamination may be severe during drought. The contamination process is frequently broken down into two phases with the first phase occurring on the developing crop and the second phase affecting the crop after maturation. Rain and temperature influence the phases differently with dry, hot conditions favoring the first and warm, wet conditions favoring the second. Contamination varies with climate both temporally and spatially. Geostatistics and multiple regression analyses have shed light on influences of weather on contamination. Geostatistical analyses have been used to identify recurrent contamination patterns and to match these with environmental variables. In the process environmental conditions with the greatest impact on contamination are identified. Likewise, multiple regression analyses allow ranking of environmental variables based on relative influence on contamination. Understanding the impact of climate may allow development of improved management procedures, better allocation of monitoring efforts, and adjustment of agronomic practices in anticipation of global climate change.     

Analysis of duplicate 24-hour diet samples for aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin M1 and ochratoxin A.

In the spring and autumn of 1994, a total diet study, in which 123 participants collected duplicates of their 24-hour diets, was carried out. The goal of this study was to determine the mass fractions of a number of analytes in these duplicate diets, so as to be able to establish oral daily intake values. After measurements were carried out for pesticides, PCBs, elements, sterols, nitrate and nitrite, and fatty acids, the duplicate diet study was concluded with analyses for aflatoxin M1, aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A. For this purpose a method of analysis was developed, that could simultaneously determine these mycotoxins at very low levels. The method involved chloroform extraction, liquid-liquid extraction, immunoaffinity cleanup and liquid chromatography. The method was supplemented with a procedure to confirm the identity of chromatographic peaks, assumed to represent aflatoxin M1, aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A. The method was in-house validated. Recoveries ranged from 68-74% for aflatoxin M1 (at spiking levels from 30-120 ng/kg, c.v. 7.6%), from 95-97% for aflatoxin B1 (at spiking levels from 50-200 ng/kg, c.v. 2.8%), and from 75-84% for ochratoxin A (at spiking levels from 150-600 ng/kg, c.v. 4.3%). Limits of quantitation (defined as signal/noise = 10) were estimated to be 24, 5 and 16 ng/kg lyophilised material for aflatoxin M1, aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A respectively. The newly developed method was used to analyse 123 samples of 24-hour diets. Aflatoxin M1 was detectable in 48% of the samples; the toxin contents remained below the limit of quantitation in all samples. Aflatoxin B1 could be detected in 42% of the samples; in 25% of the samples the levels were above the limit of quantitation. Ochratoxin A could be quantified in all samples. The analytical results were further processed to estimate levels of intake. Intake levels for the aflatoxins were very low, and could not reliably be established. The mean ochratoxin A intake was estimated to be 1.2 ng/kg body weight per day. This is well below the tolerable daily intake established by JECFA at 14 ng/kg body weight per day. The current dietary intake of ochratoxin A in the Netherlands is concluded to pose no appreciable health risk.     

坚果和干果中黄曲霉毒素的污染、检测与控制

坚果和干果在生产、加工和储藏过程中易受到黄曲霉毒素污染。黄曲霉毒素是一类毒性极强的真菌毒素, 其中黄曲霉毒素B1污染最普遍、毒性最强, 其易引发急、慢性毒性, 致癌、致畸、免疫抑制等多种危害, 严重威胁果品安全, 危害人类健康。坚果和干果中黄曲霉毒素污染状况的阐释能够更加明晰其在不同果品中的污染差异, 为有针对性地控制毒素污染奠定了基础。坚果和干果中黄曲霉毒素的准确检测是分析其污染状况的前提。另外, 如何防控黄曲霉毒素在坚果和干果中的污染, 降低黄曲霉毒素对人类健康的影响, 一直是研究的重点。本文对国内外坚果和干果中黄曲霉毒素的污染情况及限量标准, 黄曲霉毒素的检测方法和防控措施进行了综述, 以期为坚果和干果中黄曲霉毒素的污染控制提供理论基础和指导。     

Responses of dairy cows to dietary aflatoxin: feed intake and yield, toxin content, and quality of milk of cows treated with pure and impure aflatoxin

Ten fistulated Holstein cows in midlactation were given daily doses of 13 mg of aflatoxin B1 for 7 days. Six received pure aflatoxin B1; three received an impure preparation that contained aflatoxin B1 plus other aflatoxins and metabolites produced by Aspergillus parasiticus in culture. Toxin was administered to each animal twice daily, one-half of the total dose each time, via the rumen orifice. Morning and evening milks were collected and analyzed for aflatoxin M1. Milk production and feed intake were monitored for 5 days before, every day during, and for 8 days after treatment with aflatoxin B1. Milk contained from 1.05 ppb to 10.58 ppb of aflatoxin M1. None was in milk 4 days after administration of toxin had stopped. Somatic cell counts and standard plate counts from milks of two cows were not affected appreciably by administration of toxin. Fluctuations in feed intake and milk production occurred in all animals during the treatment period with a significant decrease in milk production of those cows receiving 13 mg of impure aflatoxin B1 per day. Differences in results when cows received equal amounts of aflatoxin B1 may be attributable to the type of toxin administered (pure versus impure).     

Effect of initial aflatoxin concentration,heating time and roasting temperature on aflatoxin reduction in contaminated peanuts and process optimisation using response surface modelling

Response surface methodology was applied to optimise the aflatoxin reduction in both naturally and artificially contaminated samples using dry oven. The effect of initial aflatoxin concentration (0–400 ng g^?1), heating time (30–120 min) and temperature (90–150 °C) was evaluated. The maximum reduction of AFB1 (78.4%) and AFB2 (57.3%) of artificially contaminated samples with initial aflatoxin concentration of 237 and 68 ng g^?1, and those of AFG1 (73.9%) and AFG2 (75.2%) with initial aflatoxin concentration of 215 and 75 ng g^?1 was obtained at 150 °C. The maximum reduction of AFB1 (80.2%) and AFB2 (69.7%) of naturally contaminated samples with initial aflatoxin concentration of 174 and 25 ng g^?1 was obtained at 150 °C and 130 °C, respectively.     

Evaluating,the inhibitory action of honey on fungal growth, sporulation, and aflatoxin production

Summary Unprocessed honey was inoculated with toxigenic strains ofAspergillus flavus NRRL 5862 andA. parasiticus NRRL 2999. The fungi grew and sporulated in varying amounts of honey diluted with water, but none of the cultures produced detectable levels of aflatoxin. Growth and subsequent sporulation were seen only in media containing up to and including 60% of honey. Media having 40% of honey showed growth and sporulation by day two. Neither species ofAspergillus produced toxins even in 10% honey. These results confirm our earlier observations that pure honey inhibited fungal growth and now even diluted honey seems capable of inhibiting toxin production or possibly neutralizing it. The general procedures recommended by the AOAC for extraction and thin layer chromatography were applied successfully in analyzing the honey substrate for aflatoxin.

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Abschätzung der Hemmwirkung von Honig auf Pilzwachstum, Sporulierung und Aflatoxin-Produktion

Zusammenfassung Unbehandelter Honig wurde mit toxigenen Stämmen vonAspergillus flavus NRRL 5862 undAspergillus parasiticus NRRL 2999 beimpft. Der Pilz wuchs und sporulierte in mit verschiedenen Wasser-Mengen verdünntem Honig, aber keine der Kulturen produzierte nachweisbare Mengen von Aflatoxin. Wachstum und nachfolgende Sporulation konnte nur in Medien mit nicht mehr als 60% Honig entdeckt werden. Medien mit 40% Honig zeigten innerhalb von 2 Tagen Wachstum und Sporulation. Selbst in 10% wäßriger Honiglösung produzierte keine derAspergillus-Arten Toxine. Diese Ergebnisse erhärten unsere früheren Beobachtungen, daß reiner Honig das Pilzwachstum hemmt und daß sogar verdünnte Honig-Lösungen fähig sind, die Toxin-Produktion zu hemmen. Die von AOAC empfohlenen Arbeitsanweisungen für Extraktion und Dünnschichtchromatographie waren auch bei der Honig-Analyse auf Aflatoxin erfolgreich.

     

Effects of different sources of Saccharomyces cerevisiae biomass on milk production,composition, and aflatoxin M1 excretion in milk from dairy cows fed aflatoxin B1

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of different sources of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC) biomass (20.0 g/d) obtained from sugarcane (cell wall, CW; dried yeast, DY; autolyzed yeast, AY) and the beer industry (partially dehydrated brewery yeast, BY) on milk production, fat and protein percentages, and aflatoxin M₁ (AFM₁) excretion in milk from dairy cows receiving 480 µg aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) per day. A completely randomized design was used with 2 lactating cows assigned to each of 10 dietary treatments, as follows: negative controls (no AFB₁ or SC-based biomass), positive controls (AFB₁ alone), DY alone, DY + AFB₁, BY alone, BY + AFB₁, CW alone, CW + AFB₁, AY alone, and AY + AFB₁. The cows in the aflatoxin treatment group received AFB₁ from d 1 to 6, while the SC biomass was administered with the AFB₁ bolus from d 4 to 6. Aflatoxin B₁ or SC-based products did not affect milk production or milk composition during the experimental period. Aflatoxin M₁ was detected in the milk from all aflatoxin treatment group cows, reaching maximum levels at d 3 and varying from 0.52 ± 0.03 to 1.00 ± 0.04 µg/L. At end of the treatment period, CW, AY, DY, and BY removed 78%, 89%, 45%, and 50% of AFM₁ from the milk, respectively, based on the highest level found on d 3. Results indicate a potential application of industrial fermentation by-products, especially CW and AY, as a feed additive in the diets of dairy cows to reduce the excretion of AFM₁ in milk.     

黄曲霉毒素B1降解菌的筛选鉴定及发酵条件优化

该研究采用香豆素筛选模型,从酒醅、大曲、榨菜、酸豆角等样品中分离筛选降解黄曲霉素B1（AFB1）菌株,通过形态学观察及分子生物学技术对筛选菌株进行鉴定,并以黄曲霉毒素B1降解率为评价指标,采用单因素及正交试验对筛选菌株的发酵条件进行优化。结果表明,共初筛出23株可利用香豆素菌株;采用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法复筛出1株AFB1高效降解菌,其降解率最高,为86.22%,菌株编号为HB022。菌株HB022被鉴定为地衣芽孢杆菌（Bacillus licheniformis）,其最优发酵条件为发酵温度37 ℃、初始pH 7.2、接种量5%、发酵时间72 h。在此优化条件下,AFB1的降解率为91.13%。     

Mycoflora and natural occurrence of aflatoxin,cyclopiazonic acid,fumonisin and ochratoxin A in dried figs

Mycoflora, the mycotoxigenic properties of moulds, and natural contamination with mycotoxins such as aflatoxins (AFs), cyclopiazonic acid (CPA), fumonisin B₁ (FB₁) and ochratoxin A (OTA) were investigated in dried figs. Dry fig samples were collected from orchards during the drying stage in the Aegean Region of Turkey. Fungal isolates were identified using morphological, chemical as well as molecular methods. Mycotoxigenic characteristics of moulds were assessed by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Mycotoxins except CPA (by TLC) were determined by HPLC. All the fig samples were contaminated with moulds and 94.7% contained one or more mycotoxigenic species. The most prevalent moulds present in dried figs belong to the Aspergillus section Nigri members, being 93.9% positive for the samples, followed by Fusarium spp., Aspergillus section Flavi and Penicillium spp. On the other hand, Fusarium spp. had the highest count and the number of fumonisin producing Fusarium was also high. A total of 48% of 115 dried fig samples contained OTA (range?=?0.1–15.3?ng?g^?1), 74.7% of the samples had FB₁ (range?=?0.05–3.65?mg?kg^?1), 10.0% of the samples had aflatoxin (range?=?0.1–763.2?ng?g^?1) and 24.3% of the samples were tentatively identified as being contaminated with CPA (range?=?25–187?ng?g^?1). Dried fig samples were contaminated with one (33.0%), two (47.0%), three (5.2%) and four mycotoxins (3.5%). A total of 11.3% of dried fig samples were not contaminated with any of the four mycotoxins. To the best of our knowledge, CPA and fumonisin have been found for the first time in dried figs.     

Aflatoxigenic fungi and aflatoxin in cocoa

This paper reports the occurrence of aflatoxigenic fungi and the presence of aflatoxins in 226 cocoa samples collected on Brazilian farms. The samples were taken at various stages of fermentation, drying and storage. A total of 819 potentially aflatoxigenic fungi were isolated using Dichloran 18% Glycerol agar after surface disinfection, and identified by standard techniques. The ability of the fungi to produce aflatoxins was determined using the agar plug technique and TLC. The presence of aflatoxins in cocoa samples was determined by HPLC using post-column derivatization with bromide after immunoaffinity column clean up. The aflatoxigenic fungi isolated were Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus and A. nomius. A considerable increase in numbers of these species was observed during drying and storage. In spite of the high prevalence of aflatoxigenic fungi, only low levels of aflatoxin were found in the cocoa samples, suggesting the existence of limiting factors to the accumulation of aflatoxins in the beans.     

Estimation of the fungal toxins,zearalenone and aflatoxin,contaminating opaque maize beer in Zambia

The concentration of zearalenone and aflatoxin was estimated in Zambian homebrewed and commercial opaque maize beer. Levels of aflatoxin were negligible. Zearalenone was present up to 4.6 mg/litre with a mean concentration of 0.92 mg/litre. Zearalenone was detected in the maize and maize malt used in beer preparation and it was found to dissolve preferentially in the liquid fraction of the beer. The concentration was related to the district of maize growth.     

Mycoflora and natural occurrence of aflatoxin, cyclopiazonic acid, fumonisin and ochratoxin A in dried figs

Mycoflora, the mycotoxigenic properties of moulds, and natural contamination with mycotoxins such as aflatoxins (AFs), cyclopiazonic acid (CPA), fumonisin B(1) (FB(1)) and ochratoxin A (OTA) were investigated in dried figs. Dry fig samples were collected from orchards during the drying stage in the Aegean Region of Turkey. Fungal isolates were identified using morphological, chemical as well as molecular methods. Mycotoxigenic characteristics of moulds were assessed by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Mycotoxins except CPA (by TLC) were determined by HPLC. All the fig samples were contaminated with moulds and 94.7% contained one or more mycotoxigenic species. The most prevalent moulds present in dried figs belong to the Aspergillus section Nigri members, being 93.9% positive for the samples, followed by Fusarium spp., Aspergillus section Flavi and Penicillium spp. On the other hand, Fusarium spp. had the highest count and the number of fumonisin producing Fusarium was also high. A total of 48% of 115 dried fig samples contained OTA (range = 0.1-15.3 ng g(-1)), 74.7% of the samples had FB(1) (range = 0.05-3.65 mg kg(-1)), 10.0% of the samples had aflatoxin (range = 0.1-763.2 ng g(-1)) and 24.3% of the samples were tentatively identified as being contaminated with CPA (range = 25-187 ng g(-1)). Dried fig samples were contaminated with one (33.0%), two (47.0%), three (5.2%) and four mycotoxins (3.5%). A total of 11.3% of dried fig samples were not contaminated with any of the four mycotoxins. To the best of our knowledge, CPA and fumonisin have been found for the first time in dried figs.     

Degradation of aflatoxin by lactoperoxidase

Summary Three concentrations of lactoperoxidase, 5, 50, and 500 units/ml of reaction mixture, degraded aflatoxin in the presence of 225 M NaCl and 50 M H₂0₂ at 28° C. Increasing the amount of lactoperoxidase from 50 to 500 units/ml of reaction mixture resulted in increasing the rate of degradation of aflatoxin B₁ from 3.6 to 5.1%/24 h. When comparable amounts of lactoperoxidase were present, aflatoxin G₁ was degraded approximately 1.5 times faster than was aflatoxin 131. At a given concentration of lactoperoxidase, aflatoxin degradation was independent of initial aflatoxin concentration. Derivatives that cochromatographed with aflatoxin B_2a and derivatives that were water soluble were the major degradation products of aflatoxin B₁. Similar derivatives, but in greater proportions, were noted as degradation products that resulted from activity of a blendure of mycelia ofAspergillus parasiticus.

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Abbau von aflatoxin durch lactoperoxidase

Zusammenfassung Aflatoxin wurde in Gegenwart von 225 m-NaCI und 50 m-H₂O₂ bei 28° C durch 5, 50 bzw. 500 Einheiten von Lactoperoxidase/ml Reaktionsgemisch abgebaut. Wenn die Konzentration der Lactoperoxidase von 50 bis auf 500 Einheiten/ml Reaktionsgemisch gesteigert wurde, dann stieg die Geschwindigkeit des Aflatoxinabbaues von 3,6 bis auf 5,1%/24 Std. Lactoperoxidase baute Aflatoxin G₁ 1,5 mal schneller ab als Aflatoxin B₁. Die Konzentration des Aflatoxins zu Beginn spielte keine Rolle beim Abbau durch, die Lactoperoxidase. Die Abbauprodukte von Aflatoxin B 1 waren chromatografisch dem Aflatoxin B_2a ähnlich oder waren wasserlöslich. Gleiche Abbauprodukte, aber in größeren Anteilen, erhielt man durch das Mycel vonAspergillus parasiticus.

     

黄曲霉毒素脱毒研究进展

黄曲霉毒素是危害食品安全和人体健康最主要的真菌毒素之一,全世界每年因黄曲霉毒素造成的粮食及其他农产品损失严重。此外,在我国,黄曲霉毒素还是影响储藏中药材安全标准的重要污染物。由于黄曲霉毒素的危害性极高,关于黄曲霉毒素的污染防治是保证食品药品安全的研究重点之一。本研究综述了近年来关于食品中黄曲霉毒素脱毒与降解研究的最新进展以及各种方法涉及可能的降解产物和降解机制,涵盖了以物理,化学和生物3大类脱毒技术的分析和总结,除传统技术手段之外,还对于采用天然产物防治黄曲霉毒素、不同脱毒手段协同作用的相关研究进行了展望,以期为黄曲霉毒素防治和脱毒相关研究工作提供借鉴,促进后续研究的开展。     

Survey of mycoflora counts, aflatoxin production and induced biochemical changes in walnut kernels

Fungal infection and mycotoxin contamination in fresh and stored kernels of walnut (Juglans regia) collected from different localities of Uttaranchal (India) were investigated. Fresh samples carry a combination of field as well as storage fungi. Species of Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium were predominant. Thirty-nine percent of Aspergillus flavus isolates were toxigenic and produced up to 2170 μg/l of aflatoxin B₁ in the liquid media. Aflatoxin B₁ was the most common mycotoxin encountered as a natural contaminant in the stored samples. Twenty-one percent of fresh samples contained aflatoxin B₁ in low concentrations. The concentration of aflatoxin B₁ in fresh as well as stored samples was in the range of 140–1220 μg/kg. Characteristic rotting was observed in fresh as well as stored samples. The walnut kernels exhibited significant reductions in the levels of oil, starch and protein content during fungal infection.     

The search for microorganisms sensitive to deoxynivalenol, zearalenone and aflatoxin B1

Sensitivity to T-2 toxin, deoxynivalenol (DOV), zearalenon (ZL) and aflatoxin (AT) B1 was comparatively studied in yeast strains Saccharomyces fragilis 25 D, Candida pseudotropicalis 44 nk and Saccharomyces lactis BKMY-459, sensitive to T-2 toxin, and strain Bacillus megaterium BKMB-44, sensitive to toxic metabolites of Aspergillus species of fungi. Minimum amounts of T-2 toxin inducing on Silufol plates sites of the yeast strain growth suppression, comprised 20-50 ng, maximum sensitivity was recorded in Saccharomyces lactis BKMY-459. Minimum content of DOV suppressing the yeast growth comprised 10-50 micrograms, and that of ZL 10-25 micrograms. Bacillus megaterium BKMB-44 culture proved to be highly sensitive to AT B1, 1 microgram of which suppressed the strain growth. This culture was resistant to T-2 toxin and DOV in doses of 1 microgram and 200 micrograms, respectively. ZL suppressed Bacillus megaterium growth when its minimum content in the plaque was 0.5 = 1 microgram. The authors have considered the possibility of using the microorganism strains studied for screening toxic grain lots and toxigenic fungus strains.     

黄曲霉毒素的检测及其降解方法进展

黄曲霉毒素主要是由真菌寄生曲霉和黄曲霉产生的次生代谢产物,具有极强的毒性、致癌性,在自然界中普遍存在。文中论述了不同物质中黄曲霉毒素的检测方法及应用,同时介绍了黄曲霉毒素的降解方法及成果,并对黄曲霉毒素检测及降解技术的发展趋势进行了展望。