Determination of in vitro antioxidant activity of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) seed extracts

In this study, the antioxidant activity of water and ethanol extracts of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) seed (FS) was evaluated by various antioxidant assay, including total antioxidant, free radical scavenging, superoxide anion radical scavenging, hydrogen peroxide scavenging, metal chelating activities and reducing power. Those various antioxidant activities were compared to standard antioxidants such as butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), and α-tocopherol. The water and ethanol extracts of FS seeds showed strong antioxidant activity. 100 μg of water and ethanol extracts exhibited 99.1% and 77.5% inhibition of peroxidation in linoleic acid system, respectively, and greater than the same dose of α-tocopherol (36.1%). The both extracts of FS have effective reducing power, free radical scavenging, superoxide anion radical scavenging, hydrogen peroxide scavenging, and metal chelating activities. This antioxidant property depends on concentration and increasing with increased amount of sample. In addition, total phenolic compounds in the water and ethanol extracts of fennel seeds were determined as gallic acid equivalents. The results obtained in the present study indicated that the fennel (F. vulgare) seed is a potential source of natural antioxidant. Although, the tests presented here show the usefulness of FS extracts as in vitro antioxidants it still needs to be that this extracts show their activity in emulsions, biological systems, health implications or dry foods.     

比较研究新疆小茴香不同溶剂提取物的抗氧化活性

研究新疆小茴香4种不同溶剂萃取物的抗氧化活性.采用DPPH、ABTS和还原能力法评估不同萃取物的抗氧化活性,并测定了萃取物中的总酚和总黄酮的含量.结果表明,各样品具有不同程度的抗氧化能力,甲醇萃取物的抗氧化活性显著强于其他溶剂萃取物.小茴香抗氧化活性的主要物质为酚类化合物,与其总黄酮的含量并没有明显的关联.     

小茴香生理活性成分的研究进展

对小茴香的生理活性成分及其提取分离、保健作用等研究作了归纳与论述,为小茴香在食品和医药上的进一步研究开发提供理论依据。      

小茴香总多酚的显色条件及微波辅助提取条件的优化

为了探明小茴香中多酚类物质的显色条件及微波辅助提取工艺,更深入的开发利用小茴香。以小茴香为原料,通过单因素及正交实验结合,研究了小茴香总多酚的显色条件及其微波辅助提取的最佳工艺条件。实验结果表明,最佳显色条件为:取2.00 m L萃取液（1 g样品萃取后定容到100 m L）,加入4.50 m L的10%碳酸钠溶液,3.00 m L、50%的Folin-ciocalteu溶液,在室温下显色60 min。微波萃取工艺为:提取温度70℃,乙醇浓度50%,提取时间5 min,固液比1∶50（g∶m L）,在此微波提取条件下总多酚的提取率为12.52 mg/g。方法研究表明浓度在0⁸μg/m L时浓度与其吸光度值有良好线性关系,其线性回归方程为y=0.0864x-0.0055,R2=0.9992,精密度实验RSD值为1.16%,回收率为97.43%±1.57%。      

茴香中总多酚和总黄酮含量及其抗氧化活性研究

测定茴香体外抗氧化活性,并分析茴香中总多酚与总黄酮含量与抗氧化活性的关系。结果表明,茴香乙酸乙酯部位和正丁醇部位具有体外抗氧化活性。其中,乙酸乙酯部位清除DPPH自由基和ABTS+自由基的能力（IC50分别为（37.67±0.21）、（24.88±0.07）μg/mL）比正丁醇部位的清除能力（IC50分别为（47.48±0.18）、（34.19±0.19）μg/mL）强,且具有显著性差异（p<0.05）,而正丁醇部位对铁离子的还原能力（TEAC值为（569.9±0.69）μmol/g）比乙酸乙酯部位的还原能力（TEAC值为（281.23±4.73）μmol/g）强,且具有显著性差异（p<0.05）。乙酸乙酯部位清除DPPH和ABTS自由基的能力强可能与其总黄酮含量高有关,正丁醇部位还原铁离子的能力好与其总多酚含量高有关。      

花椒、大茴香对皖西白鹅加工过程中鹅肉脂肪氧化作用的研究

以皖西白鹅为研究对象,在加工过程中添加花椒和大茴香,通过测定硫代巴比妥酸值（TBARS）、过氧化值、羰基值和双烯值等指标,探讨花椒和大茴香对皖西白鹅加工过程中脂肪氧化的影响。结果表明,随着加工时间的延长,处理组2（20g大茴香）、处理组3（40g大茴香）、处理组4（20g花椒）、处理组5（40g花椒）、处理组6（20g大茴香+20g花椒）TBARS值和过氧化值均显著低于处理组1（对照组）（p<0.05）,添加花椒和大茴香能够明显抑制脂肪氧化,尤以处理组6效果最好;羰基值和双烯值均先上升,后变化趋势变缓,在风干刚开始阶段,处理组2⁶的羰基值显著高于处理组1（p<0.05）,其中处理组6的羰基值最高,说明花椒和大茴香特别是混合添加促进鹅肉风味的产生。总体分析,花椒和大茴香在一定程度上可以减缓脂肪氧化速度,混合添加效果最好且有助于鹅肉风味产生。      

Metabolic changes of biochemical constituents in developing fennel seeds (Foeniculum vulgare)

Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) is the major spice/condimental crop of Haryana, generally used in India for preparing pickles and in vegetable cooking. Flowers were tagged at anthesis, fennel seeds (local variety) were collected at 1-week intervals after 40 days from anthesis for studying biochemical constituents. Moisture and protein contents decreased significantly with the advancement of seed development. Oil content ranged from 68 to 135·7 g kg^?1 (dry weight basis), which increased with seed development. The oil content was greater in mature seeds. The presence of phytate (11·35–13·10 mg g^?1) was also observed, which affects the availability of Zn and Fe. Fennel seeds were found to be a rich source of micro- and macroelements. Neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, cellulose and lignin contents increased significantly with the advancement of seed development. Oleic and linoleic fatty acids were found to be major fatty acids and variable proportions of different fatty acids were observed.     

Feeding fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) seed as a potential appetite stimulant for Holstein dairy calves: Effects on growth performance and health

This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of increasing dietary doses of fennel seed powder (FSP) on growth performance and health status in calves. Holstein calves (n = 48; 3 d of age; 36.3 ± 1.06 kg BW; mean ± SE) were allocated randomly to diets containing 0 (FSP0), 1.5 (FSP1.5), or 3 g/d (FSP3) FSP in milk (morning feeding; during the first month) and then in the starter feed (top-dressed; from d 31 until weaning on d 71). The calves remained in the trial until d 81. Weight gain and final BW were greater in FSP-supplemented calves compared with control calves. Heart girth and hip width gained more in FSP-supplemented calves compared with control calves. Body weight gain and frame growth were not affected by calf sex. The calves receiving FSP had a lower chance of having elevated rectal temperature (≥39.4°C) and a lower probability of suffering from diarrhea or pneumonia. The chance of having diarrhea, but not pneumonia, was greater in female calves. The chance of medication occurrence for diarrhea and pneumonia was not affected by FSP and calf sex. The FSP3 calves had shorter days with elevated rectal temperature (≥39.4°C) compared with the FSP1.5 (1.2 d; SEM = 0.10) and FSP0 (2.9 d; SEM = 0.10) calves. Days with diarrhea but not its frequency and medication days was shorter (4 d; SEM = 0.10) in the FSP-supplemented calves. Control calves experienced more days with pneumonia compared with calves fed FSP1.5 (3.1 d; SEM = 0.08) and FSP3 (5.4 d; SEM = 0.08). Calves fed FSP3 experienced shorter days (2.3 d; SEM = 0.08) with pneumonia compared with calves fed FSP1.5. Feeding FSP tended to decrease (1.6 d; SEM = 0.10) medication days for pneumonia compared with control group. The duration (2.2 d; SEM = 0.10) and medication days (1.3 d; SEM = 0.15) for diarrhea were higher in female calves compared with the male calves. Compared with the control calves, feeding 3 g/d of FSP may be more beneficial in improving the weight gain and skeletal growth (heart girth and hip width) and in reducing the susceptibility to and duration of diarrhea and pneumonia in dairy calves.     

Effect of boiling and roasting on the polyacetylene and polyphenol content of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) bulb

Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare cv dulce.) is a hardy, perennial, umbelliferous (Apiaceae) plant as a source of the secondary metabolites group's polyacetylenes and polyphenols.The present study investigated the effect of boiling (100 ° C for 30 min) and roasting (160 °C for 15 min) on the levels of these phytochemicals. Boiling resulted in a significant decrease in the levels of polyacetylenes (falcarinol, falcarindiol, falcarindiol- 3- acetate) and polyphenols (caffeic acid, gallic acid, apigenin-7-o-glucoside, ferulic acid, syringic acid, isovitexin, phloridzin). The loss of polyphenols from the boiled bulbs may be in part due to leaching of these components in the water. Roasting resulted in a significant decrease in falcarindiol, falcarindiol-3-acetate, and falcarinol by 81%, 78%, and 66% when compared to raw unprocessed fennel bulbs. In general, levels of all polyphenols decreased in roasted samples. The exceptions were ferulic acid which showed an increase and gallic acid which did not show any decrease. In line with results for polyphenol levels, antioxidant activity decreased following thermal processing, and the presence of hydroxymethylfurfural was confirmed in roasted samples of fennel.     

小茴香增加大鼠骨密度作用及机制的研究

目的:探究小茴香对去势雌性大鼠骨密度功能的影响,通过大鼠颅骨成骨细胞(ROB)初探其机制.方法:采用SD大鼠进行含小茴香的保健食品配方的急性经口毒性试验,以去势雌性SD大鼠建立骨质疏松动物模型进行增加骨密度的功能性验证.用新生SD乳鼠颅骨为细胞来源培养ROB,CCK-8法观察小茴香40％甲醇提取物对ROB增殖的影响,并...     

Acaricidal activity of fennel seed oils and their main components against Tyrophagus putrescentiae, a stored-food mite

The acaricidal activities of components derived from Foeniculum vulgare (fennel) seed oils against Tyrophagus putrescentiae adults were examined using direct contact application and compared with those of the compounds benzyl benzoate, dibutyl phthalate and N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide. The biologically active constituent of the F. vulgare seeds was characterized as (+)-carvone by spectroscopic analyses. On the basis of LD₅₀ values, the compound most toxic to T. putrescentiae was naphthalene (4.28 μg/cm²) followed by dihydrocarvone (4.32 μg/cm²), (+)-carvone (4.62 μg/cm²), (−)-carvone (5.23 μg/cm²), eugenol (10.62 μg/cm²), benzyl benzoate (11.24 μg/cm²), thymol (11.42 μg/cm²), dibutyl phthalate (13.11 μg/cm²), N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (13.53 μg/cm²), methyl eugenol (39.52 μg/cm²), myrcene (39.88 μg/cm²) and acetyleugenol (72.24 μg/cm²). These results indicate that acaricidal activity of the F. vulgare seed oil could be caused by carvone and naphthalene of which the former is likely to be more important because it is 74.7 times more abundant than naphthalene. Carvone and naphthalene merit further study as potential stored-food mite control agents or as lead compounds.     

Potential benefits of early-life supplementation of liquid feed with fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) seeds or oregano (Origanum vulgare) leaves on growth,health, and blood metabolites in Holstein dairy calves

This study was performed to determine the early-life (first month of age) supplementation of liquid feed with fennel seed powder (FSP) or oregano leaf powder (OLP) on growth performance, health, and blood biochemical attributes in preweaning dairy calves. Holstein female calves (n = 57; 1 d of age; 34.1 ± 0.97 kg of BW; mean ± SE) were assigned randomly to receive liquid feed (colostrum and milk) with no added herbal plants (CON) or supplemented with FSP (3 g/d) or OLP (30 g/d) during the first month of age. The calves received pooled colostrum (4.5 kg/d on the first 2 d of life; total solids = 25.0% ± 1.24; mean ± SD) and then pooled waste milk (6 kg/d from d 3 to 44, 5 kg/d from d 45 to 46, 4 kg/d from d 47 to 48, and 3 kg/d from d 49 to 50 of the trial; total solids = 12.54% ± 0.50) to ensure they receive same mixed liquid feed daily. The calves had unlimited access to the starter feed and fresh water and remained in the study until weaning on d 51 of age. The average mean temperature-humidity index was 70.1 units (ranging between 61.9 to 78.2) during the experiment, indicating a borderline degree of environmental heat-load. The amount of starter feed offered and refused was recorded daily. The calves were weighed immediately after birth and every 10 d thereafter, before the morning feeding. Jugular blood samples were taken immediately before and 24 h after colostrum feeding, at first month of age, and at weaning to quantify serum concentrations of glucose, urea N, cholesterol, triglycerides, total proteins, albumin, globulin, aspartate transferase, alanine transferase, total antioxidant status, and malondialdehyde. Health checks including rectal temperature, general appearance (on a 1–5 score system), fecal score (on a 1–5 score system), and bovine respiratory disease (BRD; scored using the University of Wisconsin Calf Health Chart) were performed daily, by a veterinarian who was unaware of the calf treatment allocations, for all calves over the study period. A repeated-measures ANOVA was used to compare growth performance and blood metabolites among treatment groups, and a logistic regression model using a binomial distribution (PROC GLIMMIX, SAS v. 9.4, SAS Institute Inc.) was used to assess the chance of elevated rectal temperature (≥39.4°C), general appearance (≥2), diarrhea (≥3), and BRD. A Poisson regression model (PROC GENMOD) was also used to test group differences in the experience of days with elevated rectal temperature and general appearance, and frequency and duration of diarrhea or BRD. Total nutrient intake (DM, CP, and ME, but not ether extract) originating from milk and starter feed was greater in OLP- (but not FSP-) supplemented calves compared with CON group, being partially associated with difference in milk refusal. Calves receiving FSP and OLP had greater average daily gain, BW gain, skeletal gain (withers height or heart girth, respectively), and feed efficiency compared with CON animals with no difference between FSP and OLP. Rectal temperature was lower in FSP- (but not OLP-) supplemented calves compared with CON animals. The CON animals had a greater chance of experiencing higher rectal temperature (≥39.4°C; odds ratio = 1.55 and confidence interval = 1.12–2.15 and odds ratio = 1.33 and confidence interval = 0.92–1.90, respectively, compared with FSP and OLP) and general appearance (≥2; odds ratio = 1.99 and confidence interval = 1.45–2.74 and odds ratio = 1.45 and confidence interval = 1.03–2.05), and diarrhea (odds ratio = 1.47 and confidence interval = 1.11–1.97 and odds ratio = 1.49 and confidence interval = 1.07–2.08) compared with those receiving FSP or OLP; with the chance of BRD being lower in FSP- (but not OLP-) supplemented versus CON animals (odds ratio = 1.59 and confidence interval = 1.13–2.23). As compared with OLP and CON groups, FSP treatment resulted in shorter days with elevated rectal temperature and general appearance. Supplementing FSP or OLP decreased the duration of diarrhea and BRD but not their frequency compared with CON. Duration of diarrhea was not different between FSP- or OLP-supplemented calves but calves supplemented with FSP had shorter days with BRD compared with OLP-supplemented calves. Of the blood constituents measured on d 30, concentration of aspartate transferase was higher in FSP- (but not CON) versus OLP-supplemented calves, indicating a transient liver tissue damage or dysfunction which was subsequently ameliorated. At weaning, blood concentration of triglycerides was higher in FSP and OLP groups compared with CON group. Supplementation of the liquid feed with FSP or OLP, especially FSP, had beneficial effects on calf growth performance and health. Further experiments are warranted for optimizing the dosage and duration of feeding FSP or OLP as feed additives for dairy calves.     

Evaluation of the effect of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill) essential oil addition on the quality parameters and shelf‐life prediction of yoghurt

Yoghurt was prepared by adding three concentrations of fennel essential oil (FEO) (2.5, 5 and 7.5 µL) in 100 mL of pasteurised milk. Fennel essential oil did not affect the viability of yoghurt starters during fermentation. Based on sensory analysis, only the 5‐µL FEO concentration was incorporated in order to investigate the physicochemical and microbiological properties of enriched yoghurt during storage. Results showed that FEO in yoghurt did not significantly affect the quality after acidification (P > 0.05). However, total solid content, syneresis and lightness (L*) differed significantly (P < 0.05). Bacterial counts indicated that the control yoghurt had the highest values. Fortified yoghurt had an increased shelf life of 29 days.