不同复水条件对香菇特征香味物质的影响

目的研究干香菇经不同复水条件处理后其特征香味物质含量的变化,实现干香菇的科学复水。方法新鲜香菇经热风干燥后进行复水处理,通过顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用(headspacesolid-phase microextraction-gaschromatography-massspectrometry,SPME-GC-MS)的方法对复水香菇中的挥发性含硫化合物和八碳化合物进行分析,以环己酮为内标物,采用内标法进行定量分析,分别考察不同复水时间、不同复水温度和不同复水pH值下香菇中特征香味物质的含量。结果经不同复水时间处理后,香菇中含硫化合物含量为38.30～79.84μg/g,八碳化合物含量为4.33～10.97μg/g;经不同复水温度处理后,香菇中含硫化合物含量为12.82～44.45μg/g,八碳化合物含量为2.50～9.84μg/g;不同pH值条件下复水处理后,香菇中含硫化合物含量为6.10～72.52μg/g,八碳化合物含量为0.86～7.61μg/g。结论结果表明,干香菇在温度为40℃、pH值为9时,复水处理40min,其挥发性含硫化合物的含量较高,复水香菇表现为浓郁的"香菇味";干香菇在温度为40℃、pH值为7时,复水处理20 min,其挥发性八碳化合物的含量较高,复水香菇表现为明显的"蘑菇味",应根据实际情况选择合适的复水条件。     

不同摇青方式对秋季绿茶香气的影响

目的 利用乌龙茶的摇青工艺,探索改善夏秋绿茶风味的最佳摇青参数。方法 利用感官审评与定量描述分析,筛选最佳摇青次数。利用生化检测、GC-MS检测,获得样品中常规品质成分、挥发性物质的组成及含量。利用层次聚类热图分析、偏最小二乘法判别分析(PLS-DA),获得不同处理的特征挥发性物质。结果 摇青降低了茶多酚、咖啡碱、可溶性糖、水浸出物和酚氨比,但增加了游离氨基酸含量。摇青提高了夏秋绿茶的香气,其中花香和清香的增强、青草气的减弱是关键因素,栗香和嫩香影响较小;摇青改变了挥发性物质的数量和浓度,水杨酸甲酯、橙花醇、石竹烯等17种物质含量的降低,以及苯乙烯、柠檬烯等15种物质含量的增加,是形成花香型夏秋绿茶的关键。结论 夏秋茶鲜叶摊青6 h后,15 r/min摇青70转,静置2 h,茶叶感官品质最佳。     

添加物对明胶改性作用研究进展

明胶是胶原蛋白水解后的多肽化合物,广泛应用于医药、食品等行业,但其自身的理化特性无法满足各行各业的生产需要(特别是鱼皮明胶),因此对明胶的改性研究越来越多。文章主要综述无机物(MgSO_4、CaCl_2和NaCl)、有机物(果胶、壳聚糖和醛等)及谷氨酰胺转氨酶等添加物对明胶改性,以及改性对明胶应用的影响。     

Current challenges of microalgae applications: exploiting the potential of non-conventional microalgae species

The intensified attention to health, the growth of an elderly population, the changing lifestyles, and the medical discoveries have increased demand for natural and nutrient-rich foods, shaping the popularity of microalgae products. Microalgae thanks to their metabolic versatility represent a promising solution for a ‘green’ economy, exploiting non-arable land, non-potable water, capturing carbon dioxide (CO₂) and solar energy. The interest in microalgae is justified by their high content of bioactive molecules, such as amino acids, peptides, proteins, carbohydrates, polysaccharides, polyunsaturated fatty acids (as ω-3 fatty acids), pigments (as β-carotene, astaxanthin, fucoxanthin, phycocyanin, zeaxanthin and lutein), or mineral elements. Such molecules are of interest for human and animal nutrition, cosmetic and biofuel production, for which microalgae are potential renewable sources. Microalgae, also, represent effective biological systems for treating a variety of wastewaters and can be used as a CO₂ mitigation approach, helping to combat greenhouse gases and global warming emergencies. Recently a growing interest has focused on extremophilic microalgae species, which are easier to cultivate axenically and represent good candidates for open pond cultivation. In some cases, the cultivation and/or harvesting systems are still immature, but novel techniques appear as promising solutions to overcome such barriers. This review provides an overview on the actual microalgae cultivation systems and the current state of their biotechnological applications to obtain high value compounds or ingredients. Moreover, potential and future research opportunities for environment, human and animal benefits are pointed out. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

柚皮中活性物质的抗氧化活性研究

柚子皮中含有大量的黄酮类物质,研究柚皮中黄酮类化合物(槲皮素、芦丁、柚皮苷、橙皮苷)和香豆素类化合物(伞形花内酯)的抗氧化作用,对上述5种物质分别采用DPPH法、ABTs法、FRAP法、TBA法测定其抗氧化活性。结果表明槲皮素和芦丁具有较高的还原力,优于VC;清除DPPH自由基的能力均较高,IC50分别为1.36μg/mL和2.32μg/mL,效果优于BHT;清除ABTs+自由基的能力均较高,IC50分别为1.92μg/mL和0.86μg/mL,效果优于BHT;抗脂质过氧化的能力均较高,IC50分别为9.15μg/mL和5.84μg/mL,效果优于BHT。而伞形花内酯、柚皮苷和橙皮苷具有较低的还原力,比VC差;清除DPPH自由基的能力均较低,IC50分别为0.77 mg/mL、5.24 mg/mL和5.57mg/mL,效果比BHT差;清除ABTs+自由基的能力均较低,IC50分别为5.41 mg/mL、3.09 mg/mL和5.78 mg/mL,效果比BHT差;TBA试验表明伞形花内酯、柚皮苷和橙皮苷抗脂质过氧化效果较差。     

Optimization of extraction of phenolic antioxidants from peanut skins

This work was conducted to optimize the extraction conditions for the best recovery of antioxidant compounds from peanut skins. The extracts from the peanut skins were obtained by different extraction methods. The extraction conditions were: different ethanol proportions as the solvent (0, 30, 50, 70 and 96% v/v in distilled water), different peanut skin particle sizes (0–1, 1–2 and 2–10 mm and non‐crushed skins), different proportions of solvent/skins (20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 ml g^?1), different extraction times (by maceration and shaking) and different numbers of extractions. The different extracts obtained under different extraction conditions were compared with special regard to yield, total phenolic compounds and radical scavenging activity. The results showed that the best delivery of phenolic compounds was reached using 70% ethanol, non‐crushed peanut skins, ratio of solvent/solid of 20 ml g^?1, at 10 min shaking and three extractions. The maximum yield of 0.118 g g^?1 was recorded for phenolic compounds when extracted at the optimum conditions. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

白茶品质研究进展

主要从白茶非挥发性成分和挥发性成分两方面总结了白茶独特风味形成的原因和影响因素。从鲜叶原料、加工工艺等方面提出提高白茶品质的思路。白茶的高氨基酸、高咖啡碱含量与其制茶品种有关,高黄酮含量则与制茶工艺有关。白茶挥发性组分受到制茶品种和制茶工艺两方面的影响。通过白茶工艺创新,可在一定程度上解决白茶香气低、滋味淡等问题。     

几种水果游离态和结合态的香气物质分析

本论文利用固相微萃取结合气相色谱-质谱联用法（SPME-GC-MS）测定成熟期草莓、葡萄、苹果的结合态与游离态香气物质进行对比分析,结果表明三种水果结合态香气物质与游离态香气物质较为丰富,其中草莓结合态香气物质共检测出13种,游离态香气物质为9种;葡萄结合态香气物质共检出8种,游离态香气物质为9种,苹果结合态香气物质共检出13种,游离态香气物质为13种。经主成分分析,草莓的主要香气物质为乙酸苯乙酯、反式-肉桂酸甲酯、1-戊醇,葡萄的主要香气物质为乙酸异戊酯、1-戊醇、2-己烯醛,而苹果主要香气物质主要为1-己醇、2-甲基-1-丁醇、乙酸苯乙酯、1-己醛、丁酸乙酯、正己酸乙酯、2-甲基丁基乙酸酯。草莓、葡萄、苹果的游离态与结合态香气物质首次对比分析,并得出各自主要香气物质,为其形成及受环境因子作用而变化规律的研究提供基础性参考,同时为后期研究贮藏阶段变化奠定基础。     

肉类(牛肉)风味化合物综述

本文对肉类 (牛肉 )风味化合物包括呈味物质、风味增强物质与挥发性风味化合物进行了比较详细的综述。     

烟末中的主要成分及挥发性风味物质测定

测定了四种卷烟牌号A、B、C和D烟末中的蛋白质、还原糖和石油醚提取物等主要成分含量,采用同时蒸馏萃取-气相色谱-质谱技术(SDE-GC-MS)分析了四种牌号烟末中主要挥发性风味物质的组成,并对风味进行了评价.结果表明:四种牌号烟末的蛋白质和石油醚提取物含量差异不大,牌号A、B和C的还原糖含量均约为13%,牌号D的还原糖...     

干燥方式对食用菌风味物质影响研究进展

食用菌营养丰富,具有浓郁的香气和鲜美的菌菇味道,长期以来深受消费者喜爱。食用菌的风味不仅是评价其品质的主要指标之一,而且是影响消费倾向的重要原因,已成为国内外风味化学工作者们研究的热点。干燥作为一种可有效延长食用菌货架期的加工方式,会引起食用菌风味物质的种类和含量发生变化,进而使食用菌呈现出与新鲜状态下不同的风味特征,且不同干燥方式对产品风味具有重要影响。本研究介绍了几种鲜、干食用菌间风味物质的主要差异,重点比较了目前国内外关于不同干燥方式对食用菌挥发性风味物质和非挥发性风味物质的影响,并深入分析了不同干燥方式造成风味物质产生差异的原因,最后对干燥技术在食用菌风味物质中的应用前景及可能的发展方向进行展望,以期为食用菌风味物质的深入研究提供借鉴和参考。     

Optimisation,characterisation and quantification of phenolic compounds in olive cake

The phenolic compounds in extracts from pressed olive cake were investigated. Free phenolic compounds were extracted from olive cake using methanol. To liberate bound phenolic compounds, the olive cake was subjected to basic and acidic hydrolysis followed by methanol extraction. The individual phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of the extracts were determined. The highest total phenolic content and antioxidant activity were obtained using methanol extraction for 12 h at 70 °C. The RP-HPLC profiles for full-fat and defatted olive cake showed that protocatechuic acid, hydroxybenzoic acid, sinapic acid, p-coumaric acid, rutin and hesperidin were the predominant free phenolic compounds. Meanwhile, syringic acid, sinapic acid, caffeic acid and protocatechuic acid were the predominant bound phenolic acids. A positive correlation was observed between total phenolic content and antioxidant activity. The results indicated that most of the phenolic compounds in olive products were present in their free forms (75–90% of total phenolic content), while bound phenolic compounds were only a small proportion (10–25%) of total phenolic content.     

特征香味含硫食品香料化合物

介绍了9种食品香味的特征含硫香料化合物,其中2-甲基-3-呋喃硫醇是肉香味、糠硫醇是咖啡和芝麻油香味、二烯丙基二硫醚是大蒜香味、二丙基二硫醚是洋葱香味、2-异丁基噻唑是番茄香味、3-甲硫基丙醛是马铃薯香味、2-甲基-5-甲硫基吡嗪是榛子香味、3-甲硫基丙酸甲酯是菠萝香味、1-对-烯-8-硫醇是圆柚香味的特征含硫香料化合物。孟艹     

Flavour compounds of Greek cotton honey

Finding marker compounds is a powerful tool in the determination of the botanical origin of honey. For this purpose the flavour fraction of Greek cotton honey was investigated. A striking characteristic of this type of honey is the presence of more than 35 phenolic compounds in the extract, accounting for almost 60% of the total amount of compounds positively identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. In comparison with honeys of nine different origins, a total of 15 compounds could serve as potent markers for cotton honey, namely cinnamaldehyde (0.44%), cinnamyl alcohol (1.79%), cinnamic acid (1.13%), neryl and geranyl nitrile (0.16 and 0.41% respectively), benzenepropanol (0.5%), homovanillyl alcohol (0.6%), (E)‐ and (Z)‐p‐methoxy‐cinnamic acid (0.48 and 0.14% respectively), 2‐methyl‐p‐phthalaldehyde (0.22%), coniferaldehyde (0.47%), p‐coumaric acid (1.77%), ferulic acid (0.51%), scopoletin and scoparone (0.47%). Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

Health‐beneficial properties of potato and compounds of interest

Potatoes have shown promising health‐promoting properties in human cell culture, experimental animal and human clinical studies, including antioxidant, hypocholesterolemic, anti‐inflammatory, antiobesity, anticancer and antidiabetic effects. Compounds present such as phenolics, fiber, starch and proteins as well as compounds considered antinutritional such as glycoalkaloids, lectins and proteinase inhibitors are believed to contribute to the health benefits of potatoes. However, epidemiological studies exploring the role of potatoes in human health have been inconclusive. Some studies support a protective effect of potato consumption in weight management and diabetes, while other studies demonstrate no effect and a few suggest a negative effect. As there are many biological activities attributed to the compounds present in potato, some of which could be beneficial or detrimental depending on specific circumstances, a long‐term study investigating the association between potato consumption and diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease and cancer while controlling for fat intake is needed. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry     

Application of high‐power ultrasounds during red wine vinification

Wine colour is one of the main organoleptic characteristics influencing its quality. It is of special interest in red vinifications due to the economic resources that wineries have to invest for the extraction of the phenolic compounds responsible for wine colour, compounds that are mainly located inside the skin cell vacuoles, where the volatile compounds are also found. The transfer of phenolic compounds from grapes to must during vinification is closely related to the type of grapes and the winemaking technique. During traditional winemaking, grapes are crushed and skin macerated for several days, with pumps overs to facilitate the colour extraction. To increase this extraction, some chemical (maceration enzymes) or physical technologies (thermovinification, cryomaceration, flash‐expansion) can be applied. In this work, a new methodology has been tested. This methodology consists in the application of high‐power ultrasounds to crushed grapes to increase the extraction of phenolic compounds. Crushed grapes were treated with this non‐thermal technology and vinified, with 3, 6 and 8 days of skin maceration time, and the results were compared with a control vinification, where crushed grapes were not subjected to any treatment and were skin macerated during 8 days. The wine chromatic characteristics (determined spectrophotometrically) and the individual phenolic compounds (anthocyanins and tannins, determined by HPLC) were followed during the maceration period, at the end of alcoholic fermentation and after two months in bottle. Also, the wine volatile compounds were determined by GC‐MS. The wines made with ultrasound‐treated grapes showed differences with the control wine, especially regarding total phenol content and tannin content. The wines elaborated with sonicated grapes and with only three days of skin maceration time presented similar concentration of anthocyanins and twice the concentration of tannins than control wines elaborated with 8 days of skin maceration.     

超高压处理对中华管鞭虾虾肉风味的影响

为研究超高压处理对虾仁风味的影响,将中华管鞭虾分别在100、200、300 MPa条件下常温保压3、5 min处理,通过测定虾肉三磷酸腺苷关联化合物、游离氨基酸含量,计算鲜度指标K值及味精当量,并利用电子鼻和顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱(headspace-solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,HSSPME-GC-MS)联用分析虾肉挥发性气味成分,确定超高压处理前后虾肉风味物质的变化。结果表明,超高压处理后虾肉腺苷酸含量有所上升,保压5 min组鲜味氨基酸含量明显高于对照组,结合氨基酸与呈味核苷酸的鲜味协同效应,得到200 MPa-3 min组和200 MPa-5 min组具有较高的味精当量,分别为13.04、13.81 g MSG/100 g。电子鼻结果显示,300 MPa组虾肉的嗅感有显著变化,100 MPa与200 MPa组虾肉的嗅感变化不显著;GC-MS结果显示对照组和超高压处理组虾肉的关键嗅感成分均为1-辛烯-3-醇、2-壬酮、芳樟醇。综合虾肉挥发性与非挥发性的变化,选择200 MPa保压5 min处理的中华管鞭虾能得到风味较好的虾仁。     

The Comparison of the Contents of Sugar,Amadori, and Heyns Compounds in Fresh and Black Garlic

Black garlic is produced through thermal processing and is used as a healthy food throughout the world. Compared with fresh garlic, there are obvious changes in the color, taste, and biological functions of black garlic. To analyze and explain these changes, the contents of water‐soluble sugars, fructan, and the key intermediate compounds (Heyns and Amadori) of the Maillard reaction in fresh raw garlic and black garlic were investigated, which were important to control and to evaluate the quality of black garlic. The results showed that the fructan contents in the black garlics were decreased by more than 84.6% compared with the fresh raw garlics, which translated into changes in the fructose and glucose contents. The water‐soluble sugar content was drastically increased by values ranging from 187.79% to 790.96%. Therefore, the taste of the black garlic became very sweet. The sucrose content in black garlic was almost equivalent to fresh garlic. The Amadori and Heyns compounds were analyzed by HPLC‐MS/MS in multiple reaction monitoring mode using the different characteristic fragment ions of Heyns and Amadori compounds. The total content of the 3 main Amadori and 3 Heyns compounds in black garlic ranged from 762.53 to 280.56 μg/g, which was 40 to 100‐fold higher than the values in fresh raw garlic. This result was significant proof that the Maillard reaction in black garlic mainly utilized fructose and glucose, with some amino acids.