不同添加量的亚硝酸盐和番茄粉对哈尔滨红肠品质特性及氧化程度的影响

研究了在红肠中添加不同含量的亚硝酸盐(150 mg/kg、100 mg/kg和50 mg/kg),同时补充添加不同含量的番茄红素(0%、2%和4%)对其色泽和感官品质的影响,通过pH值、色差、质构特性以及感官评价等得出最佳的添加量为:100mg/kg亚硝酸盐和2%番茄粉素;然后将用该配方生产的红肠与只添加150 mg/kg亚硝酸盐的红肠在4℃贮藏1、7、15、30和45天,结果表明添加番茄红素的红肠氧化程度较低,从成色和抗氧化的角度而言,番茄粉可部分替代亚硝酸盐生产低硝红肠。     

Application and assessment of extruded edible casings manufactured from pectin and gelatin/sodium alginate blends for use with breakfast pork sausage

Casings formed from pectin (PN) containing 2.5% and 5% corn oil (CO) and olive oil (OO) and gelatine/sodium alginate blends (GSAB) containing 2.5% CO and OO respectively were used for sausage manufacture. Mechanical properties and water content of casings were assessed prior to application. Following sausage manufacture, product quality and shelf-life evaluation were assessed in terms of sensory attributes, instrumental colour, moisture loss and lipid oxidation. All manufactured casings were of good quality and initially produced intact and stable sausage products. However, with time, shrinkage of products occurred where GSAB casings were used. Sensory analysis of sausages showed that PN casings were more preferred to GSAB casings for sausage manufacture. CIE colour analysis supported sensory evaluation. Water losses from sausages using GSAB casings were lower compared to sausages using PN casings due to GSAB casings having higher ability to trap and absorb water compared to PN casings. Lipid oxidation developed over time for all sausage products, however, sausages manufactured using GSAB casings containing both CO and OO at 2.5% had better oxygen barrier properties compared to sausages manufactured using PN containing the same concentration of emulsified oils. Sausages manufactured using casings containing OO were more prone to lipid oxidation than those using CO. Importantly, sausages manufactured using PN casings containing 5.0% CO were extremely stable to lipid oxidation over a six day storage period and significantly, were <1 on the TBARS numbers scale.     

不同茶叶提取物对广式腊肠品质的影响

天然多酚提取物,如茶叶提取物常用于替代肉制品中的合成抗氧化剂。该研究通过测定水分含量、水分活度、硫代巴比妥酸反应物（Thiobarbituric Acid Reactants,TBARS）含量、以及质构、色差、低场核磁共振波谱和感官鉴定探究不同茶叶提取物对广式腊肠品质的影响。结果表明,添加提取物的广式腊肠TBARS值由9.83 mmol MDA/g降低至2.32 mmol MDA/g以下,挥发性盐基氮含量（Total Volatile Basic Nitrogen,TVB-N）由0.17 mg/100 g N降低至0.07 mg/100 g N以下。茶叶提取物的添加显著降低了广式腊肠的水分含量,但对水分活度和水分组成无显著影响。在广式腊肠质构特性上,绿茶、黄茶和乌龙茶提取物显著降低了腊肠硬度。色差上,绿茶提取物的添加使腊肠红度由16.10上升至18.89。感官特性上,添加绿茶提取物的腊肠各项感官评分最高,但大部分感官指标无显著差异。因此,添加茶叶提取物可作为抑制广式腊肠加工过程中脂质氧化的有效手段,绿茶提取物在感官和色度上最适合作为腊肠的天然抗氧化剂。     

Effectiveness of Zataria multiflora Boiss essential oil and grape seed extract impregnated chitosan film on ready-to-eat mortadella-type sausages during refrigerated storage

BACKGROUND: The effectiveness of chitosan films containing Zataria multiflora Boiss essential oil (ZEO) (5 and 10 g kg^?1) and grape seed extract (GSE) (10 g kg^?1) on lipid oxidation and microbial (lactic acid bacteria, aerobic mesophiles and inoculated Listeria monocytogenes) characteristics of mortadella sausage at 4 °C for 21 days was evaluated. The release of total phenolics (TPs) into sausage was also assessed. RESULTS: All films exhibited antibacterial activity against L. monocytogenes on agar culture media. Chitosan films containing ZEO were the most effective on the growth of bacteria. The growth of L. monocytogenes was significantly inhibited by ZEO‐GSE containing films especially during storage of the sausages for 6 days. Aerobic mesophiles and lactic acid bacteria were the most sensitive and resistant groups to films by 0.1–1.1 and 0.1–0.7 log cycles reduction, respectively. Sausages wrapped by 10 g kg^?1 GSE + 10 g kg^?1 ZEO films had the lowest degrees of lipid oxidation, which was 23% lower than the control. The TPs of ZEO films decreased to zero after 6 days, whereas TPs of GSE films followed a slight decrease during the storage. CONCLUSION: Antimicrobial/antioxidant chitosan film could be developed by incorporating GSE and ZEO for extending the shelf life of mortadella sausage. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effect of natural pigments on the oxidative stability of sausages stored under refrigeration

The objective was to use natural pigments to replace sodium erythorbate (NaEry), a synthetic compound used as an antioxidant in sausage formulations, and to evaluate the oxidative stability of the samples. Six assays were prepared in which sodium erythorbate (ERY) at 0.05 g/100 g was substituted by norbixin (NOR), lycopene (LYC), zeaxanthin (ZEA), β-carotene (CAR) or dextrose (used as a control (CON)). Physical, chemical, color, texture and sensory parameters were measured on the first day and after 45 days of storage at 4 °C. All pigments used in the sausage formulations were able to maintain the oxidative stability of the sausages (MDA equivalents <0.38 mg/kg). Zeaxanthin and norbixin were the most efficient antioxidants of those tested. This antioxidant effect might be associated with the intermediate polarities of these two compounds, which would allow them to concentrate in the membrane lipids or emulsion interface, where lipid oxidation is most prevalent. Other volatile secondary products of oxidation besides MDA should be evaluated in further studies involving natural pigments and sensory oxidative stability.     

绿茶提取物添加及脂肪替代对低脂猪肉香肠品质及脂质氧化稳定性的影响

采用柯罗纳油或预乳化后的柯罗纳油取代50%的猪后背脂肪,并添加不同含量的绿茶提取物（100 mg/kg或1 000 mg/kg）制作低动物脂肪猪肉香肠。对蒸煮后不同处理香肠的感官特性及脂肪氧化稳定性进行分析。结果表明直接采用植物油部分替代动物脂肪并不影响产品颜色（亮度和红度）、硬度和变形性,显著改善了产品的脂肪氧化稳定性（P＜0.05）,但增加了蒸煮损失并显著降低了产品破断强度。对植物油预乳化处理在一定程度上降低了脂肪替代引起的产品质构恶化。添加绿茶提取物（100 mg/kg或1 000 mg/kg）几乎完全抑制了香肠在贮藏过程中的脂质氧化。但值得注意的是,尽管没有观察到统计学上的显著差异（P＞0.05）,添加高含量绿茶提取物（1 000 mg/kg）倾向于破坏产品质构。     

Effect of the packaging method and the storage time on lipid oxidation and colour stability on dry fermented sausage salchichón manufactured with raw material with a high level of mono and polyunsaturated fatty acids

The effects of fatty acid composition, two packaging methods (vacuum and 20% CO₂/80% N₂) and storage under refrigeration for 210 days were evaluated on a dry fermented sausage (salchichón), manufactured with raw material enriched in monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fatty acids. Fatty acid composition was determined on sausage mixtures and on ripened sausages and lipid oxidation and colour stability was determined on ripened sausage at different times during storage. The modification of fatty acid composition of the sausages raised the nutritional quality, slightly affecting the colour properties. Dry fermented sausages enriched in polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids presented higher lipid oxidation values than the control ones. Both packaging methods (vacuum and 20% CO₂/80% N₂) during 210 days of chilled storage had minor effects on the colour and the lipid oxidation stability.     

Extrusion for Producing Low-fat Pork and its Use in Sausage as Affected by Soy Protein Isolate

Low-fat pork was produced at extrusion temperatures (ET) of 25, 32.2,43.3,54.4, or 65.6°C with addition of soy protein isolate (SPI) at 0,1.5, or 3% and evaluated by measuring chemical and physical properties of low-fat pork sausage links. ET and SPI addition influenced moisture retention and fat reduction. The highest ET(65.5°C) gave the highest fat reduction in extrudates. TBARS decreased as ET and SPI increased. Extrudates at higher ET made darker and redder sausages. The hardness value of the control was not different from that of sausages from 65.6°C ET extrudates. The fat-reduced sausages were more springy and cohesive than the control. Depending on fat reduction, twin-screw extrusion influenced sausage color, texture, and lipid oxidation. The sausage links from 65.6°C ET extrudates with 1.5% SPI had the lowest fat, lowest TBARS, least cooking loss and were not different in hardness from control high-fat sausages.     

Fat effect on physico-chemical, microbial and textural changes through the manufactured of dry-cured foal sausage Lipolysis, proteolysis and sensory properties

The effect of fat content on chemical traits related to dry-curing process (pH, moisture and water activity), color and textural properties and changes of free fatty acids and amino acids compositions during the processing of foal dry-cured sausages were studied. For this purpose, three batches (20 units per batch) of dry fermented sausages with different pork back fat content (5%, 10% and 20%) were manufactured; low fat (LF), medium fat (MF) and high fat (HF), respectively. Samples at 0days (mix before stuffing), and after 7, 14, 28, 42 and 49days of ripening were taken. The fat level affected color and textural parameters at the end of the process, showing dry-cured foal sausage with the higher level of fat, the highest values of luminosity and the least hardness. No significant differences (P>0.05) among batches were detected on total viable counts, lactic acid bacteria and Microccaceae during the process. Regarding lipolysis and lipid oxidation it can be deduced that the increase in the fat level encouraged the production of free fatty acids and 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. At the end of the ripening individual free fatty acids followed this order: oleic, palmitic, linoleic and stearic acid, representing 82-95% of the total free fatty acids. Final level of TBARS index was in the worst case of 1.23mg MDA/kg of sausage. On the contrary, the batch with lesser fat content showed the highest levels of free amino acids at the beginning and at the end of the process, showing final values of 1.6%.     

Effect of fat quality on sausage processing,texture, and sensory characteristics

Fresh pork sausage was manufactured to determine the effects of animal diet (unsaturated or control) and inclusion of corn oil during processing (0% and 14% fat replacement). Bologna was manufactured to investigate only diet effects. Processing, textural, sensory, visual, and storage characteristics were evaluated. Processing yield was improved 2.9 percentage units in fresh sausage but reduced 1.8 units in bologna in unsaturated compared with control diets. Break strength of fresh sausage was reduced 0.6 kg by oil inclusion. Both unsaturated fat and including oil during processing resulted in softer texture of fresh sausage, while increased unsaturation in bologna resulted in firmer or unchanged textural properties. Fresh sausage with oil was lighter colored (5.3 L* units increased) with more fat smearing. In fresh sausage, lipid oxidation remained below 1 mg/kg MDA during 12 weeks frozen storage. Overall, changes in fat quality minimally affected sausage quality, likely providing acceptable products to consumers.     

APPLICATION OF α-TOCOPHEROL IN DRY CHINESE POWCHICKEN SAUSAGES

Chicken breast at 8%, 17% and 25% levels was used to replace pork fat in a low-fat dry Chinese sausage. This replacement resulted in more lipid and oxymyoglobin oxidation; also pH values declined (P<0.05) during 4C storage. Cooking loss decreased with increasing chicken cantent in sausaga (P<0.05). The addition of α-tocopherol to pork/chicken sausages delayed lipid and oxymyoglobin oxidation (P<0.05) but did not influence pH value or cooking loss.     

桑椹多酚对广式腊肠贮藏过程中脂质降解和氧化特性的调控作用

脂质氧化和水解是形成腊肠特征风味的重要途径,但过度氧化会造成腊肠品质的劣变。桑椹多酚是一类天然抗氧化剂,被证实可以有效缓解腊肠储藏过程中的氧化反应,然而其通过调控腊肠脂质氧化和水解来改变腊肠风味的相关机制还鲜有研究报道。鉴于此,该研究将桑椹多酚提取物（1 g/kg）加入到肉糜中,制成广式腊肠,跟踪28 d的储藏过程中腊肠的脂质氧化代谢产物（共轭二烯、共轭三烯、TBARS和己醛）以及脂肪酸（中性脂肪酸、游离脂肪酸和磷脂）的组成变化。研究发现,桑椹多酚主要通过抑制脂质次级代谢产物（己醛和丙二醛）来延缓腊肠的脂质氧化。经过28 d的储藏期后,桑椹腊肠中己醛与丙二醛的含量较对照组分别下降63.10%与28.05%。此外,储藏过程中桑椹多酚还可以有效抑制腊肠储藏过程中游离脂肪酸、磷脂的释放。经过28 d的储藏期后,与对照组相比,桑椹腊肠的游离脂肪酸含量下降了9.59%。同时,桑椹多酚还可以减少风味物质中醛类物质的产生和积累。综上所述,桑椹多酚主要通过延缓腊肠储藏过程中脂质的降解及次级氧化过程来调控产品的风味。     

茶多酚对植物乳杆菌的益生作用及其在发酵香肠中的应用

该研究探讨了不同质量浓度(0、0.5、1、2、4、6 mg/mL)的茶多酚对植物乳杆菌生长的影响,以及其对香肠发酵过程中的乳酸菌数量、水分活度、p H值、色泽、质构和脂肪氧化程度等理化品质的影响。结果显示,茶多酚质量浓度为2 mg/mL时可显著促进植物乳杆菌的生长,而当质量浓度增大到6 mg/m L时,则体现出显著的抑制作用。添加0.2%(m/m)茶多酚有利于发酵香肠中乳酸菌的生长,且能够显著降低香肠的pH值、硫代巴比妥酸反应物含量(Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances,TBARS)和总挥发性盐基氮含量(Total Volatile Basic Nitrogen,TVB-N),分别为5.37、0.49 mg/kg和13.65 mg/100 g,提高了发酵香肠的安全性。此外,添加茶多酚后,发酵香肠的亮度值(L^*)、红度值(a^*)和黄度值(b^*)均显著增加,而香肠的弹性、内聚性和咀嚼性不受影响。总体而言,茶多酚对培养基体系和发酵香肠中乳酸菌均具有益生作用,同时能够提升发酵香肠品质和安...     

Characterization of Biogenic Amines and Factors Influencing Their Formation in Traditional Chinese Sausages

Abstract: Biogenic amines in 42 traditional Chinese sausage samples obtained from different regions were determined by HPLC. The result showed that cadaverine was the major amine, followed by tyramine and putrescine. A total of 4 groups of samples were identified on the basis of total amines by cluster analysis. Group A included samples showing low amine contents (76.5 to 220 mg/kg) and accounted for 28.5% of the sausages examined. Group B included samples with moderate amine contents (220 to 600 mg/kg) and accounted for 45.2%. Group C included 11.9% of the samples showing high total biogenic amines contents (600 to 1000 mg/kg) and group D contained 14.28% of the samples showing very high levels of biogenic amines (higher than 1000 mg/kg). High correlation coefficients were found between the total counts of Enterobacteria and concentrations of total biogenic amines (r = 0.73). Sanitary quality of raw materials and the specific flora are import factors influencing biogenic amines formation in traditional Chinese sausages. Practical Application : Biogenic amines are considered potentially harmful substances to human health worldwide and are usually found in fermented sausage.Traditional Chinese sausage is one form of spontaneously fermented sausage and manufactured in small-scale plants following spontaneous fermentation. Little information, however, exists on the traditional Chinese sausage.     

芡种壳提取物多酚组成及对猪肉乳化肠贮存期质量的影响

采用50%乙醇溶液从芡实种壳中得到一种提取物(ESE),采用HPLC-UV法对其中的酚类物质组成进行分析,并对其在肉制品保鲜方面的作用进行初步研究。结果表明：ESE中含有丰富的多酚物质,可定性的有没食子酸(364.11mg/g)、绿原酸(42.31mg/g)、表儿茶素(95.95mg/g)、表儿茶素没食子酸酯(3.16mg/g)和芦丁(129.21mg/g)。肉制品保鲜实验表明,单独添加ESE(500mg/kg),可以显著减轻猪肉乳化肠贮存期间的脂类氧化,但不能有效抑制产品pH值升高和改善产品颜色。将ESE、NaNO2和红曲粉进行适当复配,可以有效改善肉制品颜色、抑制其褪色,减轻脂类氧化,并延缓产品pH值升高。结果表明：这3者之间在抑制肉制品中微生物生长和脂类氧化方面存在一定的协同作用。     

Selenium,iodine, ω-3 PUFA and natural antioxidant from Melissa officinalis L.: A combination of components from healthier dry fermented sausages formulation

A new formulation of dry fermented sausage, including ingredients that improve the nutritional and health benefits of this type of product is presented. Se yeast (2 g/kg), iodized salt (26 g/kg), linseed:algae (3:2) emulsion (62.5 g/kg), and lyophilized water extract of Melissa officinalis L. as a source of natural antioxidants (686 mg/kg), yielded dry fermented sausages with technological and sensory properties similar to traditional ones.     

Antioxidant properties of dried plum ingredients in raw and precooked pork sausage

ABSTRACT:  Raw pork sausages with no antioxidant (control), 3% or 6% dried plum puree (DP), 3% or 6% dried plum and apple puree (DPA), or 0.02% butylated hydroxytoluene and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA/BHT) were (1) stored raw in chubs at 4 °C (RR) and evaluated weekly over 28 d, (2) cooked as patties, vacuum packaged, and stored at 4 °C (PR) for weekly evaluation over 28 d, or (3) cooked, vacuum packaged, and stored at –20 °C (PF) and evaluated monthly over 90 d. DP at 3% or 6% levels was as effective as BHA/BHT for retarding lipid oxidation in PR sausage patties. Likewise, DP at 3% was equally as effective in PF patties, but DP at 6% was even more effective (lower TBARS values) than BHA/BHT for retarding oxidative rancidity. All treatments decreased the fat and increased moisture content of raw sausages but only 6% DP reduced cooking yields. Inclusion of 6% DP decreased internal redness while both 6% DP and DPA increased yellowness of raw sausage. Trained panel sensory evaluations indicated that DP enhanced sweet taste, decreased salt and bitter tastes, and masked cooked pork/brothy, cooked pork fat, spicy/peppery, and sage flavors. In general, warmed-over flavor notes were not affected by storage treatments. Overall, pork sausage with 3% DP or DPA was as acceptable to consumers as the control or those patties with BHA/BHT, but patties with 6% of either plum product were less desirable. Inclusion of 3% DP was effective as a natural antioxidant for suppressing lipid oxidation in precooked pork sausage patties.     

糖基化亚硝基血红蛋白部分替代亚硝酸钠对哈尔滨风干肠质量的影响

研究不同添加水平的糖基化亚硝基血红蛋白（glycosylated nitrosohaemoglobin,GN-Hb）部分替代亚硝酸钠（NaNO2）对哈尔滨风干肠微生物生长、脂肪氧化和产品感官品质的影响。结果表明,GN-Hb添加量对风干肠发酵过程中的pH值、水分活度（aw）、NaNO2残留量、总菌落数和乳酸菌菌落数无显著的影响（P＞0.05）,但对大肠杆菌生长及脂肪氧化有显著的抑制作用（P＜0.05）。颜色分析表明,GN-Hb部分替代NaNO2时可以提高风干肠的红度值（a*）,且当GN-Hb添加量为0.5 g/kg和1.0 g/kg时风干肠的亮度值（L*）与0.10 g/kg亚硝酸盐组差异不显著（P＞0.05）。感官评定结果显示,GN-Hb改进了风干肠的感官质量,特别是风味。结果表明,哈尔滨风干肠中添加一定量GN-Hb可以部分替代NaNO2。     

Effect of the Addition of Staphylococus Xylosus on the Oxidative Stabilitty of Traditional Sausage (Petrovská Klobása)

The effect of adding Staphylococcus xylosus on the oxidative stability and sensory properties of the traditional sausage (Petrovská klobása) subjected to industrial conditions of ripening was studied at day 0 and after 1 and 2 months of storage. During storage, TBARs values in sausages with added Staphylococcus xylosus ranged from 0.13 to 0.52 mg malondialdehyde/kg significantly lower (p < 0.05) than those of control sausages. After 2 months storage, sensory properties of sausage with added Staphylococcus xylosus (4.52) was better compared to control sausage. Adding Staphylococcus xylosus can contribute to better oxidative and sensory stability of Petrovská klobása during storage.     

Effects of radix puerariae extracts on physicochemical and sensory quality of precooked pork sausage during cold storage

Pork sausage batter without antioxidants (control), added 0.02% BHA/BHT, added 1% radix puerariae (RP), added 2% RP, and added 4% RP were cooked and stored for 28 days at 4 °C. Pork sausage added with BHA/BHT and RP had higher moisture content and lower fat content than the control. The added RP and BHA/BHT pork sausages had lower pH values than the control after 14 d. Results showed that lightness decreased upon the addition of RP. Cooking loss was lower for the added RP samples compared to the control at 14 d. Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS) values decreased in the added RP sausage compared to the control. Especially, 1% RP was more effective in delaying lipid oxidation compared to the other added RP treatments. Our results suggest that precooked pork sausage with RP can enhance eating quality, as sensory panels found that sausage added with RP had better color and texture.