基于材料热特性的轴承预紧力自调节设计方法

采用滚动轴承支承的机床主轴在转速上升过程中摩擦发热产生温度变化,引起轴承预紧力变化限制了机床转速。提出材料热特性轴承预紧力自动调节方法,该方法是根据温度变化时金属材料受热伸长的特性,通过分析机床主轴转速上升时摩擦功率损耗产生的热量,建立主轴温度场模型。采用有限元计算主轴工作温升引起的热变形,按照两种金属材料受热伸长的差值,建立温差与位移关系的数学模型,并求解应用双金属材料结构设计参数。仿真计算结果表明,通过使用轴承预紧力自调节方法,可以有效地扩大机床转速范围,应用在加工中心的主轴上,主轴最高转速由2.5 kr/min 提高到了3 kr/min,取得了明显的效果。     

机床主轴轴承热诱导预紧力自补偿方法

针对高速机床主轴轴承在主轴转速、负载及初始预紧力影响作用下,产生附加热诱导预紧力的问题,提出一种基于分离式隔圈的机床主轴轴承热诱导预紧力自补偿方法,实现了主轴轴承热诱导预紧力自补偿。首先,建立了主轴单元热结构耦合分析模型,分析了不同温度及载荷下,分离式隔圈的轴向相对位移;其次,利用高速机床主轴轴承试验平台研究了补偿前后不同主轴转速和初始预紧力下主轴单元振动和轴承温升的变化规律。结果表明,隔圈相对位移随温度成线性变化,而初始预紧力对其几乎没有影响;且采用分离式隔圈相较于传统的一体式隔圈,主轴单元振动略有增加,但轴承温升显著减小,说明所设计分离式隔圈能够有效降低热诱导预紧力。     

高速精密角接触球轴承热分析

角接触球轴承高速旋转时 ,轴承内部将产生大量摩擦热 ,从而影响轴承刚度性能及高速性能 ,文中计算了高速角接触球轴承的内部摩擦热生成 ,并分析计算了轴承、主轴和轴承座的热传递特性 ,在此基础上 ,对轴承内部及主轴和轴承座的温度分布进行了计算。附图 2幅 ,表 4个 ,参考文献 7篇。     

变压预紧电主轴热位移预测模型研究

为解决高速电主轴在变速过程中产生的热位移引起加工质量的问题,通过搭建变压预紧电主轴实验平台,提出一种不同预紧力下电主轴自然降速实验方法,基于能量守恒理论建立轴承摩擦生热模型,构建预紧力与轴承发热量的函数关系;在此基础上,进一步探究轴承温升导致主轴产生热位移的影响规律。分别以预紧力为1 450、1 550和1 700 N工况下,电主轴的轴承温度数据和时间作为输入,构建电主轴BP神经网络热位移预测模型。结果表明,构建的热位移预测模型能有效地预测电主轴的热位移,预测模型的残差在0.5μm以内,研究成果为高精密机床主轴热误差智能补偿提供一种新思路。     

高速陶瓷电主轴的热态特性分析

利用高速陶瓷电主轴热稳态和热瞬态的热力学模型,研究了热态性能对零件加工精度的影响,结合某高速精密加工中心的主轴单元,用有限元计算和分析了温度场及热平衡时间,将结果与实验进行比较,证明其有效性。结果表明:高速陶瓷电主轴在运转时热量主要来源于内置电机的损耗发热和轴承摩擦生热。前后轴承、定子和转子是热量集中处,最高温度出现在转子与定子间间隙处,为62.23℃,需采用良好的散热措施进行散热;精密磨削加工前应提前启动机床,进行10 min的预热,使机床各部件达到热平衡,减少热变形带来的加工误差,提高加工质量。该建模方法以及热力学模型可为高速电主轴的优化设计和研制提供一定的参考。     

立式数控机床主轴热态精度检测

利用电容式位移传感器和电阻式温度传感器对立式数控机床主轴进行高精度测量,试验获取主轴端径向和轴向热位移,以及主轴系统热敏感位置的温升。对于机械式主轴,主轴前后轴承和减速器因高速滚动摩擦发热,使得主轴的发热量很大,造成的热变形会严重影响机床的加工精度。对于结构稳定、技术成熟的数控机床,提高数控机床的热态精度最有效的措施是改进机床的主轴润滑方式或者对主轴轴承进行强制冷却。     

卧式加工中心主轴温度场预测与热误差分布

通过有限元与试验测试结合的方式,研究了加工中心主轴温度场和热误差分布规律。研究发现,卧式加工中心热变形与温度有较好的对应关系,主轴发热量增大引起主轴变形增大,主轴转子与轴承的摩擦生热是主轴系统高速转动时热量产生的主要原因。主轴热平衡时间大约90min左右,并且后轴承附近的温度最高,温升幅度最大。通过有限元方法进行热分析,可以在机床样机定型之前进行热对称结构设计,提前进行结构优化。     

卧式HMC500主轴系统热特性分析及结构优化

以HMC500主轴系统的特有结构为研究对象,建立主轴系统的温度场模型。实验结果表明,主轴系统热变形与温度有较好的对应关系,主轴发热量增大引起主轴变形增大,而主轴轴承的摩擦生热是主轴系统热量产生的重要原因,主轴系统的最高温升位于前轴承内圈处。进一步仿真计算主轴系统的热变形,通过对主轴箱体散热凹面的优化设计,可有效降低主轴系统温升,使主轴系统的热变形达到最小,从而使关键部位变形小于10 μm,满足机床的设计要求。在优化后的主轴箱系统上布置温度传感器和位移传感器,在8 000 r/min转速下进行实时测量,将实验结果与ANSYS的模拟结果进行对比,验证了优化结构的可行性与可靠性。     

立式加工中心主轴热误差的实验与分析

主轴是立式加工中心最精密最核心的零件之一。主轴内轴承长时间工作会产生大量的热能,导致主轴发生热变形,进而影响被加工零件的精度。以某型号高速钻铣立式加工中心主轴系统为研究对象,对主轴进行了热位移实验,得到了主轴的温度分布和X、Y、Z三方向的热变形位移,进而分析得出了主轴热位移对加工精度的影响,为主轴的热误差补偿提供了依据。     

玻璃陶瓷高精度主轴

超精密机床主轴轴承常采用回转精度高、刚度大、吸振性好的静压轴承,可是,静压轴承的摩擦损失引起的发热还是较大的,这会使主轴在轴向产生热位移,致使加工精度受到影响。解决这一问题的关键是寻找一种热膨胀趋于零的主轴材料。过去,减小热变形的对策,是把加工产生的热传给另外的某种媒体,以防止要求物体的温度升高。可是这种方法由于不能将热变形量变为零,依然无法避免主轴的热变形造成的加工误差。现在,在超精密加工中为了减小机床的热变形,多采用一些控制室温、     

Microscopic Contour Changes of Tribological Surfaces by Chemical and Mechanical Action

An electronic optical laser interferometer capable of resolving depth differences of as low as 30 Å and planar displacements of 6000 Å was constructed for the examination of surface profiles of bearing surfaces without physical contact. This instrument was used to determine topological chemical reactivity by applying a drop of dilute alcoholic hydrochloric acid and measuring the profile of the solid surface before and after application of this probe. It was found that scuffed bearing surfaces exposed to lubricants containing an organic chloride reacted much more slowly. In a separate series of experiments, a number of stainless steel plates were heated in a nitrogen atmosphere to different temperatures and their reactivity examined later at ambient temperature. The change of surface contour as a result of the probe reaction was found to follow an Arrhenius-type relation with respect to heat treatment temperature. This result could have implications on the scuffing mechanism.     

滚动轴承的"跨步跳动"

经典轴承分析理论由于把滚动体载荷分布处理成连续变量,因而忽略了滚动体离散性所引起的轴承振动。当滚动体通过承载区时,由于受压滚动体数目的奇偶性变化而使轴承产生周期性振动,分析了这种振动的幅值和径向游隙的影响,并提出了"奇压"、"偶压"现象和"跨步跳动"概念。     

滚动轴承动态接触特性数值模拟中若干问题

滚动轴承运转过程中的动态接触特性与轴承使用寿命密切相关,目前主要是利用各种数值模拟技术开展轴承动态接触行为研究。通过在ANSYS/LS-DYNA研究平台上开展不同模型设计参数下滚动轴承动态接触特性的数值模拟研究,考察材料模型的设计、边界约束模式的选择和单元大小的定义等因素对数值模拟结果的影响情况。研究结果表明,由刚性体内外圈模型计算得到的滚子组最大应力仿真结果明显大于由弹性体内外圈模型得到的结果,且载荷方向上轴心位移变化起伏较大;采用外圈转动、内圈固定的边界约束模式时,轴承各组件上的最大动态接触应力值以及轴心在载荷方向的位移均高于采用内圈转动、外圈固定约束模式时的求解结果;单元大小也明显影响最终的动态模拟结果,较小单元尺寸下得到的应力结果明显大于较大单元尺寸下的模拟结果。研究结论可以为轴承动态接触特性数值模拟过程中模型构建方案的合理确定提供参考。     

Determination of Performance Characteristics of Hydrostatic Bearing Systems that Support a Rigid Body

An analysis of a system of hydrostatic bearings used to support a rigid structure subjected to either specified loads or movements is described, and results of sample problems are shown. The governing equations are developed, considering generalized system supply circuitry and arbitrary selection of fixed type compensating elements for each bearing. The equations have been programmed for solution on a high-speed digital computer. The methods of solution and conceptual flow chart of the program are described. From specified loads (or alternatively displacements) of a point on the body chosen as the origin, individual bearing performance parameters, resultant body displacements (or alternatively loads), and the hydraulic system parameters are determined.     

Steady state and dynamic characteristics of partial journal bearings

The response of the lubricant film of a partial journal bearing to displacements and velocities of its journal for laminar Newtonian flow of the lubricant is presented. The bearing force coefficients (spring and damping coefficients) were evaluated experimentally on a sophisticated test rig, with control over all the essential variables. Test results are presented in non-dimensional form and are applicable to a bearing of 130° arc and with a length-to-diameter ratio of 0.8. Useful design data and a theoretical comparison are given.     

Active inherent restrictor for air-bearing spindles

An active control method for aerostatic bearings is proposed in this paper. The proposed method employs an active inherent restrictor AIR, (which was invented by the authors) to control pneumatic pressure on the bearing surface. The AIR consists of a piezoelectric actuator with a through hole, one end of which is small enough to function as an orifice when the actuator is embedded in the bearing to be controlled. Nine AIRS are incorporated into the aerostatic radial and thrust bearings of an air bearing spindle. According to the radial and/or thrust displacements of the spindle detected by sensors, a microcomputer changes the length of the piezoelectric actuators for controlling the orifice area of the AIRs and for compensating the displacements. Thus, the stiffness and the rotational accuracy in both radial and thrust directions can be improved without the occurrence of pneumatic hammer. Instead of ordinary passive inherent restrictors, the AIR can be incorporated into most conventional aerostatic bearings. An example of retrofit of the AIR to a commercially available air bearing spindle is also shown.     

Discrete positions method in kinematics and control of spatial linkagesEine methode der diskreten lagen in der kinematik und steuerung der bewegungen raumlicher mechanismen

Using the screw theory in the field of infinitesimal displacements, the first and second order transfer functions of spatial kinematic chains are algebrised. Based on this, a method of finite increments of the relative displacements in the joints is offered. Finally, an algorithm for the control strategy of open kinematic chains of manipulators and robots was evolved using an imaginary closing of the kinematic chain while bearing in mind the conditions for instantaneous mobility (transitory).     

高速精密角接触球轴承传热机理分析

以B7005精密角接触球轴承为例,分析了轴承的温度分布;在确定合理的边界条件下,利用ANSYS分析软件对轴承摩擦发热及传热机理进行分析和仿真,得到轴承摩擦热在轴承内部的传递和温度场分布情况,为进一步研究轴承摩擦热对高速转轴的速度性能等的影响提供理论参考,以提高轴承的寿命和可靠性。     

Frequency characteristics of stiffness and damping effect of ferro fluid bearing

Damping characteristics and frequency characteristics of ferro fluid bearing (FFB) spindles were measured using a high-frequency vibration base driven by a piezo actuator. Using the high-frequency vibration base, high-frequency excitation was added to ferro fluid bearing spindles mounted on the vibration base, and it was proved that ferro fluid bearing spindles have effective damping. And the damping effect became larger with higher spindle rotational speed. Also we have measured spindle runout of a ferro fluid bearing spindle using a lock-in amplifier to increase S/N ratio and succeeded to measure nano meter order displacements.     

The measurement of creep of elgiloy springs with a balanced interferometer

Elgiloy is a cobalt alloy that is commonly used as the material of analog clock springs. The rotational creep of loaded ‘clock’ springs made of elgiloy, as measured with a balanced interferometer, is described. For the measurements described here, the spiral clock springs are supported on a radial air bearing and wound up to support the nominal torque load required in the actual application. Two linear interferometers measure displacements of retroreflectors attached to the spring, and rotational creep is calculated by the ratio of the difference between the displacements and the distance between the retroreflectors. Environmental disturbances are nominally cancelled through the difference in the displacements measured by the interferometers at the same distance from the retroreflectors.