Non-linear vibration analysis of a functionally graded Timoshenko beam under action of a moving harmonic load

In this paper, non-linear dynamic analysis of a functionally graded (FG) beam with pinned–pinned supports due to a moving harmonic load has been performed by using Timoshenko beam theory with the von-Kármán’s non-linear strain–displacement relationships. Material properties of the beam vary continuously in thickness direction according to a power-law form. The system of equations of motion is derived by using Lagrange’s equations. Trial functions denoting transverse, axial deflections and rotation of the cross-sections of the beam are expressed in polynomial forms. The constraint conditions of supports are taken into account by using Lagrange multipliers. The obtained non-linear equations of motion are solved with aid of Newmark-β method in conjunction with the direct iteration method. In this study, the effects of large deflection, material distribution, velocity of the moving load and excitation frequency on the beam displacements, bending moments and stresses have been examined in detail. Convergence and comparison studies are performed. Results indicate that the above-mentioned effects play a very important role on the dynamic responses of the beam, and it is believed that new results are presented for non-linear dynamics of FG beams under moving loads which are of interest to the scientific and engineering community in the area of FGM structures.     

Dynamic behavior of an axially functionally graded beam under action of a moving harmonic load

In the present study, linear dynamic analysis of an axially functionally graded (AFG) beam with simply-supported edges due to a moving harmonic load has been analyzed by using Euler–Bernoulli beam theory. Elasticity modulus and mass density of the beam vary continuously in the axial direction of the beam according to a power–law form. The equation of motion is derived by using Lagrange’s equations. The unknown functions denoting the transverse deflections of the AFG beam is expressed in modal form, and Newmark method is employed to find the dynamic responses of AFG beam. In this study, the influences of material distribution, velocity of the moving load and excitation frequency on the dynamic response of the beam are investigated. In order to establish the accuracy of the present formulation and results, the first three free vibration frequencies are obtained, and compared with the published results available in the literature. Good agreement is observed. Results indicate that the above-mentioned effects play a very important role on the dynamic responses of the beam, and it is believed that new results are presented for non-linear dynamics of FG beams under moving loads which are of interest to the scientific and engineering community in the area of FGM structures.     

Dynamics of elastically connected double-functionally graded beam systems with different boundary conditions under action of a moving harmonic load

This paper studies the dynamic responses of an elastically connected double-functionally graded beam system (DFGBS) carrying a moving harmonic load at a constant speed by using Euler–Bernoulli beam theory. The two functionally graded (FG) beams are parallel and connected with each other continuously by elastic springs. Six elastically connected double-functionally graded beam systems (DFGBSs) having different boundary conditions are considered. The point constraints in the form of supports are assumed to be linear springs of large stiffness. It is assumed that the material properties follow a power-law variation through the thickness direction of the beams. The equations of motion are derived with the aid of Lagrange’s equations. The unknown functions denoting the transverse deflections of DFGBS are expressed in polynomial form. Newmark method is employed to find the dynamic responses of DFGBS subjected to a concentrated moving harmonic load. The influences of the different material distribution, velocity of the moving harmonic load, forcing frequency, the rigidity of the elastic layer between the FG beams and the boundary conditions on the dynamic responses are discussed.     

Vibration analysis of a functionally graded beam under a moving mass by using different beam theories

Vibration of a functionally graded (FG) simply-supported beam due to a moving mass has been investigated by using Euler–Bernoulli, Timoshenko and the third order shear deformation beam theories. The material properties of the beam vary continuously in the thickness direction according to the power-law form. The system of equations of motion is derived by using Lagrange’s equations. Trial functions denoting the transverse, the axial deflections and the rotation of the cross-sections of the beam are expressed in polynomial forms. The constraint conditions of supports are taken into account by using Lagrange multipliers. In this study, the effects of the shear deformation, various material distributions, velocity of the moving mass, the inertia, Coriolis and the centripetal effects of the moving mass on the dynamic displacements and the stresses of the beam are discussed in detail. To validate the present results, the dynamic deflections of the beam under a moving mass are compared with those of the existing literature and a comparison study for free vibration of an FG beam is performed. Good agreement is observed. The results show that the above-mentioned effects play a very important role on the dynamic responses of the beam and it is believed that new results are presented for dynamics of FG beams under moving loads which are of interest to the scientific and engineering community in the area of FGM structures.     

Dynamic analysis of an embedded microbeam carrying a moving microparticle based on the modified couple stress theory

In this study, analytical and numerical solution procedures are proposed for vibration of an embedded microbeam under action of a moving microparticle based on the modified couple stress theory (MCST) within the framework of Euler–Bernoulli beam theory. The governing equation and the related boundary conditions are derived by using Hamilton’s principle. The closed form solution of the transverse deflections of the embedded microbeam is obtained using the finite Fourier sine transformation. In the numerical solution, the dynamic deflections are computed by using the Lagrange’s equations in conjunction with the direct integration method of Newmark. The static deflections are also obtained analytically. A detailed parametric study is conducted to study the influences of the material length scale parameter, the Poisson’s ratio, the velocity of the microparticle and the elastic medium constant as well as the solution procedures on the dynamic responses of the microbeam. For comparison purpose, static deflections and free vibration frequencies of the microbeam are obtained and compared with previously published studies. Good agreement is observed. The results show that the above mentioned effects play an important role on the dynamic behavior of the microbeam.     

Dynamic analysis of an inclined Timoshenko beam traveled by successive moving masses/forces with inclusion of geometric nonlinearities

In the first part of this paper, the nonlinear coupled governing partial differential equations of vibrations by including the bending rotation of cross section, longitudinal and transverse displacements of an inclined pinned?Cpinned Timoshenko beam made of linear, homogenous and isotropic material with a constant cross section and finite length subjected to a traveling mass/force with constant velocity are derived. To do this, the energy method (Hamilton??s principle) based on the large deflection theory in conjuncture with the von-Karman strain-displacement relations is used. These equations are solved using the Galerkin??s approach via numerical integration methods to obtain dynamic responses of the beam under act of a moving mass/force. In the second part, the nonlinear coupled vibrations of the beam traveled by an arbitrary number of successive moving masses/forces are investigated. To do a thorough study on the subject at hand, a parametric sensitivity analysis by taking into account the effects of the magnitude of the traveling mass or equivalent concentrated force, the velocity of the traveling mass/force, beam??s inclination angle, length of the beam, height of the beam and spacing between successive moving masses/forces are carried out. Furthermore, the dynamic magnification factor and normalized time histories of the mid-point of the beam are obtained for various load velocity ratios, and the results are illustrated and compared to the results obtained from traditional linear solution. The influence of the large deflections caused by a stretching effect due to the beam??s immovable end supports is captured. It is seen that the existence of quadratic?Ccubic nonlinear terms in the coupled governing PDEs of motion renders stiffening (hardening) behavior of the dynamic responses of the beam under the action of a moving mass/force.     

Stochastic FEM on nonlinear vibration of fluid-loaded double-walled carbon nanotubes subjected to a moving load based on nonlocal elasticity theory

This paper adopts stochastic FEM to study the statistical dynamic behaviors of nonlinear vibration of the fluid-conveying double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWCNTs) under a moving load by considering the effects of the geometric nonlinearity and the nonlinearity of van der Waals (vdW) force. The Young’s modulus of elasticity of the DWCNTs is considered as stochastic with respect to the position to actually characterize the random material properties of the DWCNTs. Besides, the small scale effects of the nonlinear vibration of the DWCNTs are studied by using the theory of nonlocal elasticity. Based on the Hamilton’s principle, the nonlinear governing equations of the fluid-conveying double-walled carbon nanotubes under a moving load are formulated. The stochastic finite element method along with the perturbation technique is adopted to study the statistical dynamic response of the DWCNTs. Some statistical dynamic response of the DWCNTs such as the mean values and standard deviations of the non-dimensional dynamic deflections are computed and checked by the Monte Carlo Simulation, meanwhile the effects of the nonlocal parameter, aspect ratio and the flow velocity on the statistical dynamic response of the DWCNTs are investigated. It can be concluded that the nonlocal solutions of the dynamic deflections get larger with the increase of the nonlocal parameters due to the small scale effect, and as the flow velocity increases, the maxima non-dimensional dynamic deflections of the DWCNTs get larger.     

移动荷载列作用下简支梁振动响应参数研究

推导了移动荷载列作用下简支梁位移响应的精确解,在此基础上引入3个无量纲参数,研究了荷载移动速度、荷载频率及结构阻尼对桥梁响应的影响,分析了简支梁在一定荷载速度下的共振和消振现象发生机理。结果表明:桥梁跨中的最大位移响应并非随着荷载速度的增大而单调地增大,而是表现出一种类似正弦但波幅逐渐变大的方式;当移动荷载列以消振速度通过桥梁时,引起的桥梁余振响应趋近于零;简支梁的共振速度与移动荷载列的间距有直接关系,当共振速度同时又是消振速度时,共振现象被抑制;当简谐荷载移动速度较低时,梁体位移在荷载频率等于梁体第一阶自振频率时达到最大响应,随着荷载移动速度的增大,梁体位移达最大响应不再发生于荷载频率等于梁体第一阶自振频率的情况。     

Vibration of double-walled carbon nanotubes coupled by temperature-dependent medium under a moving nanoparticle with multi physical fields

A numerical model on nonlinear vibration of double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWCNTs) subjected to a moving nanoparticle and multi physical fields is proposed. DWCNTs are considered with the kinematic assumption of Euler–Bernoulli beam theory. The surrounding elastic substrate is simulated as Pasternak foundation, which is assumed to be temperature-dependent. Hamilton's principle, incremental harmonic balanced method, Galerkin, and time integration method with direct iteration are employed to establish the equations of motion of zigzag DWCNTs. The study reveals that for the weak van der Waals forces, DWCNTs have the positive and the negative deflections as if it vibrates under a moving nanoparticle.     

轴荷载作用下铁路交通地面振动的半解析法研究

根据波数域内分层地基波动方程的求解理论，推导铁路有砟轨道、无砟轨道与地基的耦合振动方程，得到了波数域内的统一表达形式。材料阻尼采用粘滞阻尼。利用Fourier变换，在频率。波数域内求解振动微分方程，再通过Fourier逆变换得到大地表面的振动响应。分析了轨道和地基之间的能量传递特征，简谐荷载对振动衰减的影响，并对列车轴荷载引起的地面振动进行了仿真分析。结果表明：铁路有砟轨道和无砟轨道与地基之间的动力作用有较大差别；在简谐荷载作用下，地面振动的衰减曲线出现波动；本文方法具有较大的计算域，可以模拟编组较长的列车通过时引起的地面振动。     

A mixed Ritz-DQ method for forced vibration of functionally graded beams carrying moving loads

A mixed method is presented to study the dynamic behavior of functionally graded (FG) beams subjected to moving loads. The theoretical formulations are based on Euler–Bernoulli beam theory, and the governing equations of motion of the system are derived using the Lagrange equations. The Rayleigh–Ritz method is employed to discretize the spatial partial derivatives and a step-by-step differential quadrature method (DQM) is used for the discretization of temporal derivatives. It is shown that the proposed mixed method is very efficient and reliable. Also, compared to the single-step methods such as the Newmark and Wilson methods, the DQM gives better accuracy using larger time step sizes for the cases considered. Moreover, effects of material properties of the FG beam and inertia of the moving load on the dynamic behavior of the system are investigated and analyzed.     

High-order free vibration analysis of sandwich beams with a flexible core using dynamic stiffness method

In this paper, high-order free vibration of three-layered symmetric sandwich beam is investigated using dynamic stiffness method. The governing partial differential equations of motion for one element are derived using Hamilton’s principle. This formulation leads to seven partial differential equations which are coupled in axial and bending deformations. For the harmonic motion, these equations are divided into two ordinary differential equations by considering the symmetrical sandwich beam. Closed form analytical solutions of these equations are determined. By applying the boundary conditions, the element dynamic stiffness matrix is developed. The element dynamic stiffness matrices are assembled and the boundary conditions of the beam are applied, so that the dynamic stiffness matrix of the beam is derived. Natural frequencies and mode shapes are computed by use of numerical techniques and the known Wittrick–Williams algorithm. Finally, some numerical examples are discussed using dynamic stiffness method.     

移动载荷作用下斜拉桥结构的动态响应计算分析

运用斜拉桥的近似分析方法,将漂浮体系的斜拉桥结构简化成两端简支且中间离散弹性支撑梁、变地基系数梁和均匀地基系数地基梁三种模型。建立了移动载荷作用下斜拉桥结构的动力学方程,用四阶龙格库塔法对动力学方程进行了计算,对三种模型的固有频率和三种模型在相同移动载荷作用下的动态响应进行了比较,并对移动载荷移动速度、垂直振动的刚度和阻尼对桥梁动态响应的影响进行分析。结果表明,当拉索等效弹性系数较小时,三种模型的固有频率和挠度曲线差别较小,当拉索等效弹性系数较大时,三种模型的固有频率和挠度曲线差别明显;桥梁动态响应的频谱由桥梁的固有频率和移动载荷的自振频率组成;移动载荷垂直振动的刚度越大,阻尼越小,桥梁振动的响应越大。     

Dynamic behaviour of edge-cracked shear deformable functionally graded beams on an elastic foundation under a moving load

This paper studies the dynamic response of functionally graded beams with an open edge crack resting on an elastic foundation subjected to a transverse load moving at a constant speed. It is assumed that the material properties follow an exponential variation through the thickness direction. Theoretical formulations are based on Timoshenko beam theory to account for the transverse shear deformation. The cracked beam is modeled as an assembly of two sub-beams connected through a linear rotational spring. The governing equations of motion are derived by using Hamilton’s principle and transformed into a set of dynamic equations through Galerkin’s procedure. The natural frequencies and dynamic response with different end supports are obtained. Numerical results are presented to investigate the influences of crack location, crack depth, material property gradient, slenderness ratio, foundation stiffness parameters, velocity of the moving load and boundary conditions on both free vibration and dynamic response of cracked functionally graded beams.     

Free vibration analysis of sandwich beams using improved dynamic stiffness method

In this paper, free vibration of three-layered symmetric sandwich beam is investigated using dynamic stiffness and finite element methods. To determine the governing equations of motion by the present theory, the core density has been taken into consideration. The governing partial differential equations of motion for one element contained three layers are derived using Hamilton’s principle. This formulation leads to two partial differential equations which are coupled in axial and bending deformations. For the harmonic motion, these equations are combined to form one ordinary differential equation. Closed form analytical solution for this equation is determined. By applying the boundary conditions, the element dynamic stiffness matrix is developed. They are assembled and the boundary conditions of the beam are applied, so that the dynamic stiffness matrix of the beam is derived. Natural frequencies and mode shapes are computed by the use of numerical techniques and the known Wittrick–Williams algorithm. After validation of the present model, the effect of various parameters such as density, thickness and shear modulus of the core for various boundary conditions on the first natural frequency is studied.     

An accurate solution for the responses of circular curved beams subjected to a moving load

In this paper, an accurate and effective solution for a circular curved beam subjected to a moving load is proposed, which incorporates the dynamic stiffness matrix into the Laplace transform technique. In the Laplace domain, the dynamic stiffness matrix and equivalent nodal force vector for a moving load are explicitly formulated based on the general closed‐form solution of the differential equations for a circular curved beam subjected to a moving load. A comparison with the modal superposition solution for the case of a simply supported curved beam confirms the high accuracy and applicability of the proposed solution. The internal reactions at any desired location can easily be obtained with high accuracy using the proposed solution, while a large number of elements are usually required for using the finite element method. Furthermore, the jump behaviour of the shear force due to passage of the load is clearly described by the present solution without the Gibb's phenomenon, which cannot be achieved by the modal superposition solution. Finally, the present solution is employed to study the dynamic behaviour of circular curved beams subjected to a moving load considering the effects of the loading characteristics, including the moving speed and excitation frequency, and the effects of the characteristics of curved beams such as the radius of curvature, number of spans, opening angles and damping. The impact factors for displacement and internal reactions are presented. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Application of nonlocal beam models to double-walled carbon nanotubes under a moving nanoparticle. Part II: parametric study

The capabilities of the proposed nonlocal beam models in the companion paper in capturing the critical velocity of a moving nanoparticle as well as the dynamic response of double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWCNTs) under a moving nanoparticle are scrutinized in some detail. The role of the small-scale effect parameter, slenderness of DWCNTs and velocity of the moving nanoparticle on dynamic deflections and nonlocal bending moments of the innermost and outermost tubes as well as their maximum values are then investigated. The results reveal that the critical velocity increases with the slenderness of DWCNTs and the magnitude of the van der Waals interaction force. Nevertheless, the critical velocity generally decreases with the small-scale effect as well as the ratio of the mean diameter to the thickness of the innermost tube. Additionally, the predicted maximum dynamic deflections and nonlocal bending moments of the innermost and outermost tubes by using the nonlocal Euler?CBernoulli and Timoshenko beam theories are generally the lower and upper bounds of those obtained by the nonlocal higher-order beam theory (NHOBT). In the case of ??₁?<?20, the use of the NHOBT is highly recommended for more realistic prediction of dynamic response of DWCNTs under a moving nanoparticle.     

由响应识别桥上移动荷载

本文介绍一种基于欧拉梁振动理论由桥梁响应识别桥上移动时变荷载的方法，用模态叠加法和最小二乘法由桥梁挠度或应变识别梁的模态位移，采用差分方法得到梁的模态速度和模态加速度，由梁的模态座标方程和最小二乘法识别桥上移动荷载，并通过计算机仿真说明测试误差、桥梁跨度及荷载间距对识别结果的影响     

Analytical solutions for free and forced vibrations of a multiple cracked Timoshenko beam subject to a concentrated moving load

An analytical approach for evaluating the forced vibration response of uniform beams with an arbitrary number of open edge cracks excited by a concentrated moving load is developed in this research. For this purpose, the cracked beam is modeled using beam segments connected by rotational massless linear elastic springs with sectional flexibility, and each segment of the continuous beam is assumed to satisfy Timoshenko beam theory. In this method, the equivalent spring stiffness does not depend on the frequency of vibration and is obtained from fracture mechanics. Considering suitable compatibility requirements at cracked sections and corresponding boundary conditions, characteristic equations of free vibration response are derived. Then, forced vibration response is treated under a moving load with a constant velocity. Using the determined eigenfunctions, the forced vibration response may be obtained by the modal superposition method. Finally, some parametric studies are presented to show the effects of crack parameters and moving load velocity.     

On the response of a timoshenko beam under initial stress to a moving load

When an axial compressive force is present, the wavelength of the propagating free waves in a beam rapidly decreases. The conventional Euler-Bernoulli beam equations are often not adequate for determining dynamic behavior of the moving load on a beam supported on an elastic foundation when initial axial stress is present. Equations derived by Sun for the Timoshenko beam with initial axial stress (based on Trefftz's theory), form the basis of this investigation. Analytical solutions are presented for deformations of the beam both with and without damping. Expressions of the critical velocity as a function of initial axial stress and foundation modulus parameters, are obtained for the Timoshenko beam. Critical velocities of the Timoshenko beam, with and without axial stress, are compared with that obtained using Euler-Bernoulli beam formulation. Some significant agreements and disagreements in the behaviors of the two systems are described.