A novel power swing blocking scheme using adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system

A power swing may be caused by any sudden change in the configuration or the loading of an electrical network. During a power swing, the impedance locus moves along an impedance circle with possible encroachment into the distance relay zone, which may cause an unnecessary tripping. In order to prevent the distance relay from tripping under such condition, a novel power swing blocking (PSB) scheme is proposed in this paper. The proposed scheme uses an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems (ANFIS) for preventing distance relay from tripping during power swings. The input signals to ANFIS, include the change of positive sequence impedance, positive and negative sequence currents, and power swing center voltage. Extensive tests show that the proposed PSB has two distinct features that are advantageous over existing schemes. The first is that the proposed scheme is able to detect various kinds of power swings thus block distance relays during power swings, even if the power swings are fast or the power swings occur during single pole open conditions. The second distinct feature is that the proposed scheme is able to clear the blocking if faults occur within the relay trip zone during power swings, even if the faults are high resistance faults, or the faults occur at the power swing center, or the faults occur when the power angle is close to 180°.     

Data-mining model based adaptive protection scheme to enhance distance relay performance during power swing

The paper presents a data-mining model based adaptive protection scheme enhancing distance relay performance during power swing for both compensated and uncompensated power transmission networks. In the power transmission network, the distance relays are sensitive to certain system event such as power swings, which drive the apparent impedance trajectories into the protection zones of the distance relay (zone-3) causing mal-operation of the distance relay, leading to subsequent blackouts. Further, three-phase balanced symmetrical fault detection during power swing is one of the serious concerns for the distance relay operation. This paper proposed a new adaptive protection scheme method based on data-mining models such as DT (decision tree) and RF (random forests) for providing supervisory control to the operation of the conventional distance relays. The proposed scheme is able to distinguish power swings and faults during power swing including fault zone identification for series compensated power transmission network during stress condition like power swing. The proposed scheme has been validated on a 39-bus New England system which is developed on Dig-Silent power factory commercial software (PF4C) platform and the performance indicate that the proposed scheme can reliably enhance the distance relay operation during power swing.     

Load model effects on distance relay settings

The purpose of this paper is to study load model effects on distance protective relay settings in Taipower's transmission system. Five load models have been used in order to explore the effects of load characteristics on relay settings: (1) static ZIP model, (2) dynamic motor model, (3) composite model, (4) PTI IEEE model, and (5) exponential model. The major points of this study include (1) setting of impedance values for the three distance protective relay zones and the protection against loss of synchronicity in the outermost periphery, (2) exploring the effects of load models on impedance angle at the time of distance relay tripping, (3) study whether the load model will cause a malfunction in the distance relay when the system swings due to a sudden change in the power system, (4) analyze the coordination of the blocking time of the out-of-step blocking relay during system power swings, and (5) propose how to select a better load model for accuracy in relay settings.     

Distance Relay With Out-of-Step Blocking Function Using Wavelet Transform

Out-of-step blocking function in distance relays is required to distinguish between a power swing and a fault. Speedy and reliable detection of symmetrical faults during power swings presents a challenge. This paper introduces wavelet transform to reliably and quickly detect power swings as well as detect any fault during a power swing. The total number of dyadic wavelet levels of voltage/current waveforms and the choice of particular levels for such detection are carefully studied. A logic block based on the wavelet transform is developed. The output of this block is combined with the output of the conventional digital distance relay to achieve desired performance during power swings. This integrated relay is extensively tested on a simulated system using PSCAD/ EMTDC^reg software.     

Improved phase selector for unbalanced faults during power swings using morphological technique

In order to prevent distance protection from tripping during power swing conditions, a power swing blocking device is often utilized. On the other hand, it has been an increasing requirement to achieve rapid clearance of internal faults during power swings. Accurate phase selection is a prerequisite to selective clearance of faults. An improved unbalanced fault phase selector during a power swing based on series multiresolution morphological gradient (SMMG) transform is proposed in this paper. As a feature extractor from raw signals, SMMG is employed to extract superimposed (fault component) current under the power swing condition in this paper. First, the operating characteristic of the sequence component fault phase selector during power swings is discussed. In order to overcome the disadvantage of the above selector, an improved fault phase selector for unbalanced faults during power swings is then proposed by using SMMG to extract superimposed components of modular current. The efficiency and feasibility of the proposed schemes are proven using a Power Systems Computer-Aided Engineering/Electromagnetic Transients including DC-based simulation on a sample power system.     

Detection of Symmetrical Faults by Distance Relays During Power Swings

For maintaining security of distance relays, power swing blocking is necessary to prevent unintended operation under power swings. To be dependable, distance relays must operate whenever a fault occurs. Therefore, detecting faults during power swings is an important issue since the relay should be able to differentiate the fault condition and not be blocked during that time. This paper presents a new method for detecting a symmetrical fault during a power swing, based on extracting components of the current waveform using the Prony method. The merit of the method is demonstrated by simulating different faults during power swing conditions using the Alternate Transients Program version of the Electromagnetic Transients Program.     

A new principle for high resistance earth fault detection duringfast power swings for distance protection

The combined effects of a high impedance ground fault condition and a fast power swing condition cause the apparent impedance `seen' by power system distance protection schemes to vary over a wide range. Previous research work has shown that the detection and location of high impedance faults during power swings is very difficult. A new principle for high impedance fault detection during fast power swings is presented which overcomes these deficiencies. This method forms a part of a complete power swing relaying scheme and can be implemented on standard relaying hardware. Results are presented based on extensive simulation studies carried out on a typical 400 kV transmission system, using the Electromagnetic Transient program (EMTP)     

Comprehensive power swing detection by current signal modeling and prediction using the GMDH method.

Power swing is an undesirable variation in power flow. This can be caused by large disturbances in demand load, switching, disconnection or reclosing lines. This phenomenon may enter the zones of distance relays and cause relay malfunction leading to the disconnection of healthy lines and undermining network reliability. Accordingly, this paper presents a new power swing detection method based on the prediction of current signal with a GMDH (Group Method of Data Handling) artificial neural network. The main advantage of the proposed method over its counterparts is the immunity to noise effect in signals. In addition, the proposed method can detect stable, unstable, and multi-mode power swings and is capable of distinguishing them from the variety of permanent faults occurring simultaneously. The method is tested for different types of power swings and simultaneous faults using DIgSILENT and MATLAB, and compared with some latest power swing detection methods. The results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method in terms of response time, the ability to detect power swings of different varieties, and the ability to detect different faults that may occur simultaneously with power swings.     

基于小波神经网络的电力系统振荡和故障识别

目前距离保护中的振荡闭锁元件都不同程度地导致振荡中故障的延时及无选择切除，基于此，文中综合小波变换以及神经网络的突出优点，构建了一种新型的小波神经网络模型，并给出了其相应的算法，以此小波神经网络实现了高压输电线路距离保护中基于暂态信号的系统振荡闭锁元件。理论分析及大量EMTP仿真实验表明：充分训练学习后的小波网络能够正确、快速地识别系统振荡和各种故障情况，即使是系统振荡时最不利情况下的线路轻微故障，亦能获得比较满意的结果，且此方法具有较高的可靠性。     

继电保护振荡闭锁的改进措施

振荡闭锁是保障电力系统安全的重要技术环节,是继电保护的理论难点之一。对现有的振荡闭锁方案进行改进,主要包括:改进启动继电器;实时计算短时开放时间;提出振荡闭锁中的对称开放和不对称开放新判据。通过设计故障检测器和启动加速器来提高突变量启动继电器和零序启动继电器的动作性能;用正序电压余弦分量替代静态稳定电流,实时计算暂态稳定破坏短时开放时间代替固定延时;通过加速软开关提高距离保护I段对称开放速度,利用距离保护延时计算U1cos 1来开放保护;在m|U1cos 1|的2维平面上分析振荡和不对称故障的不同特征,改进现有的不对称开放判据。利用实时数字仿真系统进行仿真验证,仿真结果验证了改进方案的正确性和有效性。     

A new PMU based power swing detector to prevent mal-operation of distance relay

In conventional transmission line protection, a distance relay is used to provide the primary as well as remote backup protection. The voltage and current phasors measurement needed by the distance relay for determining the impedance may be affected by the power disturbances such as power swing. Consequently, this power swing may cause mal-operation of Zone three distance relays which in turn may affect on the reliability of the whole protective scheme. To mitigate these effects and hence improve the relay reliability, this work proposes a new real-time power swing detector using phasor measurement units for blinding the distance relay only during this transient disturbance. However, this developed detector will not block relay when the power swing accompanied with faults. To validate the present work, the performance of developed enhanced distance relay is tested by signals generated by Simulink/MATLAB simulator under different conditions. The test results show that this proposed scheme provides good discrimination between the transient currents and the fault current which in turn it may contribute in enhancing the reliability of Distance relay.     

馈电线路速断保护

比较了电流速断、自适应电流速断及距离保护的动作特性。自适应电流速断保护能够根据电力系统运行方式和故障类型的变化而实时改变电流保护定值 ,微机距离保护本身不受系统运行方式和故障类型变化的影响 ,它们的动作性能大大优于电流速断保护 ,将在馈电线路保护中得到更多应用     

Impact Analyses of Wind Farm on Performances ofTransmission Line Relay Protection

A simulation system for power grid with concentrated large-scale wind farm integration is established based on the electro-magnetic transient model of wind turbine equipped with doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG),which is built by real-time digital simulator (RTDS).Using the hardware communication interface of RTDS,a closed-loop testing experiment is accomplished to study the impacts of large-scale wind farms on the existing relay protection devices for wind farm outgoing transmission line.This paper points out problems existing in current relay protection devices as follows:fault phase selector can select unwanted phase due to the changes of fault features caused by special network connection of wind farms;blocking condition for distance protections needs to be re-examined due to the weak power-feed characteristics of wind farms;and power frequency parameter based relay protection devices cannot accurately operate due to the special transient voltage and current characteristics of wind farms during fault period.Results lay the foundation for improving the performances of the existing relay protection device and developing new principle relay protection.     

Analysis of angle stability problems: a transmission protection systems perspective

Postfault rotor angle oscillations lead to power swings. Both unstable and stable swings can induce distance relay tripping. For unstable swings, a new computational procedure to locate all of the electrical centers is developed. It simplifies the work associated with visual screening of all the R-X plots. For stable swings, a generic three-tier hierarchy of stability-related norms defined by branch norm, fault norm, and system norm is proposed. Ranking by branch norm leads to ranking of power swings. Ranking by fault norm leads to ranking of faults or contingencies. Magnitude and rate of change of system norm can be used to detect an out-of-step condition. Results on a ten-machine system and a utility system with detailed models are also presented.     

New development in relay protection forsmart grid

This series of papers report on relay protection strategies that satisfy the demands of a strong smart grid. These strategies include ultra-high-speed transient-based fault discrimination, new co-ordination principles of main and back-up protection to suit the diversification of the power network, optimal co-ordination between relay protection and auto-reclosure to enhance robustness of the power network. There are also new development in protection early warning and tripping functions of protection based on wide area information. In this paper the principles, algorithms and techniques of single-ended, transient-based and ultra-high-speed protection for EHV transmission lines, buses, DC transmission lines and faulty line selection for non-solid earthed networks are presented. Tests show that the methods presented can determine fault characteristics with ultrahigh- speed (5 ms) and that the new principles of fault discrimination can satisfy the demand of EHV systems within a smart grid.     

快速后备保护研究

电力系统继电保护中后备保护按阶梯形配置整定，必然带来主干电网和发电厂后备保护动作时间太长、影响电网安全的问题。提出建立一种新的快速后备保护系统的思想，描述了变电站快速后备保护系统的结构和运行原理，建立了动作逻辑方程式。采用文中所述方法，变电站后备保护动作时间将小于1s，从而可大大缩短整个电网的后备保护动作时间。     

基于参数识别的继电保护原理初探

从网络分析理论出发,通过建立网络响应和网络参数之间的数学模型,利用网络的全响应信号,采用模型参数识别的方法得到故障网络的故障参数信息构成保护原理。参数识别的保护原理不受系统运行方式变化的影响,不受过渡电阻和系统振荡的影响。初步研究表明,利用该原理可以解决单端电气量无系统误差的准确故障定位、快速方向元件、串补电容线路故障位置的可靠识别和小电流接地系统准确故障选线等工程难题,具有良好的应用前景。     

New development in relay protection for smart grid

This series of papers report on relay protection strategies that satisfy the demands of a strong smart grid. These strategies include ultra-high-speed transient-based fault discrimination, new co-ordination principles of main and back-up protection to suit the diversification of the power network, optimal co-ordination between relay protection and auto-reclosure to enhance robustness of the power network. There are also new development in protection early warning and tripping functions of protection based on wide area information. In this paper the principles, algorithms and techniques of single-ended, transient-based and ultra-high-speed protection for EHV transmission lines, buses, DC transmission lines and faulty line selection for non-solid earthed networks are presented. Tests show that the methods presented can determine fault characteristics with ultrahigh-speed (5 ms) and that the new principles of fault discrimination can satisfy the demand of EHV systems within a smart grid.     

高压输电线路距离保护克服过渡电阻能力研究

高压输电线路中存在较大的过渡电阻,很容易引起距离保护拒动或误动.分析特高压单侧电源经长线路出口故障和双侧电源长线路出口故障时过渡电阻对距离保护工作的影响,探讨单侧电源助增电流网络、外汲电流网络中过渡电阻对测量阻抗的影响,并给出2种网络结构在不同地点处保护测量阻抗的计算公式.研究能较好躲过渡电阻特性的零序电抗继电器、自适应接地距离继电器、神经网络距离继电器,分析比较不同方法的优缺点及适用场合.     

加强继电保护与紧急控制系统的研究提高互联电网安全防御能力

分析了我国电网西电东送、南北互供、全国联网实施过程中可能出现的问题：交、直流并列输电发生故障时，将对保护和控制装置的正确工作产生不利的影响；大功率、远距离输电断面输电能力的充分发挥问题；现有自动装置在动作值和动作时序的不协调，可能会造成网络结构的不稳定问题；稳定性控制系统难以防御小概率、大灾难事故