电离放电形成高浓度臭氧水溶液方法

臭氧水溶液(臭氧水)可在几秒钟内无选择致死微小生物及灭活病毒,最终将有机污染物氧化分解为CO_2、H_2O。采用强电离放电将氧离解、电离,离解电离成O、O^-、O-、O⁺、O(+、O(¹D)和O_2(a1D)和O_2(a¹Δg)等活性粒子,其中O1Δg)等活性粒子,其中O^-和O_2(a-和O_2(a¹Δg)活性粒子在强电离放电电场的放电通道中反应形成浓度高达268 mg/L O_3,之后再用强激励方法把O_3高效率溶于水中形成高浓度臭氧水。当强电离放电电场强度为96 kV/cm,放电功率为363 W,臭氧溶于水反应时间为6.2 min时,臭氧水浓度达到38.5 mg/L,将为臭氧水溶液应用提供有利基础条件。     

硫杂杯芳烃的应用研究进展

硫杂杯芳烃是一类以硫原子取代桥联亚甲基的新型杯芳烃,作为新一代超分子砌块,在分子识别、超分子自组装、晶体工程和纳米材料等方面都获得了广泛的应用,己成为当今超分子化学研究的新热点.     

量子化学计算在结构化学课程教学中的应用研究

结构化学是一门理论性较强的基础课程。文章将量子化学计算的结果引入双原子分子结构、分子对称性、分子振动光谱等内容的教学过程中,对量子化学计算在结构化学课程教学过程中的应用进行了有意义的探讨。     

先进氧化法处理海水的试验研究

先进氧化方法是对传统的氧化化学思维的更新和发展。它是从源头上解决环境污染问题。采用常压强电场电离放电方法,把HO、O加工成高浓度、大产量的OH·等自由基,成功解决了先进氧化OH·处理水22的工程化疑难问题,实现了在低浓度(0.6mg/L)、快速(2.8s)条件下大幅度改善水质,对水中亚硝酸盐、铵盐减少98.4%和99.5%,COD未检出,由于羟基对细胞残骸的氧化分解,才促使TOC有所上升,水中金属离子Cd2 、Pb2 、Hg2 、Fe2 和Fe3 以及非金属As等有不同程度减少。对水中单胞藻、原生动物、细菌致死均达到100%,又把生物尸体分解成HO、CO和微量无机盐,水中剩余羟基将分解成HO、O。从上述试验数据表明,2222强电离放电先进氧化剂OH·处理海水达到了绿色化学12条原则的要求。     

大气化学的展望

大气是包围地球外部的气圈。它的下部平均高度约为三百公里的气圈,通常称做空气。大气随着高度而分层,层中的原子和分子由于受着太阳紫外线和X射线的作用,发生电离和复杂的光化学反应。大气化学主要是研究这些反应的化学。     

超分子化学研究的新领域

超分子化学是研究由2个或2个以上分子通过分子间相互作用力结合而形成的分子聚集体的化学,是化学学科中一门新兴的热门交叉边缘学科。由于超分子物种的特殊结构和性能,故在工业、农业、国防及医药学等领域有着广阔的应用前景。简要介绍了超分子化学的产生、发展及应用,详细介绍了新型超分子化合物的合成及在材料科学、分析分离科学和医药学中的应用,并对超分子化学的发展进行了展望。     

新型超分子在催化及分离科学中的应用

分子化学是研究原子之间通过共价键或离子键形成的分子实体的化学,而超分子化学则是研究由2个或2个以上分子通过分子间相互作用力结合而成的化学实体。研究表明,超分子化学目前已发展成为一门新兴的热门交叉边缘学科。作者简要介绍了超分子化学的产生、发展及应用。详细介绍了新型超分子化合物的合成及在催化科学、环境科学、仿生科学、生命科学、材料科学、传感器科学、合成化学、分子识别和分析分离科学中的应用。并对超分子化学的发展进行了展望。     

我国锂离子电池发展现状及前景探讨

锂离子电池是近几年出现的金属锂蓄电池的替代产品。锂离子电池的负极为石墨晶体,正极通常为含锂的过渡金属氧化物。充电时,正极中锂原子电离成锂离子和电子,并且锂离子向负极运动与电子合成锂原子。放电时,锂原子从负极石墨晶体内表面电离成锂离子和电子,并在正极处合成锂原子。锂离子蓄电池重量轻,储能大,功率大,无污染,寿命长,自放电系数小,温度适应范围宽泛等许多突出的优点。     

介质阻挡强电离放电合成高浓度臭氧的实验研究

研究了介质阻挡强电离放电非平衡等离子化学法合成臭氧的过程中折合电场强度,电介质厚度,放电间隙大小以及原料气流量等参数对臭氧产生浓度的影响规律。     

聚烯烃塑料的表面处理和专用涂料的研究

本文论述了聚烯烃类工程塑料在汽车、家用电器等行业中的应用情况。探讨了等离子放电法、电晕放电法、紫外光照射法，火焰法和化学氧化法等提高塑料与涂层附着力的机理。提出适合于工业化生产的水系清洗体系。合成了与聚丙烯塑料浓度参数相近的聚合物，以此为基料的涂普与聚丙烯塑料的附着力强，综合性能良好。     

固有碳酸盐和硅酸盐对太姥油页岩热解产物的影响

通过逐级酸洗脱除新疆太姥油页岩中的碳酸盐和硅酸盐矿物,采用铝甑炉对油页岩原样和脱矿样进行热解,分析油气产物的组成性质,基于产物产率和性质考察了固有矿物质对油页岩热解的影响。结果表明,碳酸盐能促进热解生油,且使页岩油中含氮、氧化合物含量增大,硅酸盐则抑制热解生油,并抑制含氧化合物的生成,二者均使页岩油的H/C降低。硅酸盐可促进烷基自由基与氢自由基的结合,使页岩油中烷烃含量升高、烯烃含量降低,且使H₂产率减小,并能催化长链脂肪烃的裂解,使页岩油中长链烃含量降低、短链烃含量升高,且使烃类气体产率增大,而碳酸盐则抑制自由基的结合和长链脂肪烃的裂解。     

氮肥行业节能减排实施目标与技术创新

氮肥行业属于高能耗、高污染行业,面对当前国家不断加大的节能减排工作力度,氮肥行业通过采用经过实践验证的先进适用、运行可靠、经济合理的新技术、新工艺、新设备、新材料进行推广应用,使氮肥生产的吨氧煤耗、电耗、水耗都较前些年有所下降,主要污染物排放也得到了有效控制,达到大幅度提高氨产量、降低能耗、保护环境的目的,从整体上提高了氮肥企业的生产水平,推动氮肥行业走科技含量高、资源消耗低、环境污染少的和谐发展道路。通过对国内氮肥行业近期开展的节能减排工作总结和回顾,介绍了国内节能减排概况、氮肥行业节能减排的目标、重点创新技术的应用及几个先进的节能减排化肥企业的情况。     

大气压等离子体射流气源组分研究进展

大气压等离子体射流(APPJ)作为一个新型的大气压冷等离子体放电技术,其在大气压下产生,射流温度接近室温,化学活性高,在生物医学、材料化学和环境卫生等研究领域的应用成为研究热点。随着对大气压等离子体射流应用研究的不断深入,发现APPJ气源组分对其应用研究产生了很大的影响。APPJ气源组分会影响其放电特性、发射光谱和化学特性,其中APPJ中各种化学活性粒子在其应用研究中起到重要作用,APPJ气源成分主要影响化学活性粒子的种类与浓度,这些因素会影响APPJ技术成本和处理效率。因此,本文综述了在不同气源组分条件下大气压等离子体射流的放电特性、发射光谱和化学特性以及在微生物灭活、表面改性和表面清洁中的应用研究,分析总结了气源组分对APPJ应用方面的影响作用并展望了其研究前景。     

Active center formation in the modification of fibres by a gas discharge

Conclusions The basic feature of radical processes in polymers of various chemical structure on treatment in a gas discharge plasma is that the type of radicals formed in the polymer as a result of transfer of plasma energy to the macromolecule does not depend on the chemical composition of the plasma-forming gas.Radicals formed in the surface layer are mainly stabilized in the bulk of the polymer due to migration of a free valence. This plays an important role in carrying out chemical grafting in modifying the surface of fibres.Translated from Khimicheskie Volokna, No. 1, pp. 35–36, January–February, 1989.     

The effects of hydrogen on the plasma polymerization of tetrafluoroethylene

A study was made of the effects of hydrogen containing additives on the polymerization of tetrafluoroethylene in a radiofrequency low pressure plasma. The addition of ethylene and molecular hydrogen were found, under certain circumstances, to significantly increase the rate of polymer deposition. This effect is ascribed to the release of hydrogen atoms from the additive, which enhance the formation of fluorocarbon-free radicals and scavenges fluorine atoms. ESCA (electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis) spectra of the deposited films show that upon addition of hydrogen to the monomer, the F/C ratio of the film decreases and the H/C ratio rises. Hydrogen addition also influences the extent of crosslinking—a decrease being observed at low discharge power and an increase being observed at high discharge power.     

Molecule-mimetic chemistry and mesoscale self-assembly

Molecules are structured aggregates of atoms joined by chemical bonds; crystals are aggregates of molecules, interacting covalently or noncovalently. The work described in this Account uses molecules, crystals, and other forms of atomic/molecular matter to suggest principles that can be used in generating structured aggregates of millimeter-scale components, interacting through capillary interactions. The properties of these aggregates--that is, their "chemistry"--mimic aspects of the chemistry of molecules.     

Enzyme technology and molecular biology

Enzyme technology could lead to a completely new type of chemical industry utilising moderate conditions of pH, temperature and pressure to produce from wastes or by-products, high yields of complex chemicals without generating new waste products that pollute the environment. The potential of enzyme technology is great and applications are foreseen in industry, chemical analysis and in medicine. The new tools of this branch are immobilised enzymes or whole cells with enzymatic capacity. Methods of modern biochemistry must be applied, including genetic manipulation, molecular aging and protein chemistry.     

煤气CO和H2高电压放电反应机理研究

本文研究了ＣＯ和Ｈ_２的高电压放电反应机理，发现ＣＯ和Ｈ_２的放电化学反应是自由基反应，在高电压放电条件下，电子与ＣＯ和Ｈ_２分子碰撞激发生成自由基，发生化学反应；在低输入电压范围内，电场加速低能电子成为高能电子的过程为反应控制步骤。     

Surface modification of polycaprolactone monofilament by low pressure oxygen plasma

Surface modification of polycaprolactone filament has been carried out using a low pressure oxygen plasma to introduce active centers in the form of radicals, peroxides, and hydroperoxides on the surface. Evaluation by 2, 2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl method shows that there is an optimum value of exposure time, gas pressure, and discharge power for the generation of the maximum concentration of such groups. The plasma exposure time was thereafter varied to study the extent of the surface modification introduced by the plasma. It was found that only a short time of exposure to the oxygen plasma was necessary to make the surface highly wettable and polar with increased surface energy and work of adhesion. Surface chemical analysis by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed that this happens because of oxidation of the top layer of the filament, which occurs primarily by the breaking of bonds and incorporation of oxygen containing functionalities. Morphological and topographical observations by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy revealed that etching is pronounced at longer exposure times leading to a rougher surface with hill‐valley features. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013     

Destruction chemistry of organophosphorus compounds in hydrogen-oxygen flames

A review of the results of experimental studies of the destruction chemistry of organophosphorus compounds modeling sarin in hydrogen-oxygen rarefied flames is presented. These studies were performed at the Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion of the Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences by soft ionization probe molecular beam mass spectrometry. A method is described that allows one to identify almost all starting, intermediate (including atoms and free radicals), and final organophosphorus compounds and to measure concentration profiles in flames. The destruction products of organophosphorus compounds—dimethyl methylphosphonate and trimethylphosphate—are identified in various zones of an H₂/O₂/Ar flame. Mass peak intensities proportional to the concentrations of the indicated products are measured. The inhibition and promotion phenomena of the flames are discovered and studied. A chemical mechanism for the destruction of organophosphorus compounds in the flames is proposed. The results obtained are important for understanding the processes involved in the incineration of chemical warfare agents and munitions and other toxic and hazardous substances, for optimization of this technology, and also for understanding the inhibition and promotion mechanisms of flames. Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Siberian Division, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090. Translated from Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, Vol. 33, No. 3, pp. 32–48, May–June, 1997.