Al含量微调对TiAl合金组织及压缩力学性能的影响

研究了Al含量对TiAl合金微观组织及压缩力学性能的影响,并分析其破坏机理。研究发现,Al含量对TiAl合金微观组织影响显著。通过真空自耗电弧冶炼方法制备的Ti-44.1Al(原子分数,%)合金的组织为全层片组织,层片团粗大,呈现柱状晶特征;而Ti-47.3Al合金的组织为双态组织,三维连通的网状γ相将粗大的铸造组织分割成细小的层片团。力学性能研究发现,与Ti-47.3Al合金相比,无论是在准静态还是动态压缩加载条件下,Ti-44.1Al合金都表现出较高的屈服强度,较低的抗压强度以及较差的塑性变形能力。破坏机理分析表明,准静态压缩加载条件下,在Ti-44.1Al合金中,微孔在γ/α_2层片团的α_2相中萌生并聚集形成裂纹;而在Ti-47.3Al合金中,微孔同时在γ/α2层片团中α_2相中以及三维连通的网状γ相中萌生,微孔聚集形成裂纹并扩展;动态压缩加载条件下,在Ti-44.1Al合金中,在γ/α_2层片团中存在大量的α_2相与γ相的相界,由于加载时间短,在相界处易引起位错塞积而导致应力集中,致使微裂纹在相界处迅速萌生并扩展;而在Ti-47.3Al合金中,微裂纹不仅在γ/α_2层片团中α_2相与γ相的相界处萌生,同时也会在三维连通的网状γ相中迅速萌生并扩展,直至材料破坏。     

热等静压对铸造Ti-47.5Al-2.5V-1.0Cr合金持久性能的影响

将定向层片组织铸造Ti-47.5Al-2.5V-1.0Cr(at%)合金在α+γ两相区分别进行了1270℃,180 MPa下1 h,1.5 h和2.5h的热等静压处理,然后在800℃和300 MPa条件下进行了持久断裂试验,以研究热等静压处理对该合金持久性能的影响。试验结果表明,在1270℃/180 MPa条件下,热等静压分别持续1 h,1.5 h和2.5 h后,相比未经热等静压处理的铸态试样,其800℃/300 MPa持久寿命均明显降低,降低幅度分别为64.4%,70.2%和82.0%,但其持久塑性均明显提高。结合持久断口的断裂特征分析及微观组织观察认为,热等静压过程中析出的等轴γ晶粒可促进持久加载过程中动态再结晶的发生以及显微空洞的生成,由此导致了持久寿命的降低;此外,相比等轴γ晶粒析出的体积分数,其本身的存在对该合金800℃和300 MPa持久寿命有更直接的影响。     

TiAl合金增压器涡轮的耐久性试验研究

针对某增压器台架耐久性考核240 h的直径100 mm的Ti Al合金涡轮,通过对比分析考核前后涡轮轮毂芯部的微观组织和力学性能,并结合未考核涡轮轮毂取样的高温持久试验结果,评价了Ti Al合金增压器涡轮轮毂的耐久性。结果表明,在考核试验后,涡轮轮毂芯部的微观组织、洛氏硬度和室温抗拉强度仍保持考核前的水平;同时,参照该型涡轮服役条件下的高温持久加载后,试样的层片组织仍保持完整,仅只在层片团界析出了体积分数0.5%的等轴γ晶粒。可见,该Ti Al涡轮轮毂具有良好的耐久性,能够满足应用要求。     

近片层γ-TiAl基合金宏观塑性行为的尺度效应

将近片层-γTiAl基合金视为由等轴γ颗粒和多孪晶PST(polysynthetically twinned crystal)单晶颗粒组成的两相复合材料。基于非均质微极介质塑性理论,构建-γTiAl基合金整体有效微极柔度张量,将传统塑性割线模量法推广到微极材料,建立分析和预测-γTiAl基合金的塑性行为尺度效应的细观力学模型。结果表明:-γTiAl基合金的微结构尺度对其宏观塑性硬化行为存在显著的影响;近片层组织-γTiAl基合金中PST晶体颗粒的尺寸越小,合金中硬相夹杂PST颗粒的体积分数越大,合金材料相应的塑性硬化越明显;微极基体的塑性特征尺度与等轴γ晶粒的平均尺寸大小在同一数量级。     

快速冷却TiAl基合金显微组织演变的研究

利用离心铸造的方法,浇注了目标成分为Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb(at.%)的合金,并对其进行热等静压(HIP)处理(1270℃/173MPa/4h),研究了TiAl基合金在快速冷却条件下的晶粒尺寸变化和片层间距变化规律,以及HIP工艺对其析出相尺寸的影响。研究结果表明,TiAl基合金试样横截面边缘区域的晶粒尺寸最小,而最大尺寸晶粒出现在过渡区域内;片层间距和HIP过程中析出相在截面内的尺寸变化符合抛物线规律。     

TiAl合金全片层组织的热稳定性研究

研究了Al含量、冷却速率和添加硼元素对TiAl合金全片层组织在1150℃的热稳定性的影响。研究表明：Al含量在46％～48％（原子分数,下同）范围的二元TiAl合金的Al含量越高,γ偏析程度越严重,铸造片层组织的热稳定性越差;Ti-48AI合金α单相区固溶处理后炉冷的粗片层组织的稳定性远远优于空冷的细片层组织,空冷细片层组织容易在晶界处发生不连续粗化转变,并且空冷片层晶粒内的魏氏片层（LW）与基体的界面往往与晶界一同成为片层组织发生分解的起始部位;Ti-48A1合金中添加0．8％B因晶界TiB2相的存在能有效抑制细片层组织的晶界不连续粗化,但γ相从TiB2／基体界面和晶界重新形核生长可使片层组织转变为均匀的细晶近γ组织。     

硬模铸造TiAl合金的凝固组织分析

试验观察分析了两种硬模和陶瓷型壳铸造TiAl合金宏观、微观组织特点。结果表明,硬模铸造板片的表面细晶层的晶粒尺寸成倍减小,柱状晶宽度明显变窄,中心等轴晶体积分数大幅度降低、尺寸减小;硬模铸造板片的表面细小晶粒由取向随机的层片团组成,柱状晶由有取向的层片组成,层片方向垂直于柱状晶生长方向,中心等轴晶由取向随机的层片组织组成,层片间距明显减小。     

微量Zr对铸造TiAl合金高温力学性能的影响

在Ti-47.5Al-2.5V-1.0Cr合金中添加0.2at.％Zr以研究微量Zr对铸造形成的定向层片组织高温力学性能的作用.结果表明,添加0.2at.％Zr显著提高了该合金的持久寿命,但未对其高温拉伸强度产生明显影响.根据两种合金持久试验前后组织对比观察的结果提出,添加微量Zr主要是通过增加定向层片组织的热稳定性而使其持久性能得以改善;另外,微量Zr减少了热等静压过程中等轴晶粒的析出,也有助于延长合金的持久寿命.     

Ti-43Al-4Nb-1.5Mo合金包套锻造与热处理过程的微观组织及高温拉伸性能

对Ti-43Al-4Nb-1.5Mo合金进行包套锻造和后续热处理实验,考察了该过程TiAl合金的热变形行为、流变软化机制以及热处理参数对微观组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,TiAl合金包套锻造过程的高温流变软化以β相协调变形、片层相变分解、g相内位错滑移以及孪晶诱导的动态再结晶为主,最终组织为残余α_2/γ层片和等轴α_2、γ、B2相的混合组织。随热处理温度的升高,热变形组织由残余α_2/γ层片和多相混合组织转变为α_2/γ层片+γ相组织,在较高的温度下(1300℃)转变为全层片组织。其中,B2相随着溶质扩散程度的增加逐渐消失,残余层片组织发生分解转变为等轴α_2/γ层片团,同时发生γ→α转变,形成全层片组织。对热等静压、锻态和热处理试样的高温(800℃)拉伸性能进行比较,经热处理后获得的全片层组织具有最佳的综合性能,抗拉强度为663 MPa,延伸率达到26%。分析该样品的断裂行为可知,由于存在层片扭曲拉长、微孔钝化以及裂纹曲折延伸的断裂机制,全层片组织具有良好强度-塑性的综合力学性能。另外,热加工过程中(高温)bcc结构B2相能够协调变形,但服役条件下硬脆的B2相作为裂纹源容易引起裂纹萌生,对力学性能极其不利。因此,TiAl合金在热变形和服役过程中需要对组成相进行严格控制,从而获得良好的力学性能。     

750℃热暴露对定向层片组织铸造TiAl合金室温拉伸塑性的影响

研究了大气中750℃,48~300 h热暴露对定向层片组织铸造TiAl合金室温拉伸塑性的影响,并采用拉伸中途卸载、染色渗透后再次加载直至断裂的方法,分析因表面脆性层诱发的微裂纹的形成和扩展行为,以揭示定向层片组织在热暴露后保持更好室温拉伸塑性的原因.结果表明,定向层片组织TiAl合金在750℃热暴露150 h后室温塑性仍大于2.0%,300 h热暴露后尚保持1.0%的水平,其热暴露致脆程度远小于双态组织和其它层片组织.在430 MPa应力下,微裂纹起源于脆性贫Al层,并在后续加载过程中扩展进入基体.此裂纹起到尖锐缺口的作用,约束了材料的塑性变形,导致TiAl合金室温拉伸塑性降低.对于定向层片组织,由于层片界面平行于基体表面,有利于抑制微裂纹在后续加载过程中向基体扩展,从而使合金在热暴露后保持较高的室温塑性.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.