卷烟燃吸状态下的气体流量分配

为了考察卷烟燃吸时的气体流量分配规律,设计了一种测定烟支不同部分进气量的装置;采用该装置测定了卷烟燃吸状态下燃烧锥端、卷烟纸段和滤嘴段的进气量,分析了卷烟燃吸时不同部分的气体流量分配规律和燃烧锥烟气净生成量。结果表明：(1)卷烟燃吸时,卷烟纸段和滤嘴段进气量大于未燃卷烟,燃烧锥端进气量小于未燃卷烟,滤嘴通风卷烟的滤嘴通风率大于未燃卷烟。(2)无滤嘴通风卷烟燃吸时,燃烧锥端进气量与烟丝段长度呈线性递减关系,卷烟纸段进气量与烟丝段长度的二次方呈正比关系。(3)卷烟抽吸时燃烧锥存在净生成气体量,且烟气净生成量与燃烧锥进气量呈正比,实验卷烟燃吸时每毫升燃烧锥端进气量约净生成0.24 mL气体。     

双层纸卷烟——卷烟纸参数对燃吸特性的影响

虽然已研制出双层纸卷烟 ,并在国际卷烟市场上销售 ,但人们对普通卷烟纸参数在双层包卷时的交互作用 ,以及最终对双层纸卷烟燃吸特性的影响知之甚少。研究给出了一个 2水平多因子实验的结果 ,研究在双层纸卷烟结构中 ,以下卷烟纸参数对卷烟燃吸特性的影响 :①外层纸的燃烧剂水平 ;②内层纸燃烧剂配比 ;③外层纸透气度 ;④内层纸透气度。内层纸是定量 2 8g/m2 的降侧流烟气卷烟纸 ,含有Mg(OH) 2 辅助填料 ;外层纸是普通卷烟纸 ,定量 2 5g/m2 。卷烟燃吸特性检测项目有 :主流烟气TPM ,CO ,抽吸口数 ,侧流烟气TPM ,侧流烟气产生速率和静燃速率。燃吸实验的统计分析揭示 ,既有预料的也有非预料的结果。在卷烟燃吸特性研究中 ,主导因素导致预料的燃吸特性发生变化。对所有燃吸测定值起支配作用的主导因素有 :外层纸柠檬酸盐燃烧剂的水平和内层纸的透气度 ,而内层纸燃烧剂的配比 (柠檬酸钾与柠檬酸钠的比率 )对卷烟燃吸特性的影响最小。多因子交互作用对主流烟气中CO产生量的影响一般较小或不显著。由于内外层盘纸透气度的相互作用 ,并最终影响CO透过双层盘纸的扩散 ,有几种二因子和三因子交互作用的影响很显著。希望该项研究能为产品设计人员开发双层纸卷烟提供有效指导     

卷烟燃吸模拟装置的设计与应用

设计了一种卷烟燃吸模拟装置,对其控温性能进行了评价,比较了烟丝在该装置中模拟燃吸时的裂解产物与卷烟采用吸烟机抽吸产生的烟气成分之间的差异,考察了采用该装置裂解烟丝所产生的NH3,HCN和苯酚的重复性.结果表明:①该装置具有较快的升温速率和较大的样品容量,当升温速率分别为50,100和150℃/s,未装载样品时,其实测温度曲线的相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为4.80％,5.10％和8.10％,装载样品时,RSD分别为3.50％,3.65％和9.02％;②该装置能够实现烟丝裂解产物的定量捕集,裂解产物经GC/MS分析,共鉴定出141种成分,比卷烟烟气成分多16种,其产生量也高于烟气成分的释放量;③该装置裂解烟丝样品的实验重复性较好,NH3,HCN和苯酚的RSD分别为2.54％,7.32％和3.11％.     

不同反应条件下的Maillard反应产物对卷烟燃吸品质的影响研究

制备了在不同反应条件下混合氨基酸和葡萄糖的Maillard反应产物,并把它们加入空白烟丝中进行详细的感观评价,在该反应体系中,反应温度为105℃左右,pH为10左右,反应时间5 h左右条件下的MaiⅡard反应产物对卷烟加香效果较好.     

卷烟燃吸过程中温度分布检测系统的开发与应用

卷烟燃烧锥内部温度分布检测采用的微细热电偶检测技术,存在热电偶定位不准确、热电偶易折损、被测卷烟易变形、数采系统与吸烟机不同步等问题.为此,采用微细热电偶模块化、烟支反射光定位预打孔、螺旋测微器控制插入深度等技术,研制开发了卷烟燃吸过程温度分布检测系统.应用结果表明:①烟支反射光定位预打孔技术和热电偶模块化设计,降低了操作过程中对被测卷烟造成的变形和微细热电偶的损伤;②螺旋测微器进位装置对热电偶模块插入烟支内部的轴向和径向定位,提高了热电偶检测位置的准确性,控制精度由0.5 mm提高到0.01 mm;③通过负压联动机制实现了卷烟抽吸与数据采集同步,提高了检测结果的重复性.该检测系统操作灵活,自动化程度高,有效降低了人为因素的影响,提高了工作效率.     

烟草中部分含氮化合物模拟燃吸生成氨的影响因素

为考察烟草中的含氮化合物在卷烟燃烧过程中生成氨的规律,以烤烟烟丝为基质,采用卷烟模拟燃吸装置研究了燃吸温度、燃吸气氛含氧量及流速和升温速率等因素对烟气中氨的主要前体成分燃吸生成氨的影响。结果表明:1燃吸温度、燃吸气氛含氧量和升温速率对蛋白质、草酸铵、脯氨酸和天冬酰胺等燃吸生成氨均有明显影响,载气流速的影响较小。2低含氧气氛、高升温速率、中温环境可抑制烟草或氨的前体物燃吸生成氨。     

卷烟阴燃和吸燃时CO的释放

为了深入研究卷烟燃吸过程中CO的释放情况,采用先进的热电偶测温装置与烟草热解燃烧反应系统相结合的方式,确保用于模拟卷烟内部热解燃烧反应的热条件准确。根据卷烟燃烧时燃烧线的迁移分为3个区域进行研究,分别是阴燃燃烧线前端的焦炭区域R1,吸燃时燃烧线经过的预加热烟丝区域R2,吸燃燃烧线后端的新鲜烟丝区域R3。试验结果表明:(1) R1和R2在阴燃时已达到较高的温度,是侧流烟气中CO生成的主要来源,对吸燃时主流烟气CO的贡献较少;(2) R3在吸燃时虽然温度较低(400℃),但是却对主流烟气中CO的释放贡献最大;(3)由于热传导的影响,阴燃时温度越高的卷烟,R3的温度越高,所释放的CO含量也随之增加。     

卷烟燃烧动态吸阻研究

为了研究卷烟燃烧过程中动态吸阻的变化特性及其影响因素,选取3R4F标准卷烟作为试验样品,运用建立的动态吸阻计算方法考察了烟支燃烧过程中动态吸阻随燃烧线位置的变化规律,并分别分析了烟支中烟丝密度、不同抽吸状态(有滤嘴通风、无滤嘴通风和烟丝部分)以及不同抽吸模式对烟支动态吸阻的影响规律。结果表明:烟支动态吸阻随燃烧线长度呈现先增大、后降低并趋于平稳、最后再增大的趋势;烟支两端烟丝密度大的部分具有较大的动态吸阻值,烟支中间密度稳定部分具有较均匀的动态吸阻值;对于3种不同抽吸状态,静态吸阻与动态吸阻的差异性显著,按照偏差分析由小到大的排序为:有滤嘴通风无滤嘴通风烟丝部分;不同抽吸模式下测试所得的静态吸阻值相近,烟支前半部分的动态吸阻相差不大,后半部分的动态吸阻相差较大,有利于根据不同抽吸模式的人群进行卷烟设计,从而达到提高卷烟感官质量的目的。     

卷烟燃烧锥形态表征及影响因素

为揭示卷烟燃烧锥形态的影响因素,利用机器视觉技术测定了113个不同设计参数的卷烟样品在ISO抽吸条件下的燃烧锥面积、长度、半峰宽、两侧偏离角,并分析了烟丝参数、卷烟纸参数、燃烧参数与表征燃烧锥形态的各项指标的相互关系。结果表明：(1)基于机器视觉技术可以快速表征卷烟燃烧锥形态,方法重复性高、稳定性好。(2)燃烧参数中,温度对偏离角2（燃烧锥右侧倾角）有显著影响;燃烧锥长度、面积、半峰宽随烟丝燃烧速率、氧消耗量增加而增大;卷烟吸燃速率与燃烧锥长度、面积、半峰宽呈显著正相关,与偏离角2呈显著负相关。(3)燃烧锥尺寸随再造烟叶丝含量、卷烟纸定量和碳酸钙含量的增加而升高,随烟丝宽度和烟支单支质量增加呈先升后降的变化趋势,随钾钠比增加呈先升后降的变化趋势;与气流烘丝相比,薄板烘丝可显著提升卷烟燃烧锥尺寸。     

卷烟抽吸口数影响参数研究

研究了不同牌号卷烟的抽吸口数与自由燃烧速度、烟丝填充密度、盘纸透气度等参数的关系，结果表明，自由燃烧速度是影响抽吸口数的主要因素，烟丝填充密度对抽吸口数也有一定影响，而卷烟纸透气度、卷烟实际可燃长度与抽吸口数无明显相关性     

影响卷烟端部落丝量的因素研究

通过卷制结构不同的烟丝、测试通过卷接设备的烟丝结构、调整设备参数及喂丝方式等实验，发现烟丝的结构和耐加工性能是影响卷烟端部落丝量的主要因素，卷接设备的参数调整、喂丝方式是影响卷烟端部落丝量的次要因素。     

卷烟逐口烟丝消耗量的测定

为准确测定卷烟抽吸时的逐口烟丝消耗量,基于力矩平衡原理设计了一种能实时监测卷烟抽吸过程中烟支质量损失的装置,结合抽吸比率实验获得了卷烟抽吸时的逐口烟丝消耗量,并进一步考察了滤嘴通风率对逐口烟丝消耗量的影响,探讨了燃烧锥端进气量与烟丝消耗量之间的关系。结果表明：1）设计装置能准确测定出烟支的质量变化,且精密度RSD<1%;2）由卷烟抽吸失重曲线可明显区分出烟支阴燃和吸燃过程,并根据卷烟吸燃前后质量差计算得到了卷烟抽吸逐口质量损失,其大小随抽吸口序的增加而增加;3）结合抽吸比率实验测得了卷烟抽吸逐口烟丝消耗量,实验所用1#、2#和3#卷烟稳定抽吸时其逐口烟丝消耗量在19.9～26.2 mg之间;4）相同口序下卷烟抽吸消耗的烟丝量随滤嘴通风率增大而减小;5）燃烧锥端进气量与烟丝消耗量呈线性关系,且每毫升燃烧锥端进气量消耗的烟丝量与烟丝燃烧性相关。     

Factors affecting the puffing quality of paddy

Histological studies showed that in good puffing varieties of paddy the aleurone layer was thin and weak at the specific points of bursting while the clearance between the husk and kernel was large and the grain was easily shelled. In the poor puffing varieties the aleurone was uniformly thicker along the peripheral section while clearance between husk and grain was smaller and the grains were relatively more difficult to shell. Optimum maturity of grains at an average grain moisture of 20 to 24% was essential for getting maximum puffing. Delayed harvesting caused sun checks and reduced overall puffing expansion. Sun checks caused by severe drying in the sun produced a similar effect. High grain density was associated with better puffing.     

Delayed compensatory cigarette consumption after a workplace smoking ban

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the impact of workplace smoking bans on cigarette consumption among continuing smokers over a two-year period. DESIGN: Two cross-sectional surveys and a longitudinal sample of smokers questioned about their smoking behaviour six months and two years after implementation of a workplace smoking ban. SUBJECTS: Workers in 46 government offices in Australia. The cross-sectional survey six months after the ban included 3388 workers, whereas the survey two years after the ban included 3982 workers. The longitudinal cohort study included 107 workers who were identified as current smokers in both surveys. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Smokers were asked to report usual daily cigarette consumption on both workdays and leisure days one month before implementation of the ban, and six months, and two years afterwards. RESULTS: From six months to two years after the ban, the cross-sectional data showed an increase in cigarette consumption of 1.3 cigarettes per day. The longitudinal sample of smokers reported an increase in workday cigarette consumption of 1.7 cigarettes per day. A previous study of workers in the same worksites found a reduction in consumption of 5.2 cigarettes per day from before the ban to six months after. Over a two-year period we estimate that the net effect of the workplace smoking ban was to reduce cigarette consumption by about 3.5 cigarettes per day. CONCLUSIONS: Reductions in cigarette consumption among smokers frequently seen after implementation of a worksite smoking ban may diminish over time. This effect is more likely to occur when the initial response to a smoking ban is a large reduction in cigarette consumption.


     

中式服装消费意向的影响因素

针对中式服装设计生产及品牌建设盲目性、碎片化的问题,分别从消费者和产品的角度对中式服装消费意向影响因素进行实证研究。借鉴态度功能理论,通过因子、结构方程模型分析,探讨消费者全球消费文化接受度、中式服装实用性预期、服装品牌来源及中式元素表现方式对消费者态度与消费意向的影响。结果表明:消费者全球消费文化接受度直接影响其对中式服装的态度,但不完全影响消费意向;中式服装实用性预期对其消费意向的影响最为显著;消费者对国内外品牌认可度差异不明显,但易对国内品牌形成积极的态度;消费者更倾向以简洁含蓄方式应用中式元素。     

Effects of cigarette tax on cigarette consumption and the Chinese economy

OBJECTIVES: To analyse a policy dilemma in China on public health versus the tobacco economy through additional cigarette tax. METHODS: Using published statistics from 1980 through 1997 to estimate the impact of tobacco production and consumption on government revenue and the entire economy. These estimates relied on the results of estimated price elasticities of the demand for cigarettes in China. RESULTS: Given the estimated price elasticities (-0.54), by introducing an additional 10% increase in cigarette tax per pack (from the current 40% to 50% tax rate), the central government tax revenue would twice exceed total losses in industry revenue, tobacco farmers' income, and local tax revenue. In addition, between 1.44 and 2.16 million lives would be saved by this tax increase. CONCLUSIONS: Additional taxation on cigarettes in China would be a desirable public policy for the Chinese government to consider.