基于Hausdorff距离的工件焊缝接头类型识别

提出了一种以Hausdorff距离为度量准则的工件焊缝接头类型识别方法.通过激光结构光视觉方法,CCD摄像机采集被焊工件焊缝接头的激光图像,并提取出激光条纹中心线.根据焊缝接头图像特点,提出6种焊缝接头条纹形状基准模型.以Hausdorff距离度量激光条纹图形与基准模型库之间的匹配程度,当条纹形状与基准模型的距离具有最小容差时,认为与相对应的焊缝接头类型相匹配.为实现算法加速,采用Hough变换和Hotelling变换来标准化图形,并利用图像特征对搜索空间进行了降维.实验结果验证了该识别方法的有效性.     

Spectral reflectance of silicon photodiodes

A precision spectrometer was used to measure the spectral reflectance of a silicon photodiode over the wavelength range from 250 to 850 nm. The results were compared with the corresponding values predicted by a model based on thin-film Fresnel formulas and the known refractive indices of silicon and silicon dioxide. The good agreement at the level of 2 x 10(-3) in the visible wavelength range verifies that the reflection model can be used for accurate extrapolation of the spectral reflectance and responsivity of silicon photodiode devices. In addition, characterization of the photodiode reflectance in the ultraviolet region improves the accuracy of the spectral irradiance measurements when filter radiometers based on trap detectors are used.     

Focus control system for laser welding

We describe a focus control system for Nd:YAG laser welding based on an optical sensor incorporated into the fiber delivery system to detect light generated by the process. This broadband light is separated into two wavelength bands, and simple electronic processing gives a signal proportional to focal error as a result of chromatic aberrations in the optical delivery system. Focus control is demonstrated for bead-on-plate welds in different thicknesses of titanium alloy, aluminum alloy, mild steel, and stainless steel. The control system works for both pulsed and continuous laser radiation.     

X-ray absolute calibration of the time response of a silicon photodiode

The time-dependent response of a 1-mm2 silicon photodiode was characterized by use of pulsed synchrotron radiation in the 4- to 16-nm-wavelength range. Modeling the input radiation pulse and the electrical response of the photodiode allowed the photodiode's capacitance as a function of wavelength and applied bias voltage to be determined. The capacitance was in the 7- to 19-pF range and resulted in response fall times as small as 0.4 ns. The capacitance determined by pulsed x-ray illumination was in good agreement with the capacitance determined by pulsed optical laser illumination. The absolute responsivity was measured by comparison with the responsivity of a calibrated photodiode.     

High-sensitivity laser absorption measurements of broadband absorbers in the near-infrared spectral region

We describe the development and characterization of a near-infrared diode-laser-based sensor to measure the vapor from trace gases having unstructured absorption spectra. The technique uses two equal amplitude-modulated laser beams, with the modulation of the two lasers differing in phase by 180 deg. One of the laser beams is at a wavelength absorbed by the gas [for these experiments, vapor is from pyridine (C(5)H(5)N)], and the second laser beam is at a wavelength at which no absorption occurs. The two laser beams are launched onto near-coincident paths by graded-index lens-tipped optical fibers. The mixed laser beam signal is detected by use of a single photodiode and is demodulated with standard phase-sensitive detection. Data are presented for the detection and measurement of vapor from pyridine (C(5)H(5)N) by use of the mixed laser technique. The discussion focuses on experimental determination of whether a compound exhibits unstructured absorption spectra (referred to here as a broadband absorber) and methods used to maximize sensitivity.     

Surface plasmon resonance-based highly sensitive optical touch sensor with a hybrid noise rejection scheme

A surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based optical touch sensor structure is proposed that provides high switch sensitivity and requires a weak activating force. Our proposed SPR-based optical touch sensor is arranged in a compact Kretschmann-Raether configuration in which the prism acting as our sensor head is coated with a metal nanofilm. Our optical-based noise rejection scheme relies on wavelength filtering, spatial filtering, and high reflectivity of the metal nanofilm, whereas our electrical-based noise reduction is obtained by means of an electrical signal filtering process. In our experimental proof of concept, a visible laser diode at a 655 nm centered wavelength and a prism made from BK7 with a 50 nm thick gold layer on the touching surface are used, showing a 7.85 dB optical contrast ratio for the first touch. An estimated weak mechanical force of <0.1 N is also observed that sufficiently activates the desired electrical load. It is tested for 51 operations without sensor malfunction under typical and very high illumination of 342 and 3000 lx, respectively. In this case, a measured average optical contrast of 0.80 dB is obtained with a +/-0.47 dB fluctuation, implying that the refractive index change in a small 3.2% of the overall active area is enough for our SPR-based optical touch sensor to function properly. Increasing optical contrast in our SPR-based optical touch sensor can be accomplished by using a higher polarization-extinction ratio and a narrower-bandwidth optical beam. A controlled environment and gold-coated surface using the thin-film sputtering technique can help improve the reliability and the durability of our SPR-based optical touch sensor. Other key features include ease of implementation, prevention of a light beam becoming incident on the user, and the ability to accept both strong and weak activating forces.     

激光深熔焊等离子光焰图像信息提取的研究

激光深熔焊是当今制造技术发展的前沿领域。在激光深熔焊接中产生的光致等离子体光焰会随焊接过程呈周期性的变化，而焊缝的熔透性与光致等离子体光信号的累积强度有对应关系。本文通过图像处理的方法，对光致等离子光焰图像进行分析和处理，为科学分析激光深熔焊光致等离子体的机理和变化规律提供了可靠的量化数据。     

High-accuracy spectrometer for measurement of regular spectral transmittance

A high-accuracy spectrometer has been developed for measuring regular spectral transmittance. The spectrometer is an automated, single-beam instrument that is based on a grating monochromator, reflecting optics, and an averaging sphere detector unit with a silicon photodiode. The uncertainties related to wavelength calibration, detector nonlinearity, system instability, beam displacement, polarization, stray light, interreflections, and beam uniformity are determined for the visible spectral range from 380 to 780 nm. A total uncertainty of 3 × 10(-4) (1σ) is estimated for transmittance measurements of homogeneous neutral-density filters. The uncertainty of the wavelength scale is 0.06 nm. As a specific application, calibration of V(λ)-correction filters is studied. To verify the accuracy of the transmittance measurements, a comparison of the measured and predicted transmittances of a sample of high-purity fused silica is made, revealing agreement at the 5 × 10(-4) level.     

Reflectometric frequency-modulation continuous-wave distributed fiber-optic stress sensor with forward coupled beams

A distributed optical-fiber stress sensor whose principle of operation is based on the frequency-modulation continuous-wave technique is reported. The sensor consists of a length of birefringent fiber with a mirror attached to one end, a diode laser, and a p-i-n photodiode detector. The intensity and the location of an applied stress are determined simultaneously by detecting the amplitude and the frequency of the beat signal, which is produced by two forward-coupled mode beams. The system was found to have a reasonable spatial resolution of 0.85 m (rms error) in a sensing range of 100 m. The advantages and limitations of the sensor are also discussed.     

Wavelength intervals selection of illumination for separating objects from backgrounds in color vision applications

For scenes with complicated environments, the object is hard to discriminate from a background of various colors in color vision applications. This paper presents a partial least squares (PLS) method for improving discrimination of colored surfaces by selecting appropriate spectral intervals for illumination from the visible spectrum. First, the reflectance functions of all the surfaces are calibrated by multiple standard references. Second, the spectral intervals with high variables important in projection (VIP) scores of PLS analysis are selected for LED illumination. Afterwards, by using the selected wavelength intervals of LEDs for experiment, surfaces of the captured image can be clearly distinguished. Compared with the images obtained under illumination of unselected wavelength intervals of LEDs, the discriminations of most surfaces are more effective. The experiment result demonstrates the usefulness of this method.     

光纤电焊电流测量技术研究

针对直流逆变电阻焊机焊接电流精确测量的需求,提出基于光纤电流传感技术的焊接电流测量方法。建立了光纤电流传感器闭环检测系统动态模型,通过优化系统的前向增益,提升了传感器响应速度和带宽。仿真和实验结果表明:传感器的上升时间约为4.1 μs,在DC~30kHz范围内幅频特性衰减小于0.3%。基于该动态模型计算传感器对焊接电流纹波分量的响应,仿真结果表明:系统的动态跟踪能力可满足对纹波电流的测量需求。利用等安匝法对光纤电流传感器进行校准,在直流5~50kA范围内,传感器的测量误差优于±0.05%。现场实验结果证明了光纤电流传感器用于直流逆变焊接电流测量及电焊电流测试仪现场校准的可行性。     

焊接裂纹的金属磁记忆定量化评价研究

针对金属磁记忆检测技术目前尚不能对焊接裂纹进行定量的评价的问题,通过对预制焊接裂纹一阶微分后的金属磁记忆信号进行分析,找出了焊接裂纹存在定位特征,并且建立了微分后的磁记忆信号与焊接裂纹的长度及埋深的定量关系.现场检测表明,利用一次微分后的磁记忆信号的特征,可以比较准确地对焊接裂纹进行定量化评价.     

Effect of pulsed dye-laser wavelength stabilization on spectral overlap in atmospheric NO fluorescence studies

We introduce an inexpensive application of a Fabry-Perot etalon to control long-term UV-laser line drift in atmospheric NO laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) measurements by monitoring the visible fundamental of a pulsed dye laser. A linear image sensor captures the interference pattern, and the dye grating can be adjusted to maintain a fixed wavelength through an interface with labview software. Results indicate that the laser wavelength can be fixed to an accuracy of +/-0.0001 nm in the dye fundamental and +/-0.00003 nm in the UV beam. Hence the average error in the LIF signal owing to fluctuations in spectral overlap between the laser and the NO absorption transition decreases from ~5 to ~0.05%, which results in improved measurement accuracy.     

Ultra-thin film photodiodes for use in position sensors

Abstract

A novel optical interferometer based on detecting the standing wave is realized by the newly developed ultra-thin film photodiode. The active layer of the ultra-thin film photodiode is thinner than half the wavelength of the incident light. Only a small part of the incident light is absorbed and the rest passes through the photodiode. This ultra-thin film photodiode can detect the intensity profile of the interference fringe of the standing wave, being inserted in the optical field. Taking advantage of this function, a compact interferometer having no reference arm is realized. The principle, design, fabrication, and performance as the displacement sensor are described. The signal obtained confirms the feasibility of this new interferometer. The displacement direction is also detected by a dual ultra-thin film photodiode with a phase shifter comparing the phases of the two signals.     

深度置信网络迁移学习的行星齿轮箱故障诊断方法

实际工程中行星齿轮箱受工况、运行情况等因素的影响,获取的数据难以满足训练和测试数据独立同分布且训练数据充足的条件,直接影响故障诊断效果.为此,提出一种深度置信网络(Deep Belief Network,DBN)迁移学习的行星齿轮箱故障诊断方法.首先,将辅助标记数据的原始信号频谱作为DBN网络的输入,逐层更新网络的权重...     

基于特征评估和概率神经网络的超声焊缝缺陷识别

为了可靠地检出并识别焊缝缺陷,提出了一种基于特征评估和概率神经网络(PNN)的超声自动识别方法.该方法分别采用小波包和经验模式分解法对缺陷信号进行分解,提取原始信号和各分解信号的时域无量纲参数组成联合特征,并计算其评估因子,根据评估因子的大小选取敏感特征作为PNN的输入,从而实现不同焊缝缺陷类型的自动识别.通过对飞机起落架焊缝进行机上原位检测,实验结果表明,上述方法能够从大量的缺陷特征中筛选出敏感特征,克服了人为选择缺陷敏感特征的盲目性,减小了PNN规模,提高了分类准确率和检测效率.该方法在飞机的外场原位测试中具有很好的应用前景.     

Simultaneous Spectroscopy of NH3 and CO Using a > 50 nm Continuously Tunable MEMS-VCSEL

A fiber-based remote measurement setup for tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy, introducing an electrically pumped, micromechanical vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser with single-mode emission spectrum, narrow linewidth of 40 MHz, and broadband, continuous wavelength coverage of 51 nm around 1.55 mum is presented. The tunable laser spectrometer is employed for analysis of heterogeneous gas compositions and simultaneous detection of two species, ammonia and carbon monoxide, in a single continuous wavelength sweep. Broadband absorbance spectra are captured at elevated temperatures up to 300 degC revealing opposed temperature dependencies for selected transitions.     

基于深度置信网络与信息融合的齿轮故障诊断方法

针对齿轮在复杂运行工况下故障特征提取困难,传统故障诊断方法的识别精度易受人工提取特征的影响,以及单传感器获取信息不全面等问题,提出基于深度置信网络(DBN)与信息融合的齿轮故障诊断方法。通过多传感器信息融合技术对每个传感器采集的振动信号进行数据层融合;利用DBN进行自适应特征提取从而实现故障分类。为了避免因人为选择DBN结构参数,导致模型识别精度下降的问题,利用改进的混合蛙跳算法(ISFLA)对DBN结构参数进行优化。试验表明,与BP神经网络、未经优化的DBN以及单传感器故障诊断相比,该研究提出的信息融合及优化方法具有更高的故障识别精度。     

Compact laser transmitter delivering a long-range infrared beam aligned with a monitoring visible beam

A compact laser transmitter, which takes advantage of an optical subassembly module, was proposed and demonstrated, providing precisely aligned collinear IR and visible beams. The collimated IR beam acts as a long-range projectile for simulated combat, carrying an optical pulsed signal, whereas the visible beam plays the role of tracking the IR beam. The proposed laser transmitter utilizes IR (λ(1)=905 nm) and visible (λ(2)=660 nm) light sources, a fiber-optic collimator, and a beam combiner, which includes a wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) filter in conjunction with optical fiber. The device was built via the laser welding technique and then evaluated by investigating the characteristics of the generated light beams. The IR collimated beam produced had a Gaussian profile and a divergence angle of ~1.3 mrad, and the visible monitoring beam was appropriately collimated to be readily discernible in the vicinity of the transmitter. The two beams were highly aligned within an angle of 0.004 deg as anticipated. Finally, we performed a practical outdoor field test to assess the IR beam with the help of a receiver. An effective trajectory was observed ranging up to 660 m with an overall detectable beam width of ~60 cm.     

Calibration of an extreme-ultraviolet transmission grating spectrometer with synchrotron radiation

The responsivity of an extreme-ultraviolet transmission grating spectrometer with silicon photodiode detectors was measured with synchrotron radiation. The spectrometer was designed to record the absolute radiation flux in a wavelength bandpass centered at 30 nm. The transmission grating had a period of 200 nm and relatively high efficiencies in the +1 and the -1 diffraction orders that were dispersed on either side of the zero-order beam. Three photodiodes were positioned to measure the signals in the zero order and in the +1 and -1 orders. The photodiodes had aluminum overcoatings that passed the desired wavelength bandpass centered at 30 nm and attenuated higher-order radiation and wavelengths longer than approximately 80 nm. The spectrometer's responsivity, the ratio of the photodiode current to the incident radiation power, was determined as a function of the incident wavelength and the angle of the spectrometer with respect to the incident radiation beam. The spectrometer's responsivity was consistent with the product of the photodiode responsivity and the grating efficiency, both of which were separately measured while removed from the spectrometer.