滚揉工艺对牛肉品质的影响

为了缩短牛肉腌制时间,提高牛肉出品率和食用品质,在单因素实验的基础上,采用Box-Behnken设计和响应面分析法,对滚揉时间、复合磷酸盐添加量、真空度结合处理牛肉滚揉腌制工艺参数进行优化分析。结果表明:以滚揉时间、复合磷酸盐添加量、真空度为自变量,以剪切力和出品率为响应值,得到的二次多项式回归模型拟合度高(决定系数分别为R2=0.9761、R2=0.9876),失拟项不显著。滚揉时间、复合磷酸盐添加量、真空度三因素结合处理牛肉最佳滚揉腌制工艺为:滚揉时间6 h、复合磷酸盐添加量0.30%、真空度0.03 MPa,在此条件下牛肉的剪切力为4.13 kg,出品率为96.2%。与静置腌制相比,真空滚揉腌制能显著地(P<0.05)改善牛肉的嫩度,提高出品率,改善质构特性,提升食用品质。     

响应面试验优化兔肉滚揉腌制工艺

在单因素试验基础上,研究滚揉里程、液肉百分比、复合磷酸盐添加量对腌制液吸收百分比和出品率的影响。通过Box-Behnken试验设计和响应面分析法确定兔肉真空滚揉腌制的最佳工艺。结果表明：兔肉最佳滚揉腌制工艺为滚揉里程351 m、液肉百分比38%、复合磷酸盐添加量0.37%,在此条件下得到腌制液吸收百分比为31.97%,出品率为98.83%。     

调理猪排制品滚揉腌制工艺的优化

以猪背最长肌为原料,开发一种调理猪排制品,并先后采用单因素和L9(34)正交实验,以出品率和剪切力值为考察指标,对该调理猪排滚揉腌制工艺进行优化。结果表明:调理猪排制品的最佳滚揉腌制工艺条件为滚揉时间8h、滚揉机转速11r/min和腌制液添加量35%,采用该最佳滚揉腌制工艺条件生产加工的调理猪排出品率最高(83.57%),剪切力值最低(12.46N)。     

不同凝胶保水剂对猪肉肉串保水性的影响

研究复合海藻酸钠保水剂、卡拉胶及肉串专用胶3种凝胶保水剂对猪肉肉串的保水性的影响,确定复合海藻酸钠保水剂为最佳保水剂,且确定了其添加量为0.2%,添加方式为肉串滚揉腌制后加入粉末胶。     

调理鸡肉制品的加工条件对鸡肉质地的影响

以鸡胸肉为原料,通过研究鸡肉的加工条件(切片厚度、食盐添加量、磷酸盐添加量以及腌制、滚揉和热处理三段时间)对鸡肉剪切力、韧性和蒸煮损失率的影响,筛选出最佳鸡肉质地的加工条件。在单因素试验基础上进行正交试验考察磷酸盐添加量、腌制时间、滚揉时间和热处理时间对鸡肉的协同作用。结果表明:鸡肉的最优加工条件为鸡肉片厚度8 mm、腌制液(啤酒)中食盐添加量0.1%、磷酸盐添加量0.1%、腌制处理时间60 min;滚揉中食盐添加量1.5%、滚揉时间15 min、热处理时间8 min。鸡肉剪切力、韧性和蒸煮损失率分别为2230.10g、10 503.88g·s和5.33%。     

调理鸭胸肉制品滚揉腌制工艺优化

以鸭胸肉为原料,开发一种新型调理鸭胸肉制品,并通过单因素和L9(34)正交试验,以腌制吸收率、出品率和亮度值L*为参考指标,对调理鸭胸肉真空滚揉工艺进行优化。结果表明:调理鸭胸肉制品最佳滚揉工艺参数为滚揉里程3000m、液肉比30%、滚揉速率9r/min、复合磷酸盐添加量为肉质量的0.4%,按照该工艺生产的调理鸭胸肉制品腌制吸收率(29.11%)和出品率(98.85%)均较高,颜色接受度好。     

滚揉腌制对牛肉盐水火腿品质的影响

本实验采用牛霖肉为原料,以出品率、质构特性、感官评定、色差、水分质量分数、水分活度、pH值、蒸煮损失率、腌制液吸收率、水分迁移规律、微观结构及蛋白质二级结构相对含量作为考察指标,将静置腌制牛肉作为对照组,探究了不同滚揉腌制(常压滚揉腌制、脉动真空滚揉腌制、真空滚揉腌制)对牛肉盐水火腿品质的影响。结果表明,真空滚揉腌制时,牛肉盐水火腿出品率为122.40%,相比对照组提高了11.85%。真空滚揉腌制牛肉盐水火腿保水性、质构和微观结构得以改善,感官评定总分最高。真空滚揉腌制牛肉盐水火腿蛋白质二级结构由无规卷曲等无序结构向α-螺旋等有序结构转变,使其凝胶网络结构的稳定性更强,产品的质构特性更好。综上,真空滚揉腌制更适合牛肉盐水火腿的加工。本研究为牛肉盐水火腿的品质保证和工业化生产提供理论依据,同时也为适宜性牛肉滚揉腌制技术的探究提供参考。     

速冻奥尔良鸡腿排保水剂配方的研究

为提高速冻奥尔良鸡腿排的出品率和多汁性,增加产品竞争力,对速冻奥尔良鸡腿排的保水剂最佳使用方案进行了研究。以复合磷酸盐、卡拉胶、玉米淀粉、木薯淀粉和大豆分离蛋白为速冻奥尔良鸡腿排保水性的影响因素,以出品率和感官评分为评价指标,应用单因素和正交试验,确定保水剂的最佳使用配方。结果表明:复合磷酸盐为0.45%、玉米淀粉5%、卡拉胶为0.35%、大豆分离蛋白1.5%、及木薯淀粉4%。在此条件下产品的出品率达到104.67%。     

滚揉时间和食盐浓度对鸡肉调理制品的保水性及盐溶性蛋白质溶出量的影响

以鸡胸肉为实验材料,以腌制吸收率、蒸煮损失、压榨损失,盐溶性蛋白质的溶出量为评定指标,探讨了不同滚揉腌制条件对鸡肉的保水性及盐溶性蛋白质浸出量的影响。结果表明:在0~4℃环境中,延长滚揉时间(0.5~3h)、增加食盐添加量(0.5%~3%)均可显著提高鸡肉调理制品的保水性和出品率,增加盐溶性蛋白质的浓度。当食盐添加量为2.5%、滚揉时间为2.5h时,鸡肉调理制品的保水性、出品率和盐溶性蛋白质浓度均达到较高水平。     

滚揉方式对中式传统酱牛肉品质的影响

在保证酱牛肉品质的前提下,为实现利用腌制适当提高其出品率的目的,通过分析间歇式滚揉（intermittent tumbling,IT）和呼吸式滚揉（breathing tumbling,BT）腌制原料肉后加工所得酱牛肉品质,并与传统静置腌制酱牛肉进行对比,探讨滚揉方式对酱牛肉水分含量、出品率、水分迁移规律、色差、质构特性及感官品质的影响。结果表明：滚揉腌制提高了酱牛肉的出品率,IT组与BT组的出品率相较对照组分别提高18.83%、28.84%;IT与BT组的横向弛豫时间T22分别为42.86、32.49 ms,显著低于对照组（43.80 ms）（P＜0.05）;IT与BT组的亮度值相对于对照组分别增加9.01%、18.82%,红度值分别增加12.44%、16.59%,剪切力分别降低15.21%、21.93%,硬度分别降低14.27%和19.53%,滚揉腌制对于酱牛肉弹性与咀嚼性影响不显著;相比对照组,IT组和BT组酱牛肉感官评分总分差异不显著。     

滚揉腌制条件对猪肉加工特性的影响

研究了滚揉时间和食盐浓度,滚揉时间和焦磷酸盐（PP）浓度以及PP、三聚磷酸盐（TPP）、六偏磷酸盐（HMP）和滚揉时间对肉块腌制液吸收保留和蒸煮得率的影响。以猪里脊肉为研究材料,垂直于肌纤维方向切成2cm肉块和腌制液混合滚揉腌制,研究不同处理条件下,腌制液吸收百分比、腌制液吸收率、腌制液保留量、腌制液保留百分比及蒸煮得率的变化情况。试验结果表明,随着滚揉时间、食盐浓度和PP浓度增加,腌制液吸收百分比逐渐增加,分别达到了38．7％和38．2％,但腌制液吸收率在滚揉2h内是较大的,随着滚揉时间的延长逐渐减小。不同磷酸盐都提高了腌制液的吸收百分比和腌制液保留量,它们对腌制液吸收百分比和保留量的影响效益顺序是：PP〉TPP〉HMP。除了空白处理组外,随着滚揉时间、食盐浓度和PP浓度的增加,蒸煮得率逐渐增加,分别达到了94．6％和113．5％。不同磷酸盐都提高了滚揉腌制肉块的蒸煮得率,它们对蒸煮得率的影响效益顺序是PP〉TPP〉HMP。随着滚揉时间的延长,蒸煮得率分别达到了106．7％、102．5％、88．2％。     

EFFECT OF PHOSPHATE AND PECTIN ON QUALITY AND SHELF-LIFE OF MARINATED CHICKEN BREAST

Fresh split chicken breasts were injected with 5% sodium acid pyrophosphate (SAPP), 5% sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP), 2.5% Genu pectin (GENU), or the combination of 5% SAPP with 2.5% GENU and 5% STPP with 2.5% GENU. Calcium lactate (0.1 M) solution was sprayed on the surface of chicken marinated in pectin. Marinated samples were stored at 4C for 7 days to evaluate changes in the psychrotrophic bacterial count and quality. STPP injected chicken breast had highest (α=0.05) marinade pickup, net weight increase, cook yield and moisture content. SAPP injected chicken had intermediate marinade pickup, but lowest retention in the muscle among all treatments. Marinades with pectin or pectin combined with phosphate had lower pickup but higher marinade retention compared with SAPP injected breasts. The water holding capacity (WHC) of STPP and GENU injected cooked chicken breast was higher than SAPP injected samples or control. All marinated chicken breasts had significantly lower shear force than noninjected control. Neither phosphate nor pectin had a significant influence on microbial activity of marinated chicken.     

腌制预处理对红烧肉品质的影响

为探明原料肉腌制处理对红烧肉品质的影响,采用注射腌制（injection marination,IM）和静态变压腌制 （variable pressure static marination,VPSM）处理原料肉,以非腌制组作为对照,分析不同腌制处理的中间品和 成品的腌制吸收率、出品率、pH值、食盐含量、水分含量、蛋白质与脂肪含量、色泽、剪切力与质构、滴水损失 率、离心损失率、水分存在状态和微观结构,探讨原料肉经腌制、红烧后产品品质的形成规律。结果表明：VPSM 组腌制吸收率为2.46%,显著高于IM组（P＜0.05）。与对照组相比,原料肉经腌制后,中间品与红烧成品的水分含 量、出品率均显著提高（P＜0.05）;从原料肉到腌制后中间品直到红烧后成品,滴水损失率和离心损失率均显著降 低（P＜0.05）,且VPSM组最低。与IM组相比,VPSM组保水性更优,红烧肉出品率显著提高（P＜0.05）。经腌制 红烧后,与对照组相比,实验组脂肪含量显著下降,蛋白质含量呈先显著升高后显著下降的趋势（P＜0.05）。就 亮度值（L*）而言,与原料肉相比,IM组与VPSM组中间品L*值均显著上升,IM组成品L*值显著升高,而VPSM组 则显著下降（P＜0.05）。而与原料肉和对照组相比,VPSM成品的红度值（a*）、黄度值（b*）均最高,且差异显 著（P＜0.05）。与对照组相比,腌制预处理会显著降低成品红烧肉的剪切力与硬度（P＜0.05）。在预处理组中, VPSM效果最优。低场核磁共振T2弛豫时间检测结果显示原料肉经腌制后,不易流动水含量上升,且VPSM组高于IM 组。扫描电子显微镜观察结果显示,经腌制红烧后的成品纤维结构受到破坏,且VPSM组结构更为松散,纤维间隙最 大,有利于提高其保水性。VPSM可有效改善红烧肉加工品质,为改善红烧肉加工工艺提供了理论支持。     

The tenderisation of shin beef using a citrus juice marinade

The effectiveness of organic acids (acetic, citric, lactic) and a citrus juice marinade as tenderising agents in shin beef muscle was investigated. At 0.2 M, citric acid was more effective as a tenderising agent than acetic or lactic acid. Immersion of shin beef strips in citric acid (0-0.05 M) showed that a significant tenderising effect was obtained above a concentration of 0.013 M. When shin beef strips were immersed in the citrus juice marinade (31% orange juice, 31% lemon juice, 38% distilled water) mean pH decreased from 5.7 to 3.1 and mean sample weight increased by ～65%. The mean Warner-Bratzler shear force value decreased from 178 to 44 N cm(-2) following marination while mean sensory analysis scores for tenderness and juiciness increased following marination. A mean total collagen content of 1.4 g/100 g was recorded in shin beef of which 9% was soluble in unmarinated samples and 29% was soluble in marinated samples. The results indicated that the tenderisation of beef samples using a citrus juice marinade could be attributed to marinade uptake by muscle proteins and also to solubilisation of collagen.     

Effects of breed and marination on the sensory attributes of pork from Large White and Hampshire-sired pigs

The effects of breed and marination were tested for their effects on meat pH, water holding (marinade uptake and losses) and eating quality (tenderness, juiciness and flavour).

Loins were removed from one side of 20 Large White-sired and 20 Hampshire-sired pigs after slaughter, cut into four pieces and injected to 112% of their initial weight with water, a polyphosphate-containing marinade (pH 7.7) or a high pH marinade (pH 10.3). An uninjected piece of loin served as control. Samples were left overnight and then frozen before being thawed, cooked and assessed by a trained ten member sensory panel using 1–8 category scales.

Hampshires had higher intramuscular fat (0.95%) than Large Whites (0.62%) but otherwise the effects of breed were small compared with marination. Both marinades significantly increased meat pH from 5.5 (control) by 0.2 U, significantly reduced the cooking loss and increased the meat yield from about 80% to 90%. Water-injected samples lost large amounts of added water as drip after thawing and had a yield (76%) similar to the control. Marinaded samples retained more water post-cooking. Both marinades significantly increased tenderness (p < 0.001) and juiciness (p < 0.001) by about 1.0 U compared with the control (4.4 for tenderness and 4.2 for juiciness). Pork flavour, however, was significantly reduced (p < 0.001) and abnormal flavour was significantly increased (p < 0.001) by marination. Tenderness was positively correlated with pH after injection (0.83) and yield (0.75); juiciness was also positively correlated with pH after injection (0.78) and yield (0.87).

The absence of any significant difference in eating quality between control and water-injected samples, and the relatively large effects of marination, suggest that retained water (after cooking) is crucial in determining perceived tenderness and juiciness in pork.     

新疆传统腌制对烤羊肉食用品质及杂环胺含量的影响

为了改善烤羊肉的风味、色泽、嫩度等食用品质,减少杂环胺(heterocyclic amines,HAs)的形成,本实验以羊肉为对象,研究了不同新疆传统腌制料(红辣椒(H)、洋葱(Y)、孜然(Z)、蛋清(Q))对烤羊肉水分质量分数、持水力、色泽、嫩度、质构特性及HAs含量的影响.结果表明:不同的腌制料对烤羊肉的食用品质有...     

滚揉和腌制液对西式火腿品质的影响

介绍西式火腿的特点和基本加工工艺,以及滚揉和腌制液在西式火腿加工中的作用目的和原理。分别阐述滚揉和腌制液对西式火腿的蒸煮产量、质构、嫩度等加工特性以及感官品质的影响。讨论目前我国西式火腿生产过程中滚揉参数以及腌制液配比优化问题。     

鸡肉卤制过程中卤汤循环使用时安全性的控制研究

控制鸡肉卤制过程中卤汤循环使用时的安全性,为稳定鸡肉品质及工业生产时使用添加剂补料提供方法参考和科学依据。本研究以鸡翅根为原料,控制每次卤汤中山梨酸钾、D-异抗坏血酸钠和氯化钠含量以及料液比相同,探讨卤汤循环使用时配料(山梨酸钾、D-异抗坏血酸钠)对鸡肉的抑菌效果和抗氧化作用以及卤汤中山梨酸钾、D-异抗坏血酸钠、pH、TBARS、亚硝酸盐的变化规律并进行曲线拟合预测趋势。结果表明:卤汤中山梨酸钾添加量为0.375 g/kg、D-异抗坏血酸钠添加量为200 mg/100 g时,随着卤制次数的增加,鸡肉卤制品的菌落总数显著降低(p0.05),卤制5次后其数值降至103 cfu/g;TBARS变化不显著(p0.05);山梨酸钾和D-异抗坏血酸钠均呈现波动变化,幅度稳定在2%。随着卤制次数增多,卤汤酸度显著增加(从6.7到5.79),TBARS增加(从0到0.614mg/kg),亚硝酸盐含量升高(从0到0.0845mg/kg)。三个测定指标(pH、TBARS、亚硝酸盐含量)采用高斯拟合得出随卤制次数的增加变化趋稳,能控制鸡肉卤制过程中卤汤循环使用时的安全性。     

超声波辅助变压滚揉对鸡肉腌制品质的影响

本文研究了超声波辅助变压滚揉对鸡肉腌制品质的影响。取宰后4 h剔除筋腱修整之后的新鲜鸡胸肉(每份50±1 g,5×4×4cm)随机分成两组,分别浸渍于装有腌制液的自封袋中,采用常压滚揉和超声波辅助变压滚揉分别处理,然后对处理后的样品进行剪切力、DSC等指标的测定。结果表明,超声波辅助变压滚揉处理组较常压滚揉处理组,各指标均在较短时间内获得较佳效果;腌制吸收率随处理时间的延长而显著增加(p0.05);超声波辅助变压滚揉能够有效改善鸡肉嫩度,处理100 min时剪切力降至5.3 N;蒸煮损失在100 min降为24.98%;MFI值随处理时间的延长显著增加(p0.05);SDS-PAGE电泳图谱看出,超声波辅助变压滚揉可以缩短大分子量蛋白降解以及小分子量蛋白产生的时间;DSC结果显示,滚揉后蛋白对热更加敏感。因此,超声波辅助变压滚揉能够改善鸡肉的腌制品质。