冷藏期间草鱼和鲢鱼鱼片特征生物胺变化差异

旨在明确草鱼和鲢鱼鱼片冷藏过程中生物胺的动态变化规律以及其特征生物胺变化差异,测定分析了4℃贮藏条件下草鱼和鲢鱼片pH、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)、菌落总数(TVC)、感官评价以及生物胺含量的动态变化。结果表明,随着贮藏时间的延长,TVB-N、TVC呈明显上升趋势;草鱼和鲢鱼鱼片冷藏过程中苯乙胺、腐胺、酪胺及8种生物胺总量变化明显,且草鱼和鲢鱼鱼片中各生物胺显著变化的时间点分别为第10天和第8天。草鱼和鲢鱼片生物胺含量的差异变化主要发生在腐败后期,在贮藏第12天,草鱼、鲢鱼片间腐胺和酪胺含量差异显著(P0.05),其含量分别为(23.39±0.40),(44.46±1.88)mg/kg和(25.01±1.85),(50.84±1.50)mg/kg。经相关性分析显示,苯乙胺、腐胺、酪胺与草鱼片品质指标间显著相关(P0.05),可作为草鱼品质的监测指标;苯乙胺、腐胺、酪胺、尸胺与鲢鱼片品质指标间显著相关(P0.05),可作为鲢鱼片品质的评价指标。且冷藏期间草鱼和鲢鱼鱼片关键腐败时间点的酪胺和8种总生物胺的含量分别相近,可作为草鱼和鲢鱼片品质评价的共同指标。     

贮藏温度对半滑舌鳎品质特性的影响

分别采用10,4,0,-3℃对半滑舌鳎进行贮藏,研究其菌落总数、滴水损失、蒸煮损失、电导率、挥发性盐基氮(total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N)值、K值、生物胺、总氨基酸含量的变化,综合感官评价可得出:保水性随着贮藏时间延长而下降,电导率、TVB-N值、K值、总氨基酸含量、菌落总数随着贮藏时间延长呈上升趋势,且降低贮藏温度可明显延缓各指标变化速率。半滑舌鳎在贮藏期间积累的生物胺主要为尸胺、腐胺和酪胺,仅有少量精胺检出,且降低温度可明显抑制生物胺的生成。10,4,0℃货架期分别为8,13,15d;相比较于10,4,0℃,采用-3℃微冻贮藏可分别延长货架期19,14,12d,可见降低温度可明显延长半滑舌鳎货架期。     

包装方式对三文鱼片贮藏品质的影响

为探究真空包装与氮气包装三文鱼片分别在4,10℃贮藏条件下的理化品质变化,对贮藏期间三文鱼片的感官、质构、pH值、挥发性盐基氮(total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N)值及硫代巴比妥酸值(thiobarbityric acid,TBA)进行测定分析,采用电子鼻分析其挥发性物质成分(包括负荷加载分析和主成分分析)。结果表明,随着贮藏时间的延长,三文鱼片的感官得分、弹性、回复性和咀嚼性逐渐下降,TVB-N值与TBA值逐渐增加,硬度值先增后减,pH值与硬度变化趋势相反。10℃条件下真空、氮气包装鱼片贮藏至4d已出现明显腐败现象,4℃条件下2组鱼片贮藏至6d时品质开始劣变。电子鼻分析对贮藏期间各组三文鱼片区分度良好,负荷加载分析发现其中主要挥发性物质为氮氧化合物、芳香物质、乙醇及无机硫化物等。     

竹叶抗氧化物对冷藏三文鱼片新鲜度的影响

研究竹叶抗氧化物对三文鱼贮藏过程中品质变化的影响。将三文鱼片浸渍于0.2%竹叶抗氧化物溶液中,0℃条件下贮藏。以感官评定、菌落总数、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)、p H值、K值及TBA为评价指标,研究竹叶抗氧化物对冷藏三文鱼的保鲜效果。结果显示:在贮藏期间,三文鱼片的感官评分值呈下降趋势;菌落总数、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)及K值均随时间的延长呈上升趋势;TBA虽规律性不强,但大体呈上升趋势;p H值呈先降低后上升的趋势。浸泡0.2%竹叶抗氧化物的三文鱼片各项评价指标均低于对照组,感官评分值优于空白对照组,可使三文鱼片的冷藏货架期延长2 d~4 d。     

不同温度贮藏过程中鮸鱼品质及生物胺的变化研究

为控制鮸鱼贮藏期间品质与生物胺含量,该文研究25℃和4℃条件下鮸鱼中鱼肉pH值、菌落总数（total bacterial count,TVC）、滴水损失率、挥发性盐基氮（total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N）和生物胺分布规律及含量变化。结果表明：在25℃和4℃贮藏条件下,随着贮藏时间的延长,鱼肉pH值、滴水损失率、TVB-N、菌落总数和生物胺含量均呈现不断上升的趋势。25℃条件下贮藏24 h时鱼肉TVB-N上升至36.53 mg/100 g,超过了新鲜鱼的TVB-N范围,而4℃条件下贮藏9 d时鱼肉TVB-N才超过30 mg/100 g。25℃和4℃贮藏条件下均呈现鱼肉位置越靠外其所含生物胺浓度越高的规律,经酒精擦拭鱼从外到内生物胺含量均显著减少。     

温度对冷藏富士苹果货架品质变化的影响

为了研究富士苹果在流通过程中的品质变化,以1-MCP处理后贮藏4个月的富士苹果为实验材料,0℃贮藏4个月后转移至模拟货架温度(5、10、15、20、25℃)下进行贮藏性试验,研究不同温度对感官品质和营养特性的影响并探讨富士苹果的品质随货架时间的变化规律。结果表明:以感官品质评价,影响富士苹果货架期品质的最主要因素是果皮的褪色,主要表现为花青苷含量和a值的下降,最有利于颜色保持的温度是5℃;25℃条件下综合品质下降最快;货架期8、16、24 d口味最佳温度分别为15、10、10℃,说明货架时间越长,要求温度越低。以营养品质评价,货架期间Vc和总酚含量呈下降趋势,果肉总黄酮含量先上升后下降,而果皮则一直处于下降的趋势,相对于果肉而言,果皮DPPH清除率在货架初期对温度不敏感,各温度之间无明显差别。以上结果说明货架期间低温有利于保持较高的营养品质,但是口味最佳时果实营养品质并不是最高。     

真空包装烟熏火腿切片贮藏品质动态变化研究

对不同温度贮藏条件下真空包装烟熏火腿切片的品质变化进行动态跟踪,分析产品在4℃、10℃、20℃条件下贮藏,其感官、pH值、TVB-N值、TBARS值、蛋白、脂肪及水分含量的动态变化。结果表明:产品在贮藏过程中,pH值呈下降趋势,TVB-N值和蛋白含量呈上升趋势,脂肪、水分含量及TBARS值变化不明显。贮藏温度对产品质量和货架期影响显著,低温可以延长产品的货架期。根据感官品质判断产品的货架期,4～10℃贮藏货架期为21 d,20℃贮藏货架期为14d。     

储存温度及时间对三文鱼中组胺和色胺

目的 探讨生物胺作为这种海洋食品鲜度变化参考指标的可行性。方法 采用柱前衍生-高压液相色谱法检测三文鱼在不同储存温度及时间下生物胺含量的变化。结果 分别在?18 ℃、4 ℃和10 ℃的冰箱中保存的样品, 于0 h、12 h、36 h、48 h后均可检测到色胺和组胺, 储存后的三文鱼中组胺含量较高, 含量随温度、时间的增加而增加; 在4 ℃下, 三文鱼中组胺的生成与时间呈现一定的线性关系。结论 在该温度下, 组胺可作为三文鱼肉新鲜程度的质量指标。     

KCl部分替代NaCl腌制对风干鲈鱼中生物胺的抑制作用

用不同比例的KCl部分替代NaCl腌制,在15 ℃、80%～90%相对湿度条件下风干成熟84 h得风干鲈鱼产品。通过测定产品中理化指标、挥发性盐基氮、生物胺含量以及感官品质的变化,研究KCl部分替代NaCl对风干鲈鱼中生物胺的抑制作用。风干鲈鱼产品中共检测到6种生物胺,分别为：腐胺、尸胺、组胺、酪胺、精胺、亚精胺。当KCl替代比例从0%增大到50%,产品中生物胺总含量先下降后上升。当KCl替代比例为20%时,风干鲈鱼产品中生物胺总含量达到最低值192.17 mg/kg,比对照组（KCl含量为0%）降低62.90%;同时,腐胺、尸胺、组胺含量的减少量分别为76.94%、84.68%、54.46%。感官分析结果表明,当KCl替代比例不超过40%时风干鲈鱼产品的感官品质未有明显变化。以上结果表明在保持风干鲈鱼原有感官品质的基础上,用KCl部分替代NaCl腌制可以显著抑制（P＜0.05）产品中生物胺的形成。     

不同低温条件下三文鱼的品质变化

本实验为研究三文鱼在不同低温贮藏条件下的品质变化,分别对在-2℃微冻低温下、0℃和4℃常规冷链低温下贮藏12 d的三文鱼肉进行品质和生化分析,通过感官评分和测定细菌总数、p H、硫代巴比妥酸(TBA)值、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)值、色差值(亮度值L*和红度值a*)、组胺、K值和硬度值来确定品质变化关键指标。随着贮藏时间的延长,各个实验组的感官评分和硬度值出现显著下降,而细菌总数、TBA值、TVB-N值、亮度值L*、组胺和K值均呈现上升的趋势;p H和红度值a*在不同的低温储藏温度下并没有受到明显的差异,但有相同的变化趋势。TBA的初始值较低,为0.0729 mg/kg,在12 d的贮藏期后,-2℃、0℃和4℃分别增长了6倍、11倍和13倍。对不同指标的数据进行分析发现,微生物数量、TVB-N值、组胺、K值和硬度值可以清晰地反映三文鱼肉的品质变化,同时也发现0℃和4℃下货架期分别为10 d和8 d,-2℃下货架期大约在13 d。本研究为三文鱼贮藏保鲜方案的选择提供了参考。     

温度和姜精油对金枪鱼品质影响及生物胺相关性

将分别贮藏于不同温度(0、4、15℃)条件下的金枪鱼样品,以及4℃条件下用姜精油作为生物抗氧化剂处理过的样品作为研究对象,定期测定金枪鱼生物胺(腐胺Put、尸胺Cad、组胺His、酪胺Tyr)、反式尿刊酸的含量、挥发性盐基氮(total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N)值、K值和菌落总数,研究温度和姜精油对金枪鱼生物胺含量的影响及组胺与反式尿刊酸的关系。结果表明,温度对金枪鱼生物胺生成有较大影响,0℃条件下生物胺含量显著低于其他贮藏温度,到第6天时组胺、酪胺、腐胺和尸胺含量分别为28.25、5.47、14.84 mg/kg和17.05 mg/kg,而此时15℃条件下金枪鱼组胺、酪胺、腐胺和尸胺含量分别为135.4、14.63、29.49 mg/kg和41.55 mg/kg;生物胺中组胺含量最高,而酪胺含量始终处于低水平状态,即使在15℃条件下到第7天时其含量仍为16.24 mg/kg;结果同时表明,生物抗氧化剂对生物胺的产生和微生物生长有一定的抑制作用,并能有效地延缓蛋白质和ATP降解。相关分析和回归分析表明,组胺、酪胺、尸胺、与TVB-N值、K值和菌落总数高度相关,其相关系数r在0.804~0.981之间,且生物胺和菌落总数、TVB-N值之间存在重要对应关系,反式尿刊酸对组胺的产生影响不大,两者之间相关性较弱,在4℃时其相关系数r为0.630。     

Influence of hygienic quality of raw materials on biogenic amine production during ripening and storage of dry fermented sausages

The effect of the hygienic status of raw materials on biogenic amine production during ripening and storage (at 4 and 15 degrees C) of fermented sausages was studied. Two portions of fresh lean and back fat pork were stored for 5 days at -20 degrees C (treatment A) and at 4 degrees C (treatment B), respectively. Raw materials of treatment A maintained their hygienic quality high and low amine content. Raw materials of treatment B showed from 1 to 3 log (CFU/g) higher microbial counts and a biogenic amine index near 50 mg/kg, indicating poorer hygienic quality. The quality of raw materials influenced the composition and the concentration of biogenic amines produced during the ripening sausages. Sausages of treatment A (A-sausages) showed a large accumulation of tyramine (up to 100 mg/kg dm) followed by putrescine and cadaverine (<15 mg/kg). In contrast, B-sausages resulted in earlier and much greater amine production, and cadaverine, tyramine, and putrescine levels were 50-, 2.6-, and 6.5-fold higher than those of A-sausages. Other biogenic amines, such as octopamine, tryptamine, phenylethylamine, and histamine were also produced in B-sausages. The higher proteolysis and the lower pH of B-sausages might have favored the decarboxylase activity of microorganisms. Biogenic amine contents of sausages during storage depended on the raw materials used and storage temperature. No significant modification on the amine contents was observed during the storage of A-sausages at either temperature. Greater changes occurred in B-sausages stored at 15 degrees C than in those stored at 4 degrees C. Higher temperatures favored proteolytic and decarboxylase reactions, resulting in increased amine concentrations after storage.     

白方腐乳开盖后储藏过程中生物胺和理化指标的变化

以开盖白方腐乳为原料,在不同温度(4、15、25和35 ℃)下分别贮藏0、15、30、45、60 d后,采用高效液相色谱法检测样品中8种生物胺,并测定理化指标(pH、水分活度和氨基态氮),并分析各指标间的相关性。结果表明:在整个贮藏过程中,总胺变化趋势基本一致,均呈先上升后下降的趋势,且总胺含量在151.11~835.51 mg/kg范围内,低于美国食品药品监督管理局的限定值;酪胺仅在35 ℃下贮藏至第15 d时含量超标,高达118.13 mg/kg;白方腐乳刚开盖时,组胺含量为64.07 mg/kg。4 ℃储藏的白方腐乳水分活度和pH相对较低;35 ℃贮藏的白方腐乳氨基态氮含量较高。相关性分析结果表明,尸胺与组胺相关性最高(r=0.824,P<0.01),氨基态氮与苯乙胺、尸胺、组胺呈显著正相关。     

Changes in biogenic amines of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) fillets stored at different temperatures and their relation to total volatile base nitrogen,microbiological and sensory score

BACKGROUND: Biogenic amines have received considerable attention owing to their undesirable effects in humans. There are few studies of changes in biogenic amine contents related to freshwater fish. Silver carp is an important freshwater fish species in China. This study aimed to investigate the changes in biogenic amines and their relation to total volatile base nitrogen (TVB‐N), microbiological and sensory score of silver carp fillets stored at 0, 3 and 15 °C. RESULTS: The total biogenic amine contents of all silver carp fillets (regardless of storage time and temperature) ranged from 13.05 to 318.10 mg kg^?1. Putrescine and histamine were the main biogenic amines in silver carp fillets during storage. Cadaverine was only detected after 12 days at 3 °C and after 2 days at 15 °C. Spermidine and spermine contents increased during the early storage period and then slightly decreased. CONCLUSION: Low temperature could control the quality of silver carp fillets by inhibiting the contents of biogenic amines. Putrescine showed significant correlation with TVB‐N, total aerobic content, sensory score, tryptamine and phenylethylamine. Putrescine was a good quality marker of silver carp fillets in the cold chain. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

Production of Biogenic Amines and Their Potential Use as Quality Control Indices for Hake (Merluccius merluccius, L.) Stored in Ice

ABSTRACT: The production of tyramine, histamine, putrescine, cadaverine, agmatine, and spermidine was studied for use as quality indices in muscle of gutted hake stored in ice for 25 d. The changes in biogenic amine concentrations were correlated with trimethylamine nitrogen levels. All concentrations except for spermidine, increased progressively throughout storage. During storage, cadaverine reached 72.14 mg/kg while there were no significant increases in histamine and tyramine. The levels of free amino acids, which may be metabolized into biogenic amines, were not correlated to respective biogenic amines levels. The production of cadaverine and agmatine occurred prior to spoilage and these biogenic amines may indicate freshness of hake stored in ice.     

Changes of yolk biogenic amine concentrations during storage of shell hen eggs

The RP-HPLC/UV method, using dabsyl derivatization, optimised for the determination of biogenic amines in egg yolk, was appropriate for quantification of putrescine, cadaverine, histamine, ethylamine, propylamine, ethanolamine, tyramine, tryptamine, spermine, spermidine, phenylethylamine. Detection limits ranged between 0.05 and 0.06 mg of biogenic amine/kg of egg yolk. Two experiments using, respectively, farm and avian eggs were conducted to evaluate yolk biogenic amine concentrations of fresh and stored eggs, and to explain the effect of temperature and time of storage in the levels of biogenic amines during egg shelf-life. Only five of the 11 biogenic amines under study were detected: putrescine, cadaverine, propylamine, ethylamine and ethanolamine. Storage time during shelf-life presented a significant effect on the levels of the five amines (p < 0.01). On the contrary, storage temperature did not presented a significant effect on the levels of the mentioned amines, p > 0.01. The significant reduction of biogenic amine concentration during the shelf-life justified the application of a multiple linear regression using stepwise method to estimate the storage time. The regression equation was applied with success to confirm the storage time of farm eggs and avian eggs that were stored at two different temperatures.     

贮藏温度对青方腐乳生物胺和理化性质的影响

以市售的青方腐乳为原料,研究了开盖后贮藏在不同温度下其生物胺含量、水分活度（Aw）、pH值、氨基酸态氮的动态变化,探讨了生物胺与理化指标之间的相关性。结果显示,青方腐乳在不同温度下贮藏至15 d时总生物胺含量＞1 000 mg/kg,且组胺含量＞100 mg/kg,酪胺含量在贮藏至30 d时（除25 ℃第30天）＞100 mg/kg,均超过了相关标准推荐的限量值;在不同贮藏温度下,青方腐乳水分活度＞0.8,pH变化规律基本一致,在第15天达到最大,4 ℃贮藏时,氨基酸态氮含量随贮藏时间的延长而增大。相关性分析结果表明,理化指标的变化与生物胺存在一定的关系,pH与苯乙胺、尸胺、组胺和亚精胺呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）。结果表明,为了食用安全,腐乳开盖后应尽量在15 d内食用完。     

Biogenic amine changes in barramundi (Lates calcarifer) slices stored at 0 °C and 4 °C

The biogenic amines formation in barramundi (Lates calcarifer) slices kept for 15 days at 0 °C and 4 °C were investigated using nine biogenic amines, total plate counts and biogenic amines formers. Significant differences in biogenic amines concentrations of barramundi slices stored at 4 °C and at 0 °C after 3 days of storage were observed. All amines, except tryptamine, 2-phenylethylamine, tyramine and agmatine in the slices increased with time during storage at both temperatures. At the end of the storage period, histamine concentrations were 82 mg/kg and 275 mg/kg for samples kept at 0 °C and 4 °C, respectively. At day 15, the total plate count was approximately 8.6 log CFU/g for sample kept at 0 °C and 9.7 log CFU/g for samples kept at 4 °C. Histamine-forming bacteria (HFB) in all samples ranged from 5.4 to 6.1 log CFU/g at 0 °C and 4 °C, respectively. The observed shelf-life of barramundi slices were 6–9 days.     

Monitoring volatile and nonvolatile amines in dried and salted roes of tuna (Thunnus thynnus L.) during manufacture and storage

Dried and salted roe, obtained from the reproductive organs of female tuna (Thunnus tynnus L.), is a typical fish-based food in the Mediterranean area of Spain. In the present study, we monitored the formation of volatile amines (trimethyamine nitrogen [TMA-N] and total basic volatile nitrogen [TBVN]) and nonvolatile amines (biogenic amines) in dried and salted tuna roe after processing and storage for 8 weeks at 4, 20, and 30 degrees C. The salting and drying process significantly increased the TBVN, cadaverine, tyramine, phenylethylamine, and tryptamine contents, and bacteria with histamine decarboxylase activity were detected both in raw and in dried and salted tuna roes. During storage of tuna roe, TMA-N and TBVN levels increased significantly after the fourth week of storage at 30 degrees C, whereas biogenic amine contents remained more or less constant. However, samples stored at 30 degrees C showed histamine formation after the first week of storage, with a concentration of < 50 ppm. The volatile and nonvolatile amine concentrations in tuna roe were below the consumer safety limit, with the exception of the total biogenic amine level in roe stored at 30 degrees C, which exceeded the European Community's recommended limit (300 ppm). These results indicate that in properly stored tuna roe, histamine formation will not represent a serious health risk to consumers unless the tuna roe has previously been mishandled.     

Volatile and Nonvolatile Amines in Mediterranean Hake as Function of their Storage Temperature

ABSTRACT: The main amines in frozen and fresh hake (Merluccius merluccius) are the natural polyamines, spermidine. The levels of volatile and nonvolatile amines during storage of hake were strogly dependent on temperature. In samples stored at -20° only changes in dimethylamine and agmatine were found, whereas major changes were observed in samples stored at higher temperatures. Cadaverine was the major amine formed followed by histamine, putrescine and tyramine. The maximum levels of biogenic amines were lower than those reported for other fish species. Trimethylamine and biogenic amines related to hake spollage showed levels higher in fresh than in frozen samples, whereas levels of natural polyamines were not statistically different.