生防菌解淀粉芽孢杆菌抗菌蛋白的研究进展

生防解淀粉芽孢杆菌具有强烈抑制真菌和细菌的能力,在果蔬采后病害防治方面具有巨大的应用潜力。该文对解淀粉芽孢杆菌产生的抗菌蛋白、蛋白的分离纯化、抑菌机理和生防应用等方面进行了综述,并对其在果蔬采后病害防治应用前景进行了展望。     

红枣采后病害生物防治的研究进展

生物防治已成为果蔬采后病害防治的研究热点。该文从生物防治的定义、红枣采后病理病害及病原菌、拮抗微生物分离途径、筛选方法、生防机理等方面概述了近年来红枣采后病害生物防治的研究进展,同时提出了红枣采后病害生防工作存在的问题及今后努力的方向。以期为广大致力于红枣采后病害生物防治研究工作的科研工作者提供一些有益的理论依据。     

拮抗酵母菌对果蔬采后病害生防增效途径及机理研究进展

本文在总结拮抗酵母菌特点的基础上,针对限制其商业化应用的主要原因,重点阐述增强拮抗酵母菌对果蔬采后病害生防效力的途径及机理,最后进一步提出拮抗酵母菌增效技术未来的研究方向。以此,为拮抗酵母菌的商业化推广和应用及生物防治技术在控制采后果蔬病害中的应用提供指导。     

果蔬采后诱导抗病研究进展

诱导果蔬采后的自然抗病性能够防治贮藏过程中真菌病害,延长保鲜期,是果蔬采后生物防治技术的重要手段之一。能够有效诱导果蔬采后抗病性的因子主要有物理、化学、生物等,其机理是通过生态学和生理生化的变化来提高果蔬对病原菌的抗病性。文中综述了主要诱导抗病制剂在果蔬采后病害防治中的的应用效果、方式、机理与研究进展,并分析了采后诱导抗病研究中的存在问题和发展方向。     

电离辐射对果蔬采后病害的控制

电离辐射技术因其效果好、简便、实用、卫生安全等特点而被作为代替化学合成防腐剂的物理方法应用于果蔬防腐保鲜中。综述了电离辐射在采后果蔬病害控制上的应用,包括电离辐射的直接抑菌作用、电离辐射对采后果蔬病害控制的效果及提高电离辐射对果蔬采后病害防治能力的方法等。     

壳寡糖控制果蔬采后病害及诱导抗病性研究进展

壳寡糖（oligochitosan,OCH）是一类由N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖或氨基葡萄糖通过β-1,4-糖苷键连接起来的低聚合度水溶性的氨基葡聚糖,在农业、食品、医药等领域具有广泛用途。本文综述了OCH对果蔬采后病原菌生长的抑制活性,以及OCH相对分子质量和使用浓度对其抑菌活性的影响。进一步综述了OCH对采后病害的控制作用,对果蔬诱导抗病性、活性氧代谢和抗病相关酶活性的影响。OCH是一种对环境友好的、生物源采后病害诱导剂。OCH及其复配处理在果蔬采后病害防治方面将具有重要应用前景。     

油菜根圈枯草芽孢杆菌Tu-100抗真菌范围和防治作用

枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus subtilis）具有抗胁迫生长和强竞争性等优势,是一种具有应用潜力的农作物病害生防细菌。本研究以来源于油菜根际、具有促生作用的枯草芽孢杆菌Tu-100为材料,研究了其抑制农作物真菌病原菌的作用范围和效果。结果证明：Tu-100对供试的12种真菌均有明显抑制作用。对峙培养试验结果显示：直接用Tu-100的发酵菌液与供试的10种病原真菌形成了明显的抑菌圈,浓缩10倍后对供试的12种真菌均形成直径27-40mm的抑菌圈。离体叶片上防治菌核病（Sclerotinia sclerotiorum）的试验结果显示：Tu-100菌液对油菜、大豆菌核病和玉米小斑病（Bipotam maydis）均有显著防治作用。该菌株防治植物根部病害的进一步研究将具有实际应用意义。     

AP2/ERF转录因子调控果蔬采后病害的作用研究进展

果蔬在采后贮藏运输过程中易受到各种生理性病害和侵染性病害的胁迫,这些病害极大地缩短了各类水果和蔬菜的货架期。已有研究表明,AP2/ERF转录因子超家族在果蔬响应各种采后病害中起着重要作用,该家族转录因子可参与调控果蔬的生长发育,并对各类生物和非生物胁迫作出响应。为了明确AP2/ERF转录因子对果蔬采后生理性病害和侵染性病害的调控作用,本文对AP2/ERF转录因子及其在果蔬中的分布和数量进行了概述,并阐明了其响应果蔬采后生理性病害和侵染性病害的作用及机理,介绍AP2/ERF转录因子在香蕉、黄瓜、辣椒等果蔬中响应采后病害的研究进展,以期为研究其他果蔬中的AP2/ERF转录因子以及利用AP2/ERF转录因子增强采后果蔬对病害的抗性提供参考。     

果蔬采后病害的潜伏侵染机理研究进展

潜伏侵染是引起果蔬采后病害的重要因素,病原菌侵染途径多样、侵染时期难以预测,采后处理不能完全控制果蔬潜伏侵染病害发生。潜伏侵染性病原菌附着胞的形成及分泌的致病因子如胞外酶、活性氧（reactiveoxygen species,ROS）、pH因子和毒素是病原菌穿透寄主细胞的重要原因,同时寄主组织衰老防卫能力降低也加速了病原菌在寄主细胞内次生菌丝的形成和寄主病症的出现。本文通过对果蔬采后病害的潜伏侵染机理的综述,明确病原菌侵入寄主的机制及病原菌在寄主内长期潜伏的原因,可以有针对性地防治采后病害,对寻找防治潜伏侵染新方法和提高采后病害的防治效率具有理论意义。     

拮抗酵母控制果蔬采后真菌病害研究进展

果蔬采后的真菌病害会造成巨大经济损失,部分病原菌还可能会产生危害人畜健康的真菌毒素。化学防治方法存在一定的毒性,并且容易造成环境污染,使用面临着越来越多的限制,生防酵母防治作为可以替代化学杀菌剂防治的新手段已被广泛研究。本文将从拮抗酵母种类、防控效果、拮抗机制以及如何提高其生防效率等几个方面进行综述,并对其商业化前景进行了展望。     

防治水果病害的生防酵母及生防制剂研究进展

水果在生长和贮藏过程中极易受到病原菌侵染而腐烂,从而造成巨大的经济损失。目前,田间病害防控及 采后果实贮藏保鲜主要依靠化学制剂。化学制剂因其高效性及便利性在农业领域备受欢迎,但化学制剂的广泛使用 对人体和环境都造成了很大的危害。因此,水果防腐需要寻求更安全、环保并高效的方法,其中生物防治是替代化 学防治的有效措施之一。本文主要探究了生防酵母对于水果采后病害的生防效果及存在问题,并对国内外生防制剂 的研究现状和前景进行了分析讨论,以期能为我国酵母生防制剂的商业化生产与应用提供有价值的参考。     

Exploitation of microbial antagonists for the control of postharvest diseases of fruits: a review

Fungal diseases result in significant losses of fruits and vegetables during handling, transportation and storage. At present, post-production fungal spoilage is predominantly controlled by using synthetic fungicides. Under the global climate change scenario and with the need for sustainable agriculture, biological control methods of fungal diseases, using antagonistic microorganisms, are emerging as ecofriendly alternatives to the use of fungicides. The potential of microbial antagonists, isolated from a diversity of natural habitats, for postharvest disease suppression has been investigated. Postharvest biocontrol systems involve tripartite interaction between microbial antagonists, the pathogen and the host, affected by environmental conditions. Several modes for fungistatic activities of microbial antagonists have been suggested, including competition for nutrients and space, mycoparasitism, secretion of antifungal antibiotics and volatile metabolites and induction of host resistance. Postharvest application of microbial antagonists is more successful for efficient disease control in comparison to pre-harvest application. Attempts have also been made to improve the overall efficacy of antagonists by combining them with different physical and chemical substances and methods. Globally, many microbe-based biocontrol products have been developed and registered for commercial use. The present review provides a brief overview on the use of microbial antagonists as postharvest biocontrol agents and summarises information on their isolation, mechanisms of action, application methods, efficacy enhancement, product formulation and commercialisation.     

果蔬采后病原真菌分泌胞外酶的研究进展

果蔬采后腐烂大部分由真菌引起,真菌侵染寄主后能否导致发病,取决于病原菌的致病能力、寄主自身的防卫反应和环境条件。在适宜的环境条件下,病原菌大量繁殖,并通过分泌胞外酶、产生毒素和病原物激素从而引起寄主发病。在发病过程中,胞外酶是最重要的致病因子。本文综述了病原真菌产生胞外酶的种类、致病机理及影响因素,为果蔬采后病害的控制提供理论依据。     

Review: Utilization of antagonistic yeasts to manage postharvest fungal diseases of fruit

Significant losses in harvested fruit can be directly attributable to decay fungi. Some of these pathogenic fungi are also the source of mycotoxins that are harmful to humans. Biological control of postharvest decay of fruits, vegetables and grains using antagonistic yeasts has been explored as one of several promising alternatives to chemical fungicides, the use of which is facing increasingly more stringent regulation. Yeast species have been isolated over the past two decades from a variety of sources, including fruit surfaces, the phyllosphere, soil and sea water, and their potential as postharvest biocontrol agents has been investigated. Several mechanisms have been proposed as responsible for their antagonistic activity, including competition for nutrients and space, parasitism of the pathogen, secretion of antifungal compounds, induction of host resistance, biofilm formation, and most recently, the involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in defense response. It has been recognized that a biocontrol system is composed of a three-way interaction between the host (commodity), the pathogen and the yeast, all of which are affected by environmental factors. Efficacy and consistent performance in controlling postharvest diseases are the hurdles that must be overcome if the use of yeast biocontrol agents and other alternatives are to be widely used commercially. Therefore, attempts have been made to combine alternative treatments in order improve their overall performance. The current review provides a brief overview of the topic of the use of yeasts as postharvest biocontrol agents and includes information on the sources from which yeast antagonists have been isolated, their mode of action, and abiotic stress resistance in yeast as it relates to biocontrol performance. Areas in need of future research are also highlighted.