不同抗氧化剂对烤肉制品品质的影响

为了系统、全面对比分析GB 2760—2014《食品安全国家标准 食品添加剂使用标准》中规定允许添加的抗氧化剂对烤肉制品品质的影响,分别将8种抗氧化剂以国标允许最大添加量添加至鸡肉、牛肉和猪肉中,研究其对3种烤肉饼品质的影响。结果表明：不同种类抗氧化剂对不同种类烤肉饼品质的影响有一定差异,不同抗氧化剂的添加能够不同程度地增加烤肉饼的持水能力,改善其嫩度和质构特性,还有一定的保色护色作用。总体而言,竹叶提取物、甘草提取物、茶黄素及鼠尾草酸相对更适用于改善烤鸡肉饼品质,竹叶提取物、茶多酚和茶黄素对烤牛肉饼品质的改善效果相对更优,而竹叶提取物、甘草提取物和茶多酚具有相对更好的改善烤猪肉饼食用品质的能力。     

木薯淀粉对牛肉饼品质的影响

文章研究了不同添加量的木薯淀粉(1%、3%、5%)对牛肉饼理化性质、感官品质和质构特性的影响，以及相当添加量的木薯淀粉(3%)、荞麦淀粉(3%)、马铃薯淀粉(3%)、大豆分离蛋白(3%)和卡拉胶(0.5%)对牛肉饼品质的影响。结果表明，添加3%木薯淀粉的牛肉饼的品质显著优于对照组(不添加木薯淀粉)和1%、5%添加量木薯淀粉的牛肉饼。在牛肉饼中加入3%木薯淀粉，由于提高了保水和保油能力，其蒸煮损失显著低于其他处理组。3%木薯淀粉添加量制作的牛肉饼的嫩度、多汁性、风味和整体接受度均优于其他处理组和对照组，而木薯淀粉的加入对肉饼的色泽有一定的影响。3%木薯淀粉添加量制作的肉饼，其硬度和咀嚼力显著低于其他处理组和对照组。因此，木薯淀粉的添加可能是改善牛肉饼品质的一种有效途径。     

腌制条件对皮蛋品质的影响

以鲜鸭蛋为原料,采用浸泡腌制法,研究腌制温度、腌制液碱度、硫酸锌及氧化钙的用量对皮蛋感官品质、质构特性和化学成分含量的影响.结果表明,采用较高的腌制液碱度和温度腌制所制得的皮蛋的蛋清粘壳,其弹性和咀嚼性较差,皮蛋黄的色层不明显,涩、辛辣味较量,但皮蛋清和皮蛋黄中游离氨基酸、水溶性蛋白、钙离子及锌离子含量较高;采用较低的腌制液碱度和温度腌制所制得的皮蛋的蛋清不粘壳、弹性较好,皮蛋黄的色层明显,具有皮蛋清香的味道,皮蛋中的游离氨基酸、水溶性蛋白、钙离子及锌离子含量都适中.硫酸锌和氧化钙的用量对皮蛋清咀嚼度的影响显著,当硫酸锌的添加量为0.3%、氧化钙的添加量为0.5%时,皮蛋清的咀嚼度最大.在工业化生产皮蛋时,建议选用腌制温度20℃、腌制碱度4%、硫酸锌添加量0.3%和氧化钙添加量1%作为腌制条件.     

乳酸浓度对咸鸡蛋腌制效果的影响

为研究乳酸对咸鸡蛋腌制速率及其品质的影响,采用浸渍法腌制鸡蛋,分别用不同乳酸浓度的饱和盐溶液作为腌制液,在腌制期内测定蛋清和蛋黄的含水量、含盐量以及蛋黄出油率、蛋清黏度等指标分析其变化规律。结果表明：鸡蛋在乳酸浓度为0.5%的饱和盐溶液中腌制18 d可达到较好的腌制效果,此时蛋清含盐量为3.2%,蛋黄含盐量为0.94%,出油率达到了59.77%,煮熟后蛋清和蛋黄的颜色及口感较为适宜。在腌制液中加入乳酸能够促进盐的渗透,随着乳酸浓度的增加,蛋清和蛋黄的含盐量显著增加（P＜0.05）,在腌制后期（18 d～26 d）,增大乳酸浓度还能显著提高蛋清黏度（P＜0.05）,但这会使得盐的渗透受到阻碍,说明选择合适的乳酸浓度对盐的渗透有促进作用;与对照组相比,添加乳酸能显著提高咸鸡蛋出油率（P＜0.05）,在腌制7 d后,出油率远高于市场需求的指标（16%）,这极大地提高了咸鸡蛋的消费性;但乳酸的添加对咸鸡蛋的质构、色泽以及蛋内含水量的影响不明显。     

腌制和烘烤工艺对中式香肠品质的影响

主要研究了腌制和烘烤工艺对中式香肠品质的影响.实验结果表明,腌制和烘烤工艺对中式香肠品质有重要影响,腌制和烘烤工艺最佳参数为:腌制温度4℃,腌制时间32h,亚硝酸钠用量0.12g/kg,抗坏血酸钠添加量0.15g/kg,烘烤温度60℃,烘烤时间30h.在此最佳腌制和烘烤工艺条件下,中式香肠品质最佳.     

滚揉腌制工艺对冷吃兔品质的影响

为了研究滚揉腌制工艺对冷吃兔品质的影响，以新鲜兔后腿作为原料，以质构特性、剪切力、肌纤维小片化指数和感官评价为考察指标，通过单因素实验和正交实验，对其腌制处理的腌制时间、复合磷酸盐添加量和食盐添加量进行优化，探索不同腌制工艺对冷吃兔品质的影响。结果表明冷吃兔腌制的最佳工艺参数为腌制时间30 min,复合磷酸盐添加量0.4%,食盐添加量2%,在此条件下冷吃兔的咀嚼性为750.60,剪切力为1 270.39 g;比传统腌制工艺咀嚼性减小14.91%,剪切力减小18.71%。该研究可为冷吃兔的后序工序提供一定参考。     

市售人造肉饼食用品质评价

目的:探究市场上植物蛋白肉与传统肉制品食用品质的差异性。方法:选取两种牛肉风味人造肉饼与一种传统牛肉饼，采用色差仪、质构仪测定其颜色与质构指标；以电子鼻测定挥发性风味轮廓；以氨基酸自动分析仪测定游离氨基酸含量；以选择适合项目法(CATA)测定感官属性的特征；以问卷调查消费者对人造肉的接受度。结果:人造肉饼与传统牛肉饼相比，亮度更低，红度更高(P<0.05)；硬度、弹性、咀嚼性都显著低于传统牛肉饼(P<0.05)；3种肉饼的香味轮廓可被电子鼻快速区分；在3种肉饼中分别检出游离氨基酸16，15，15种，人造肉饼总游离氨基酸含量更高，牛肉饼的氨基酸组成模式更好。CATA试验表明:牛肉饼偏褐色，质地较松散，腥味以及脂肪味更加明显；人造肉饼偏红色，质地较柔软和紧实，烤肉风味和黑椒风味更明显。问卷调查结果显示:感官消费者对植物蛋白肉的接受程度更高。结论:本研究为植物蛋白肉的食用品质改进提供参考。     

迷迭香提取物对冷藏调理猪肉饼品质的影响

研究不同剂量迷迭香提取物对4 ℃冷藏调理猪肉饼抗脂肪氧化、抑菌能力及品质特性的影响。将0.03%、0.06%和0.09%的迷迭香提取物分别添加到调理猪肉饼中,测定其在10 d冷藏过程中硫代巴比妥酸值、菌落总数、pH值、颜色（L*、a*、b*值）、出品率和感官指标的变化。结果表明：与对照组相比,添加迷迭香提取物的各处理组具有显著的抗脂肪氧化效果和更高的出品率（P＜0.05）,效果与添加0.02%二丁基羟基甲苯相当。迷迭香提取物添加量为0.06%和0.09%的处理组在冷藏7 d后表现出显著的抑菌能力（P＜0.05）,这两组的pH值在冷藏期间显著低于对照组（P＜0.05）。迷迭香提取物添加量为0.06%的猪肉饼在冷藏4 d后红度值（a*）与对照组相比显著升高（P＜0.05）,迷迭香提取物添加量为0.09%的猪肉饼在10 d冷藏过程中亮度值（L*）显著低于对照组（P＜0.05）,而这两组猪肉饼的黄度值（b*）在冷藏期间均显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）。此外,猪肉饼的香气、质地和总体可接受程度均没有随迷迭香提取物添加量的增加而发生显著变化（P＞0.05）。可见,迷迭香提取物在调理猪肉饼中具有较好的抗氧化和抑菌效果,并且在一定程度上能改善肉饼颜色,而对肉饼的感官品质不会造成不良影响。     

不同腌制添加剂对咸蛋腌制效果的影响

为了提高咸蛋品质,采用8组不同的腌制添加剂腌制咸蛋,以质量分数18%的饱和食盐水作为空白对照组,对咸蛋腌制时微生物变化情况,挥发性盐基氮含量,蛋内NaCl含量,水分含量,蛋黄油渗出率,蛋清、蛋黄质地结构及其蛋白质含量进行测定,并对咸蛋进行综合感官评定。试验结果表明,采用18%饱和食盐水,0.05%山梨酸钾和0.02%双乙酸钠腌制效果最好,蛋内和腌制液中几乎不含微生物;蛋内挥发性盐基氮含量最低,其中蛋清中为3.91mg/100g,蛋黄中为4.55mg/100g,且煮熟后无黑圈蛋等劣变蛋出现。加入添加剂,可以促进盐的渗透,降低蛋内水分含量,增加蛋黄出油率,而对质构、蛋白质等无明显影响。     

牛肉培根加工工艺

介绍了牛肉培根的加工方法.以优质牛腰窝为原料,通过试验确定了最佳腌制配方,即食盐添加量2.5%,白糖添加量0.8%,水添加量22%,腌制时间24h;以及最佳烟熏工艺参数,即烟熏温度65℃,时间40min时,牛肉培根品质最好.     

A population-based dietary inventory of cooked meat and assessment of the daily intake of food mutagens

Frequent consumption of meat has been associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer. Such a risk may be due to naturally occurring compounds in the meat, substances added to the meat, or agents formed during cooking. Concerning the latter alternative, mutagenic heterocyclic amines are multi-site animal carcinogens, but their relevance to human cancer has yet to be determined. In the present study, we made a population-based inventory of cooked meat dishes consumed in the county of Stockholm, ranked dishes according to cooking method and frequency of consumption and, in addition, determined levels of mutagenic activity in six commonly consumed fried meat dishes. Meat was consumed, on average, 493 times per year, giving 1.4 daily servings. Frying was the most common way to cook meat. When ranking meat dishes according to intake frequency, the top eight dishes were as follows: sausage, steak casserole, meatballs, pork chops, pork belly, bacon, ground beef patties, and, finally, mincemeat sauce. The frying sessions were performed under controlled conditions at four different temperatures, and we documented the degree of surface browning and measured mutagenic activity in six frequently eaten dishes (sausage, meatballs, pork chops, pork belly, ground beef patties, and minute beef). We found extracts from all six dishes to be mutagenic, and a mean daily dose of exposure was calculated, giving 862 revertants. This investigation leaves no doubt that a major portion of the total meat consumption is fried before ingestion and that fried meat dishes frequently consumed by an elderly population in Stockholm contain mutagenic substances. Furthermore, the study provides usable information for future epidemiological research in which it is necessary to disentangle the effect of meat per se from the effect of potentially carcinogenic heterocyclic amines.     

ACCEPTABILITY OF VARIOUS GROUND BEEF AND PORK PRODUCTS EXTENDED WITH MECHANICALLY SEPARATED BEEF

Six blends of ground beef and six blends of ground pork containing 0, 15, 30, 45, 60 or 75% mechanically separated beef (MSB) were prepared. Also five batches of fermented sausage and spiced luncheon loaf containing 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% MSB were formulated. Level of MSB was not related to juiciness rating or mealiness scores of cooked beef/MSB or pork/MSB patties. The level of MSB significantly affected overall eating satisfaction ratings for each blend of MSB patties. MSB at levels of 15% or more had a negative effect on flavor acceptability of cooked ground beef or pork. Fermented sausage products could be extended with only 5% MSB without creating defects in visual appearance or sensory properties. However, the inclusion of 20% MSB yielded a spiced luncheon loaf which was higher in eating quality than an all-beef control. The beef/MSB patties, fermented sausage, and spiced luncheon loaves containing 15% MSB were acceptable for visual appearance. Based on this study, MSB produced from a press type machine, can be blended up to 15% with ground beef, ground pork and sausage products without significantly decreasing raw appearance, sensory properties or storage life. Since MSB is a red meat product available at a similar low cost as textured vegetable protein, the red meat industry would benefit from expanded use of this high protein extender.     

不同抗氧化剂体外抗氧化活性及其对肉品氧化稳定性的影响

为明确GB 2760-2014《食品安全国家标准食品添加剂使用标准》中允许添加至热加工肉制品使用的不同抗氧化剂的体外抗氧化活性与其抑制肉制品蛋白质氧化和脂肪氧化能力之间的关系,分别测定8种抗氧化剂的体外抗氧化活性(1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH)自由...     

By-products from herbs essential oil production as ingredient in marinade for turkey thighs

Herb decoctions—the aqueous extract of rosemary, sage and thyme, left as by-product after steam distillation of essential oils, were investigated as a source of antioxidants in marinades for turkey thigh meat. Lipid oxidation after marinating, cooking and chill storage (warmed over flavour, WOF) was assessed by thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), GC-MS and sensory judgement on marinated and untreated meat. Results showed that marinating with herb decoctions, which exerted antioxidant activity (free radical scavenging), was an effective means of retarding lipid oxidation in raw and cooked meat. Meat from the rosemary marinade had the lowest TBARS values and volatile levels, while the control samples showed the highest values throughout the marinating, cooking and storage period. Oxidative changes in meat marinated with thyme and sage were significantly more advanced than in meat marinated with rosemary decoction. The partial least squares regression (PLS-R) showed that control samples were strongly related to the oxidation variables (volatiles, TBARS, rancidity) while the marinated meat had high scores for spicy and acidic odour and flavour. Results indicated that antioxidants contained in herb decoction, could be exploited in marinades to prevent rancidity in stored, heat-treated turkey meat products.     

不同卤制方法对鸡腿肉中挥发性风味化合物的影响

以白羽肉鸡鸡腿为原料,研究白煮、定量卤制及传统老汤卤制3 种卤制方法对鸡腿肉挥发性风味化合物的
影响。采用固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱及电子鼻分析技术对不同卤制方法制作的鸡腿肉挥发性风味化合物的成分进
行测定及分析,结合价值工程中功能指数的计算方法,对各风味化合物的呈味功能进行评定。结果表明,白煮鸡腿
肉中含有挥发性风味化合物31 种,传统汤卤鸡腿肉47 种,定量卤制鸡腿肉44 种;电子鼻分析结果显示,各鸡腿肉
中挥发性化合物的种类及含量差别较大。同时采用模糊数学法对各鸡腿肉感官评价结果进行分析,结果表明,定量
卤制法制作的鸡腿肉具有较明显的感官特性优势。     

没食子酸对猪肉糜脂肪和蛋白氧化的抑制作用及对肉糜品质特性的影响

为研究没食子酸对冷藏（4 ℃,9 d）猪肉糜脂肪和蛋白氧化的抑制作用及对肉糜品质的影响,将没食子酸添加到猪肉糜中（0、0.05、0.10、0.20 g/kg）,添加0.20 g/kg叔丁基羟基茴香醚（butylated hydroxyanisole,BHA）作为对照组,对肉糜的硫代巴比妥酸（thiobarbituric acid reactive substances,TBARs）值、总巯基含量、羰基含量、表面疏水性、色泽及蒸煮损失进行分析。结果表明：空白组猪肉糜的TBARs值显著增加,蛋白质总巯基含量降低,羰基含量增加,表面疏水性升高,红度值降低,蒸煮损失增加;没食子酸的添加降低了TBARs值的增加幅度,抑制了羰基化合物的生成和表面疏水性的增加,并且随着贮藏时间的增加,能够减少总疏基含量的损失,降低脂肪氧化和蛋白氧化的程度,没食子酸还有利于猪肉糜红度的保持,但对蒸煮损失无改善作用。因此,没食子酸可作为天然抗氧化剂应用于肉及肉制品中。     

Structural and palatability relationships in frozen ground beef patties as a function of freezing treatments and product formulation

Four freezing rates for ground beef patties were evaluated for product quality effects and microstructural changes. These rates were further evaluated for different pattie formulations involving post-rigor and pre-rigor meat. Both light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were utilised for microstructural comparisons. Fast freezing rates had a positive effect on pattie quality, resulting in increased juiciness, tenderness and overall acceptability. Photomicrographs showed increased ice cavity size with decreased freezing rates, which probably contributed to increased cooking shrink and tenderness changes observed. Pre-rigor patties compared very favourably with conventional post-rigor beef patties and showed no obvious structural differences.     

Effect of Marinading with Wine, Sodium Bicarbonate or Soysauce on the Thiamin Content of Beef

The thiamin content of marinated bovine longissimus dorsi muscle was determined after cooking. The marinades were three white wines, two red wines, sodium bicarbonate solution, or soysauce. Distilled water was used as a control. The destruction of tbiamin was proportional to the sulfur dioxide content of the wine. The greatest loss of thiamin (75%) occurred with a white wine containing 450 ppm sulfur dioxide. The red wines contained no sulfur dioxide and there was no loss of thiamin after marinating and cooking despite the high tannin content. Marinating with sodium bicarbonate resulted in a significant loss of thiamin from 103 to 46 μ/100g meat, while meat marinated and cooked with soysauce contained 56 μg thiamin/100g meat.