模糊综合评判结合响应面法优化发酵刺梨-火棘果风味果冻配方

该研究以发酵刺梨汁、发酵火棘果汁和银耳为主要原料制作发酵刺梨-火棘果风味果冻。以感官评分和持水力的模糊综合评判值为评价指标,在单因素试验的基础上,采用模糊综合评判结合响应面法对其配方进行优化,并对其营养成分进行检测。结果表明,发酵刺梨-火棘果风味果冻的最佳配方为发酵刺梨汁添加量9%,发酵火棘果汁添加量15%,银耳添加量14%,甜菊苷添加量0.02%,氯化钾添加量0.4%,复合胶（魔芋胶∶卡拉胶=6∶4）添加量1.0%。在此配方下,发酵刺梨-火棘果风味果冻软硬适中,质地均匀有弹性,酸甜可口,具有独特发酵果香风味,感官评分为94.04分,持水力为95.04%,模糊综合评判值为0.95,维生素C、总糖、总酸、总黄酮、总酚含量分别为22.93μg/m L、10.55 mg/m L、3.23 g/L、15.20 mg芦丁当量（RE）/m L、38.24μg没食子酸当量（GAE）/m L。     

刺梨、苹果和脐橙复配物的抗氧化能力

该文对刺梨、脐橙、苹果3种水果的维生素C、总黄酮和总酚3种抗氧化活性物质含量进行检测,并利用联合指数法（combination index,CI）分析3种水果两两复配后的体外抗氧化能力。结果表明：刺梨的维生素C、总酚、总黄酮含量最高,分别为971.95、922.44、283.43 mg/100 g。且刺梨与苹果质量比为1∶1时,对超氧阴离子自由基的清除能力好,表现出最好的协同抗氧化作用,苹果和脐橙复配多表现为拮抗作用。     

刺梨自然发酵后抗氧化物质含量与抗氧化活性分析

以刺梨果实与冰糖按3种比例(质量比1∶1,2∶1,4∶1)制作酵素,测定酵素及刺梨自然发酵后残余果实中维生素C(VC)、总酚、类黄酮、类胡萝卜素含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力,同时采用超氧阴离子自由基(·O~(2-))、羟基自由基(·OH)和1,1-二苯基-2-苦肼基自由基(DPPH·)体系分析体外抗氧化活性,并比较抗氧化物质与抗氧化活性之间的相关性。结果表明,果糖比1∶1制作的刺梨酵素中VC、总酚、SOD酶活性、·OH清除率与·O~(2-)清除率最高,分别达到1 519.31 mg/100mL、60.65 mg/mL、8 571.43 U/mL、78.69%和98.66%,且VC、总酚和SOD酶活性与·OH及·O~(2-)清除率呈显著到极显著正相关;果糖质量比4∶1自然发酵后残余果实中类胡萝卜素、类黄酮、总酚、·OH清除率与DPPH·清除率最高,分别为32.05 mg/100 g、13.55 mg/g、37.58 mg/g、62.42%和95.33%,且类胡萝卜素、类黄酮和总酚均与·OH及DPPH·清除率呈显著到极显著正相关。不论在刺梨酵素中,还是在刺梨自然发酵后的残余果实中,总酚与·OH清除率始终存在极显著的正相关性     

刺梨干酒发酵前后有效成分变化

采用刺梨原汁发酵刺梨干酒,该酒的乙醇体积分数为13.46%,残糖3.7 g/L,总酸8.37 g/L,品质良好,有典型的刺梨风味。分析了发酵前后刺梨原汁和刺梨干酒中的氨基酸及乙醇体积分数、残糖、总酸、pH值、VC、多酚、黄酮等有效成分,并对它们在发酵过程中的变化进行了研究。结果表明:刺梨干酒中有11种氨基酸,其中5种为必需氨基酸,总含量为1 012.61 mg/L,是刺梨原汁中氨基酸含量的52.71%;总酸降低了2.76 g/L,pH值在3.52⁴.10,VC、多酚、黄酮的保留率分别为73.48%、73.45%和87.54%,它们在发酵过程中含量相对稳定。     

长期低温保藏对果汁多酚的影响

用UPLC法定性定量分析了杨梅、苹果、柚子和西瓜等四种果汁中的主要多酚类物质,并分别测定了它们经9个月-80℃冻藏、1个月-18℃冻藏和1个月4℃冷藏前后的总酚含量。结果表明,杨梅汁和苹果汁中的主要多酚类物质分别为没食子酸（18.39mg/L）和绿原酸（52.10mg/L）,而柚子汁中则主要为柚皮苷（249.51mg/L）和咖啡酸（24.62mg/L）。新鲜杨梅汁和西瓜汁分别具有最高和最低的总酚含量。长期低温保藏使杨梅汁总酚含量降低最多,苹果汁次之,却可最有效地保持柚子汁的多酚含量,而西瓜汁在低温保藏后总酚含量则呈上升趋势。就保藏温度而言,-80℃冻藏可最有效地保持总酚含量,并且保藏温度越高,总酚含量变化越明显。该研究可为人们正确使用冻藏技术储藏果汁提供实验依据。     

不同成熟度及海拔地区刺梨果实营养活性成分比较

目的探究成熟度及种植的海拔地区对刺梨果实营养活性成分的影响。方法收集不同成熟度及海拔地区的刺梨果实,采用分光光度计法、液相色谱法等测定样品主要营养活性成分含量,并通过主成分分析法综合评价样品品质差异。结果成熟刺梨果实含有丰富的维生素C、黄酮、单宁、多酚、三萜类化合物等活性成分,含量分别为744.01～1260.93 mg/100g FW、35.86～52.11 mg/g DW、152.82～188.7 mg/g DW 、78.04～119.54 mg/g DW及22.56～32.32 mg/g DW。与成熟果实相比,刺梨五成熟果的可溶性糖、有机酸、氨基酸、多糖含量较低,而总黄酮、总单宁、总酚及总三萜含量均显著较高。成熟果实的必需氨基酸、总氨基酸含量与海拔呈负相关。主成分分析结果表明,刺梨五成熟果与成熟果的品质差异显著,而不同成熟果样品在品质上具有一定的差异但未随海拔地区呈现规律性变化。结论五成熟刺梨果实的活性成分含量显著高于成熟果实,而海拔地区对刺梨果实品质的影响较小。     

烫漂预处理结合不同干燥方式对刺梨活性物质及抗氧化活性的影响

目的 探究不同干燥方式结合烫漂预处理对刺梨中主要活性物质及抗氧化活性的影响。方法 以刺梨鲜果为对象, 首先对其烫漂预处理, 再分别采用微波干燥、热风干燥、真空冷冻干燥进行初加工, 再测定刺梨的褐变度及其中游离酚、结合酚、黄酮、维生素C (vitamin C, VC)、多糖含量, 最后评价刺梨对2,2’-联氮-二(3-乙基-苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)二铵盐阳离子自由基清除能力、1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基清除能力。结果 与热风干燥和微波干燥相比, 真空冷冻干燥条件下刺梨中游离酚[(139.26±2.94) mg/g]、多糖[(21.47±0.41) mg/g]和VC [(18.87±0.86) mg/g]的含量相对较高; 但是烫漂处理显著降低了真空冷冻干燥中刺梨的结合酚和多糖含量, 还升高了刺梨的褐变度。而烫漂联合热风干燥、微波干燥处理, 不仅实现了刺梨的护色, 还显著减少了刺梨中VC的流失。结论 刺梨在真空冷冻干燥后品质最佳, 但应避免过多的预处理联合加工; 而相比工艺成本较高的真空冷冻干燥, 热风干燥和微波干燥辅以烫漂也能使刺梨产品达到较好的外观品质。该研究结果可为较高价值的刺梨初加工乃至精深加工提供参考。     

壳聚糖对桑椹汁澄清度及理化成分的影响

研究了壳聚糖对桑椹汁的澄清作用.试验结果表明,壳聚糖是一种有效的果汁澄清剂,在4℃条件下、壳聚糖用量为0.8g/L时对桑椹汁的澄清效果最好.壳聚糖在提高澄清度的同时,降低了桑椹汁中总酚、单宁和可溶性蛋白的含量,且不影响其他主要成分.     

四种红肉火龙果品种制汁适宜性评价研究

基于出汁率、糖酸比、色泽、挥发性成分、甜菜红素、维生素C、总黄酮、总酚等含量及抗氧化活性等多个指标,评价"海南蜜宝"、"金都1号"、"台农一号"和"越南H14"四种红肉火龙果品种的制汁适宜性,以筛选出优良火龙果制汁加工品种。结果表明"越南H14"出汁率(53.48%±0.28%)最高;可溶性固形物含量(13.33±005°Brix)最高、糖酸比(12.22∶1)适宜;色泽鲜亮(其a*值最大)、甜菜红素达到20.01 mg/100 g;抗氧化活性成分总含量最高,其中总酚高达57.85 mg/100 g,抗氧化性较强;且风味物质中醛类和醇类较协调。综合评价认为"越南H14"较其他3个品种更适合果汁加工,为适宜制汁品种。     

不同品种百香果果汁营养成分的比较

以百香果常见品种黄金果、台农、紫果1号果汁为原料,用国标法对不同品种百香果果汁蛋白质、粗脂肪、矿物质含量、氨基酸含量等营养物质进行测定。结果表明:黄金果果汁的蛋白质、矿物质含量和总氨基酸含量显著高于台农和紫果1号(p<0.05);台农果汁的总糖含量(7.53±0.06) g/kg、维生素B₂ 0.13 mg/100 g、维生素B₁₂ 0.23 mg/100 g和超氧化物歧化酶活性(238.67±0.92) U/mL最高;紫果1号果汁的总酸含量(42.43±0.26) g/kg,维生素C(13.47±0.12) mg/100 g、维生素B₆ 0.15 mg/100 g和维生素A 0.024 mg/100 g最高。不同品种百香果果汁的营养成分具有一定差异,结合百香果不同品种的营养特点,在百香果产业高附加值保健产品开发和工厂化加工利用时,黄金果是较好的百香果品种选择。     

Sensory and physicochemical characterization of juices made with pomegranate and blueberries, blackberries, or raspberries

The quality parameters of 1 commercial pomegranate juice mixed with 5 different concentrations of blueberry, blackberry, or raspberry juices were studied. The pH, total soluble solids content, titratable acidity, and total phenolic content were determined. To understand the aroma differences of the juices, solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to determine the volatile compounds present in the mixtures. A consumer study also was carried out to relate consumer ratings to the instrumental data and to determine acceptance and possible modifications of the designed juices. Four juices received the highest scores in overall consumer liking: pomegranate/blueberry juice with 20% and 50% of blueberry, pomegranate/blackberry with 10% of blackberry, and pomegranate/raspberry with 10% of raspberry. The main characteristics in these juices were: a high maturity index (from 13.9 to 16.5), low acidity (0.79 to 1.09 g citric acid 100 per milliliter juice), and the presence of aromatic compounds typical in blueberries such as 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, α-terpineol, and E-nerol. The total phenolic content was significantly higher in the pomegranate/blackberry 90%/10% sample, raising around 3500 mg gallic acid equivalents per liter, and could be a positive determinant for consumers interested in purchasing healthful products. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The data presented in this article will help the juice industry, in the United States and elsewhere, to understand the consumer's preferences for pomegranate blended juices. Pomegranate juices have high antioxidant content, which makes these juices more desirable for the health-conscious consumer of today.     

超高压和高温短时杀菌对沙棘汁品质的影响

为了筛选出适合制汁的沙棘品种,对‘中国沙棘’‘圣果一号’‘深秋红’3 种沙棘的理化品质进行比较。结果表明,‘中国沙棘’具有最高的超氧化物歧化酶（superoxidative dismutase,SOD）活力（（1 029.14±77.72）U/g）、总酚含量（（8.37±0.20）mg GAE/g）及抗氧化能力（1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基清除能力（11.04±0.27）mmol TE/100 g、铁离子还原抗氧化能力（6.06±0.32）mmol TE/100 g）。沙棘汁（经‘中国沙棘’制得,下同）经浓缩后SOD活力提高2.5 倍以上,可作为功能性产品。对超高压（high pressure processing,HPP）（500 MPa/6 min）或高温短时（high-temperature short-time,HTST）（100 ℃/15 s）处理后的沙棘汁品质进行了比较。两种处理都可以使沙棘汁中的菌落总数下降超过3（lg（CFU/mL））,且使霉菌和酵母无法检出。此外,两种处理均提高了沙棘汁中SOD的活性,其中HPP处理组的SOD活性在贮藏期间更高。两种处理均很好地保留了总酚、抗坏血酸含量及抗氧化能力,且这些品质指标在4 ℃冷藏期间同样得到很好的保留。综上,HPP和HTST处理的沙棘汁都是具有高SOD活性和抗氧化能力的产品。     

Biological activity and chemical composition of different berry juices

Total phenolics, total anthocyanins, mineral content, radical scavenging activity and antiproliferative activity against human cancer cell lines were evaluated in fresh pressed juices of five different berries. Total phenolic content ranged from 133.0 to 260.3 mg of gallic acid equivalents/100 g of fresh weight, for red currant and black currant, respectively. Bilberry juice contained the highest amount of total anthocyanins (0.18%). Significant correlation between total phenolics content and radical scavenging activity was observed (r = −0.980; p < 0.01). All examined juices showed antiproliferative activity in dose-dependent manner with IC₅₀ ranging from 10.2 to 70.5 μl/ml. Black currant juice was the most effective inhibitor of proliferation in all cell lines tested (HeLa, Fem X, LS 174, MCF-7 and PC-3). Significant correlations of acidity and total anthocyanin content with antiproliferative activity of berry juices on HeLa cells, Fem X cells and MCF-7 cells were noticed. Berry juices are good sources of some minerals and contribute significantly to daily intake of these micronutrients.     

热带水果多酚提取物的抗氧化和抗增殖活性研究

为明确12种热带水果多酚提取物的总酚含量、总抗氧化能力和抗肿瘤细胞增殖活性,分别采用Folin-Ciocalteu法确定了水果提取物的总酚含量,采用ORAC和FRAP的方法确定了其抗氧化能力,采用MTT的方法确定了其抗人肝癌细胞HepG2增殖的活性。结果显示,12种水果提取物的总酚含量为26.17-229.67 mg GAE/100g 鲜重,最高杨桃的总酚含量为最低鳄梨的8.78倍;ORAC和FRAP抗氧化值分别为607.05-2631.17 μmol TE/100g 鲜重和462.12-1067.92 μmol TE/100 g鲜重,杨桃具有最高的ORAC和FRAP抗氧化值,分别是最低木瓜的4.33倍和鳄梨的2.31倍;11种水果提取物抑制肿瘤细胞HepG2增殖的IC50值为31.79-66.93 mg/mL,抑制活性最弱木瓜的IC50值为最强杨桃的2.11倍。水果提取物的总酚含量与其ORAC抗氧化值（R2＝0.7839）、FRAP抗氧化值（R2＝0.7636）和抑制HepG2细胞增殖的IC50值（R2＝0.8847）之间具有显著的相关性。     

草莓、黑莓、蓝莓中多酚类物质及其抗氧化活性研究

研究草莓、黑莓、蓝莓3种小浆果的总酚、总黄酮、原花青素含量及其总抗氧化能力。结果表明:蓝莓全果的总酚、总黄酮、原花青素含量在所测3种浆果全果中最高,分别为9.44mg没食子酸/g干质量、36.08mg芦丁/g干质量、24.38mg儿茶素/g干质量;其总抗氧化能力也最强,达14.98mmol Trolox/100g干质量。草莓的总酚、总黄酮、原花青素含量则最低,抗氧化能力也最弱。此外,3种浆果果渣中的总酚、总黄酮、原花青素含量以及总抗氧化能力均高于全果和果汁,即果渣>全果>果汁。总酚含量、总黄酮含量以及原花青素含量与总抗氧化能力之间的相关性分析表明,总酚含量与总抗氧化能力之间存在显著线性相关,相关系数r达到0.9704,表明酚类物质是其抗氧化作用的主要物质基础。     

Phenolic Profile and Antioxidant Activity of Polish Meads

The purpose of this study was to evaluate phenolic profile and antioxidant activity of ten different meads of 1:1 and 1:2 types, produced with addition of fruit juices, root spices, and herbs. The total phenolic content in meads varied from 15.27 to 70.80 mg/dm³. The meads originated from dark honeys exhibited the highest antioxidant activity. The predominant phenolic compounds in meads were hydroxybenzoic acids, especially gallic and protocatechuic acid, originated mainly from honeys. Whereas, among the hydroxycinnamic acids, the major phenolic was chlorogenic acid, derived mainly from plant additives used in meads production. A principal component analysis was applied in order to differentiate the investigated meads. The 1:2 meads type could be best described by chlorogenic acid. Among the 1:1 meads type, those made from the dark honeys could be best described by gallic, p-coumaric, and protocatechuic acid while those made with addition of blackcurrant and raspberry juice could be described by caffeic and ferulic acid.     

Pectinesterase Activity and Proximate Analyses of Sea Buckthorn Juices

Three varieties of sea buckthorn fruit were harvested and pressed to obtain juices. These were analyzed for pectin methylesterase activity, moisture, nitrogen, oil, pH, total acid, and °Brix. Yields of press juice for Hippophae rhamnoides ssp. rhamnoides L. varieties Luchistaya, Prozrachnaya, and ssp. mongolica Rousi cv. Indian Summer were 68%, 69%, and 66% w/w, respectively. Differences in juice composition were found to be in moisture content, °Brix, pH, and in total acid with the Luchistaya variety having the highest acid levels and lowest pH. Pectin methylesterase (PME) was present in all sea buckthorn juices with initial activity levels of 6.8 to 14.0 μ equivalents per min per 100 g of juice at pH 8 and 23 °C. Activity was pH‐dependent with little PME activity at pH 3 to 5 and the highest activity at pH 8. The cream, pellet, and serum layers of centrifuged juices all contained PME. Heat treatment reduced PME activity in the juices by 1 decimal reduction or less.     

刺梨自然发酵制酒过程中化学成分、抗氧化活性及优势菌的变化

该研究以刺梨为原料,通过自然发酵制成刺梨果酒,对其感官、理化性质(总酸、pH、还原糖、酒精度)、抗氧化成分、体外抗氧化活性和微生物多样性进行研究。结果表明,整个发酵过程中果酒的总酸含量从9.20 g/L上升至29.69 g/L,pH值从3.26上升至3.50,还原糖含量从24.43 g/L下降至9.17 g/L,酒精度为从5.72%vol上升至9.81%vol;同时总酚含量（以没食子酸计算）为0.90~ 5.48 mg/mL,总黄酮含量（以芦丁计算）为0.46~5.43 mg/mL,抗坏血酸含量为0.89~3.37 mg/mL。发酵23 d后的刺梨果酒色泽微黄,澄清透明、香气浓郁且口感清爽。体外抗氧化活性表明刺梨发酵过程中的抗氧化能力随着发酵时间的延长先上升后降低,这一趋势与抗氧化成分变化趋势一致。抗氧化物质以及三种自由基清除率的变化表明刺梨发酵期间抗氧化活性的变化与总酚、总黄酮、抗坏血酸含量变化均显著相关。通过微生物多样性分析表明刺梨发酵中真菌主要为酿酒酵母,而细菌主要为乳酸片球菌和棘皮鞘氨醇单胞菌。     

壳聚糖澄清对沙棘果汁酚类成分的影响

通过Folin—ciocalteu比色法测定和HPLC检测分析，对壳聚糖澄清过程中沙棘果汁总酚含量以及一些酚类成分的变化进行了研究，结果显示：壳聚糖澄清对沙棘果汁中的酚类物质有所影响，总酚含量降低了17．2％，澄清后果汁中的儿茶酸、阿魏酸和香豆酸组分损失，没食子酸降低87％，槲皮素减少了62．5％，绿原酸含量变化不大。     

不同水解方法对刺梨渣多酚含量及活性的影响

该研究以刺梨渣为原料,分别经酸水解、碱水解以及酶水解得到刺梨渣提取液,测定提取液中多酚含量组成及体外抗氧化能力,并比较酚类物质与抗氧化能力之间的相关性。结果表明,刺梨渣提取液中游离多酚、游离黄酮含量最高（分别为84.44 mg RE/g和136.67 mg RE/g）;碱水解得到的结合酚、结合黄酮含量最高（2.04 mg RE/g和5.89 mg RE/g）。抗氧化分析结果表明,游离酚抗氧化能力最强,对DPPH·、ABTS+·清除能力、还原铁离子和铜离子的能力分别达到854.87 μmol TE/g、995.35 μmol TE/g、336.24 μmol TE/g、1 212.08 μmol TE/g。皮尔逊相关性分析结果表明,多酚含量与抗氧化活性呈较强的正相关（P＜0.05）。综上可知,刺梨渣富含酚类物质,且碱水解处理刺梨渣能释放更多的结合酚,具有较强的抗氧化活性。