利用气相色谱法分析不同萃取方法对鱼油中EPA、DHA含量的影响

本文利用气相色谱法(GC)对鱼油中的二十碳五烯酸(EPA)和二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)进行了定量分析,探究了快速检测EPA、DHA的分析条件,并以黄鲛鱼鱼胃为原料,利用建立的色谱分析方法分别测定了超声强化亚临界水萃取法、超声波辅助溶剂萃取法、酶解提取法和超临界CO₂萃取法获得的鱼油样品中的EPA和DHA的含量。结果显示:EPA的出峰时间是10.015 min,DHA的出峰时间是16.500 min。升温程序和分流比会显著影响目标峰(EPA、DHA)与其相邻峰的分离度R₁和R₂(p<0.01)。该法与国标GB5009.168-2016中的脂肪酸色谱分析方法相比,具有针对性强(可快速检测EPA、DHA)、准确性高、重现性好和快速高效的特点,样品分析时间由82 min缩短至18 min。在最佳分析条件下,上前述四种萃取方法获得鱼油中含有的EPA的检出量依次是54.67、35.23、40.13、33.40 mg/g,DHA的检出量依次是134.01、77.50、102.30、67.31 mg/g。     

大叶紫薇种籽油的亚临界萃取工艺及品质分析

对亚临界萃取大叶紫薇种籽油的最佳工艺及油脂品质进行分析。其最佳工艺参数为萃取温度40℃、萃取时间32 min、料液比1∶4 (g/mL)、萃取4次,在此条件下,油脂提取率达97.2%±0.5%,亚临界萃取与超临界萃取的大叶紫薇种籽油理化特性差异不显著。表明采用亚临界萃取大叶紫薇种籽油是一种适宜的提取方法。     

响应面法优化超临界二氧化碳萃取蓝圆鲹鱼油工艺研究

利用超临界二氧化碳萃取技术提取蓝圆鲹鱼油,采用单因素实验考察萃取温度、萃取压力及萃取时间对蓝圆鲹鱼油得率的影响,并采用响应面优化Box-Behnken设计优化萃取工艺。结果表明:最佳萃取工艺条件为萃取温度49℃、萃取时间140 min、萃取压力20 MPa,在此条件下蓝圆鲹鱼油得率为18.45%,提取率达88.91%。蓝圆鲹鱼油经气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)分析鉴定出17种脂肪酸,不饱和脂肪酸含量为55.70%,其中二十碳五烯酸(EPA)与二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)总含量为16.64%。超临界二氧化碳萃取技术应用于蓝圆鲹鱼油的提取具有一定的理论价值和经济效益。     

响应面法优化亚临界萃取冰岛刺参内脏油脂工艺

以富含脂类活性物质的冻干冰岛刺参内脏为原料,建立亚临界萃取冰岛刺参油脂新工艺。结果表明,亚临界萃取的最佳萃取工艺为料液比(m冰岛刺参∶V萃取液)1∶3(g/mL)、萃取压强0.4 MPa、萃取次数5次、萃取时间56.18min、萃取温度48.55℃,油脂萃取率为23.38%。通过对比不同方法萃取的油脂理化指标及气相色谱—质谱(GC-MS)图,亚临界法萃取的油脂理化指标均优于其他方法,油脂中EPA含量达40.7%,说明亚临界法萃取冰岛刺参油脂的工艺效率高,油脂品质更稳定。     

微波辅助萃取罗非鱼鱼油工艺优化及脂肪酸分析

罗非鱼经冻干粉碎后,采用微波辅助法萃取罗非鱼鱼油,通过单因素和正交实验确定其最佳工艺条件。使用气相色谱仪分析萃取的鱼油(整鱼、鱼头、鱼尾、鱼皮、鱼肉和内脏)脂肪酸组成。根据国家标准检测整鱼及各个部位油脂理化指标。结果表明:正己烷为最佳萃取溶剂,当料液比1:10 (g/mL),萃取时间10 min,微波功率100 W时,整鱼鱼油萃取率最高为29.17%±0.13%;整鱼及各个部位的鱼油脂肪酸主要由棕榈酸(20.98%~23.20%)、油酸(19.06%~25.96%)和亚油酸(10.38%~15.74%)组成;整鱼及各个部位中,鱼肉DHA+EPA的含量最高(3.29%±0.07%),鱼尾次之(3.10%±0.03%)。所得鱼油理化指标均符合国家标准。因此,经微波辅助法提取的鱼油品质较好。     

应用亚临界CO2综合萃取技术对于干辣椒、木薯、红薯片深加工的可行性研究

本文主要以亚临界CO2萃取工艺的技术原理，以绿色溶剂CO2为萃取溶剂，（乙醇）为夹带剂，在对辣椒、木薯、红薯萃取过程中以不同的压力、温度提取有效成分。亚临界和超临界同属一类工艺技术，而亚临界只是在临界压力之间工作，应用亚临界技术萃取，其萃取压力比超临界的低，生产条件温和、安全，能有选择性地分离辣椒、木薯、红薯的有效成分。     

药桑花色苷不同提取方法的研究

探究亚临界水萃取和超声辅助水提取的工艺条件，采用响应面进行优化，并对2种方法的花色苷得率及抗氧化活性进行比较。结果表明：亚临界水萃取的最佳工艺为萃取温度102℃、料液比1∶31(g/mL)、萃取时间10 min,在此条件下花色苷得率为4.453 mg/g;超声辅助水提取的最佳工艺为超声温度55℃、料液比1∶34(g/mL)、超声时间15 min,在此条件下花色苷得率为5.248 mg/g。在亚临界水萃取条件下，花色苷DPPH·和ABTS⁺·的IC₅₀分别为1.746 mg/mL和1.678 mg/mL。试验证明，亚临界水萃取法可获得具有较高抗氧化活性的花色苷。     

神经网络优化富集EPA和DHA甘油酯的工艺研究

以军曹鱼内脏油为原料,采用脂肪酶OF水解法富集鱼油中EPA和DHA甘油酯,应用神经网络优化其水解工艺参数.结果表明:在缓冲溶液pH 7.0反应体系中,水油质量比3∶1、反应温度40 ～ 45℃和脂肪酶用量1.5％,富集鱼油中DHA与EPA总含量可达32.10％,富集的鱼油色泽亮黄,澄清透明,具有淡的鱼腥味,理化指标达到了SC/T 3502-2000精制鱼油的二级标准.     

超临界CO_2流体萃取大马哈鱼籽中DHA和EPA的工艺

以DHA和EPA的提取率、鱼籽油中DHA和EPA的含量为测定指标,分别研究了收集压力、萃取压力、萃取温度、萃取时间和夹带剂用量比例对超临界CO2流体萃取冻干鱼籽粉中DHA和EPA的影响。结果表明:超临界CO2流体萃取冻干鱼籽粉中DHA、EPA最佳条件为:萃取压力20MPa,萃取温度55℃,夹带剂比例1∶4,萃取时间2h,收集压力30MPa,收集温度65℃。在此条件下,DHA的提取率可达55.81%,EPA的提取率可达56.93%,萃取出的鱼籽油中DHA的含量达到161.26mg/g,EPA的含量可达170.03mg/g。     

功能性油脂提取技术研究进展

介绍了目前功能性油脂的主要提取方法,同时也总结了这些方法的原理、优点及研究现状,主要包括:超临界流体萃取法,亚临界水提取法,酶解法,微波辅助萃取、超声波萃取或超声波辅助萃取法,并展望了功能性油脂提取技术的发展前景。     

Lipase-Assisted Concentration of n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids from Viscera of Farmed Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.)

ABSTRACT: In fish processing, viscera are generally considered waste products and often discarded. Our research objective was to use Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar L.) viscera as a source of fish oil and to increase its concentration of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) by lipase-assisted hydrolysis. Lipids from fillets and viscera had similar fatty acid compositions. After the enzymatic hydrolysis, acylglycerols were isolated from free fatty acids, therefore increasing the concentrations of EPA and DHA in the acylglycerols. Among the 6 commercial lipases investigated, lipases from Pseudomonas cepacia and Candida rugosa were the most effective following incubation of viscera oil at 35 °C for 20 h. Salmon viscera were a good source for fish oil, and the concentration of DHA and EPA was doubled by using microbial lipases.     

Fatty acid compositions of fish oil extracted from different parts of Indian mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta) using various techniques of supercritical CO2 extraction

Fatty acid compositions of fish oil extracted from different parts of Indian mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta) using various techniques of supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO₂) at optimised conditions (35 MPa, 60 °C, 2 ml/min) were analysed and compared to the results of Soxhlet extraction. The amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) recovered (as a percentage of total extracted fatty acids) were within the ranges of 73.24–74.68% in the skin, 68.36–69.37% in the flesh, 56.20–57.3% in the viscera and 61.21–62.09% in the heads. The greatest amount of the ω-3 fatty acids, especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), were found in fish skin followed by flesh, heads and viscera. The greatest amounts of EPA (9–12%) and DHA (10–14%) were obtained using the soaking and pressure swing techniques. The pressure swing and soaking techniques are the most effective techniques for extracting the ω-3 family of fatty acids from fish samples.     

栉孔扇贝内脏、裙边油中脂肪酸组成分析

采用索氏提取法对栉孔扇贝内脏和裙边中的油脂进行提取,用气相色谱对其油的脂肪酸组成进行分析测定.结果表明:扇贝内脏油脂含量远远高于扇贝裙边,扇贝内脏油脂含量占70℃烘干样品的14％以上;扇贝内脏和裙边油中不饱和脂肪酸分别为68.10％和55.29％,尤其是(EPA+DHA)含量高,内脏油为44.12％,裙边油为39.77％;扇贝内脏油中(EPA+DHA)含量高于目前报道的各种鱼油的( EPA+ DHA)含量(12％～42％).从扇贝内脏中提取油脂将有较大的市场潜力.     

Isolation and characterization of lecithin from squid (Todarodes pacificus) viscera deoiled by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction

Marine lecithin was isolated and characterized from squid (Todarodes pacificus) viscera residues deoiled by supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO(2)) extraction. SC-CO(2) extraction was carried out to extract the oil from squid viscera at different temperatures (35 to 45 °C) and pressures (15 to 25 MPa). The extraction yield was higher at highest temperature and pressure. The major phospholipids of squid viscera lecithin were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Phosphatidylcholine (PC; 80.5% ± 0.7%) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE; 13.2% ± 0.2%) were the main phospholipids. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) was performed to purify the individual phospholipids. The fatty acid compositions of lecithin, PC and PE were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC). A significant amount of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were present in both phospholipids of PC and PE. Emulsions of lecithin in water were prepared through the use of a homogenizer. The oxidative stability of squid viscera lecithin was high in spite of its high concentration of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Squid viscera are discarded as a waste by fish processing industry. Since lecithin from squid viscera contains higher amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids, it may have promising effect to use in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries.     

微碱条件生物酶法提取鱿鱼油工艺研究

以鱿鱼内脏为原料采用碱性蛋白酶法提取鱼油,分别从pH、固液比、酶量、酶解时间、酶解温度等不同因素研究对鱼油提取率的影响,应用响应面分析法(RSM)优化得出最佳酶解工艺条件:酶解时间4h、酶量(E/S)900u/g、固液比1:0、pH8、温度为50℃,此工艺的鱼油提取率达到65.68%。鱼油酸值为14.8mg/g,其余理化指标均达到SC/T3502-2000精制鱼油二级标准。鱼油中的多不饱和脂肪酸含量为50.97%,EPA和DHA含量分别为15.19%、28.71%。     

小黄鱼内脏油的提取及其棕榈酸甘油酯低温结晶富集工艺的研究

以小黄鱼内脏为原料,采用稀碱水解法、酶解法和微波辅助法提取鱼油。以提取率为指标,采用气相色谱(GC)检测不同工艺提取的小黄鱼内脏油中脂肪酸组成,比较脂肪酸含量与分布的差异。并以棕榈酸为指标,研究晶体传质模型以及低温富集内脏油中棕榈酸的条件。结果表明:稀碱水解法小黄鱼内脏油的提取率最高,达到84.26%±5.15%;所提鱼油中二十二碳六烯酸(DHA,10.47%±0.28%)、花生四烯酸(ARA,1.16%±0.02%)含量和sn-2位棕榈酸含量(39.94%±1.11%)、相对棕榈酸含量(50.55%±1.06%)均高于酶解法和微波辅助法,适合作为高棕榈酸甘油酯的富集原料。低温结晶富集小黄鱼内脏油的棕榈酸,传质模型预测不同温度下晶体质量方程的决定系数R2>0.97,棕榈酸质量方程的R2>0.94;并确定低温结晶富集棕榈酸的最佳条件为:油/正己烷比例1:6、低温-40℃、结晶时间2.6 h,此时晶体中棕榈酸含量富集至42.62%±2.67%,比内脏油的棕榈酸含量提高了61.01%;sn-2位棕榈酸含量为68.19%±1.47%;棕榈酸得率为80.50%±4.39%。该模型准确模拟了内脏油棕榈酸富集的最佳条件,富集的棕榈酸甘油酯具有应用到婴儿奶粉以提高sn-2棕榈酸的前景。     

超临界二氧化碳富集提纯鱼油中EPA和DHA的研究进展（Ⅰ）──超临界二氧化碳与鱼油脂肪酸的相平衡研究

鱼油中的特征脂肪酚ＥＰＡ（廿碳五烯酸）和ＤＨＡ（廿二碳六烯酸）对人体的医疗保健作用受到越来越广泛的重视。综述了近年来人们对超临界二氧化碳（ＳＣ－Ｃ０２）与鱼油脂肪酸相平衡的研究概况，分析了温度、压力、夹带剂等对ＳＣ－ＣＯ２从鱼油脂肪酸混合物中萃取提纯ＥＰＡ和ＤＨＡ的影响。     

Bioavailability of Eicosapentaenoic and Docosahexaenoic n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Salmon Patties Compared with Capsules

ABSTRACT This sequential treatment trial compared the bioavailability of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) from salmon patties fortified with fish oil (DHA:EPA ratio = 1.8, total DHA + EPA about 2.2 g), unfortified salmon patties (DHA:EPA ratio = 1.9, total DHA + EPA about 1.1 g), and fish oil capsules (DHA:EPA ratio = 1.6, total DHA + EPA = 500 mg) in healthy older adults. Fortified salmon patties produced a significantly higher mean incremental area under the curve (AUC_{fasting-9 h}) than unfortified patties for plasma EPA (37.6 in contrast to 12.9 μg·h/mL, p = 0.017), for plasma DHA (103.7 in contrast to 40.8 μg·h/mL, p = 0.035) and for plasma EPA + DHA (141.2 in contrast to 53.7 μg·h/mL, p = 0.031). Plasma EPA and DHA responses were larger with the fortified than the unfortified patties, indicating that fish oil incorporated into the salmon patties was bioavailable.     

气相色谱法测定鱼油中的二十碳五烯酸、 二十二碳六烯酸和二十二碳五烯酸

目的通过优化鱼油中二十碳五烯酸(eicosapentaenoic acid,EPA)、二十二碳六烯酸(docosahexaenoic acid,DHA)和二十二碳五烯酸(docosapentaenoic acid,DPA)的测定条件,建立鱼油中EPA、DHA和DPA气相色谱定量检测分析方法。方法采用正己烷处理样品,经色谱柱(Agilent,Elite-WAX,30 m×0.25 mm,0.25μm)分离鱼油中的EPA、DHA、DPA甲酯标准品,并进行定量检测。结果 EPA浓度在0.36~3.6 mg/m L、DHA浓度在0.37~3.7 mg/m L、DPA浓度在0.16~1.62 mg/m L的范围内与峰面积的线性良好,相关系数r0.999。在80%、100%、120%添加水平下,EPA、DHA和DPA的检出限分别为0.01%、0.03%、0.009%,EPA、DHA和DPA的回收率分别为96.2%、96.4%、95.7%。结论气相色谱法灵敏度高、准确、重现性好,适用于鱼油中EPA、DHA和DPA的含量测定。