米糠蜡与单甘酯复配制备菜籽油基凝胶油

以菜籽油为基料油,添加米糠蜡与单甘酯制备凝胶油。考察不同米糠蜡与单甘酯配比、加热时间、加热温度和静置时间对凝胶油硬度及漏油率的影响。结果表明:在米糠蜡与单甘酯配比1∶4、加热时间30~60 min时,凝胶油性质基本稳定,硬度较大,漏油率较低;凝胶油硬度总体随着静置时间的延长呈上升趋势;加热温度80~90℃时,随着加热温度升高,凝胶油硬度总体呈上升趋势。     

单甘酯与蜂蜡复配制备五步蛇蛇油基凝胶油的研究

以五步蛇蛇油为基料油,通过向其添加不同质量比的蜂蜡与单甘酯制备凝胶油。探讨不同蜂蜡与单甘酯的质量比对五步蛇蛇油基凝胶油流变性、持油性以及硬度的影响,并对其结晶型态、结晶形状进行分析。结果表明:少量单甘酯的存在(蜂蜡与单甘酯质量比8∶2)降低了五步蛇蛇油基凝胶油的黏度恢复值及硬度,促进凝胶油长枝状结晶的生成,增加α、β以及β'型晶体;随着单甘酯比例的进一步增加(蜂蜡与单甘酯质量比8∶2～0∶10),五步蛇蛇油基凝胶油析油率和黏度恢复值增加,长枝状结晶逐渐变短至消失,α型晶体逐渐消失;确定蜂蜡与单甘酯质量比4∶6为最佳比例,此时五步蛇蛇油基凝胶油的析油率为1. 8%,硬度为242 g,黏度恢复值为37%。     

猪油和单甘酯含量对菜籽油凝胶油性质的影响研究

考察了将猪油与菜籽油按一定比例混合,并以单甘酯为凝胶剂形成的混合凝胶油的性质,探讨猪油和菜籽油质量比及单甘酯含量对混合凝胶油性质的影响,以制备出低饱和脂肪酸、能够更好地部分替代猪油的菜籽油混合凝胶油。测定了混合凝胶油的流变性质、质构性质、固体脂肪含量以及热力学性质。结果表明,当猪油和菜籽油质量比为5∶5,加入8%的单甘酯时,混合凝胶油与菜籽油凝胶油相比凝胶性质更好,在常温下固体脂肪含量更接近猪油。     

谷维素/谷甾醇与单甘酯复合凝胶油形成过程及分子作用特性

以谷维素/谷甾醇和单甘酯为凝胶剂,葵花籽油为原料油制备复合凝胶油,探讨复合凝胶油的形成过程以及单甘酯对凝胶化过程的影响,实验发现凝胶油的形成可分为3?个阶段,在凝胶剂到达过冷、过饱和的平衡阶段,受单甘酯影响较小;在凝胶剂分子聚集成核的对数阶段,单甘酯会增加单位体积焓值,降低总吉布斯自由能,促进成核;而在晶体生长、组装的线性阶段,逐渐形成凝胶油的一级、二级、三级结构,其中三级结构与宏观特性最为紧密,三级结构中永久交联和瞬时交联的比例决定了凝胶油的主要性质。通过核磁分析表明物理截留油是凝胶化植物油的主要机理,在此基础性上通过X-射线衍射和小角X-射线散射分析了凝胶剂的组装结构,结果表明谷维素/谷甾醇凝胶油形成的为六边对称结构,单甘酯凝胶油形成的为层状对称结构,同时含有谷维素/谷甾醇和单甘酯的复合凝胶油为立方对称结构。     

蜡添加量对巴西棕榈蜡-油茶籽油凝胶物性、氧化稳定性及消化特性的影响

以油茶籽油为基料油,巴西棕榈蜡为凝胶剂制备巴西棕榈蜡-油茶籽油凝胶,探讨不同蜡添加量对其外观形态、持油率、硬度、晶型、热力学性质、氧化稳定性以及消化特性的影响。结果表明：蜡添加量为5%时才能使油茶籽油凝胶化,凝胶的硬度、持油率以及结晶/熔融峰值温度总体随着蜡添加量的增加而增大;凝胶的网络结构能够抑制油茶籽油次级氧化产物生成,提高油茶籽油的氧化稳定性;蜡添加量越高的凝胶脂肪酸释放率越低。     

单甘酯和蔗糖酯复配比例对核桃乳稳定性的影响

研究了单甘酯和蔗糖酯的不同配比对核桃乳粒度分布、离心乳析率、沉淀率、贮存稳定性及感官品质的影响,在此基础上分析了乳化剂的不同比例影响核桃乳稳定性的作用机理。结果表明:随着单甘酯用量的减少,核桃乳顶层粒径、离心乳析率和沉淀率均呈先下降后上升的趋势。在单甘酯和蔗糖酯不同复配比例下,随着贮存时间的延长,核桃乳顶部和底部表面积平均直径均逐渐增大,离心乳析量和沉淀量均有所增加,感官品质均有所下降。     

分子蒸馏单甘酯对谷维素-谷甾醇凝胶油结构和性质的影响

以精炼葵花籽油为基料油,添加分子蒸馏单甘酯与谷维素-谷甾醇制备复合凝胶油,探讨凝胶剂分子间比例对凝胶油结构和性质的影响,以分析单甘酯在复合凝胶油形成过程中的作用。结果表明：在复合凝胶油中单甘酯会与谷甾醇存在着范德华力等弱的非氢键作用力,使得单甘酯和谷甾醇在临界凝胶浓度下,协同形成复合凝胶油。单甘酯的添加对复合凝胶油热力学性质和流变学性质等宏观特性均产生较大影响,添加单甘酯后复合凝胶油微观结构和红外光谱产生了显著变化,随着单甘酯含量的增加,氢键作用逐渐减小直至消失,而微观结构由纤维网状到球状结晶最后为针状结晶;结果还表明添加单甘酯后凝胶油氧化更慢,利于长期贮藏。     

超声处理对蜂蜡-单甘酯基核桃油凝胶结构与性质的影响

以蜂蜡-单甘酯复合凝胶剂制备的核桃油凝胶为研究对象,探究在复合凝胶剂融化前后进行超声处理对核桃油凝胶结构与性质的影响。结果表明：蜂蜡与单甘酯质量比为3∶7时,所制备核桃油凝胶的持油率(OBC)在95%以上,具有光滑稳定的表观形态;在一定剪切应变范围内,所有核桃油凝胶均呈现出类固体的弹性性质,且经100 W-30 s超声处理所制备的核桃油凝胶具有较强的机械性能;超声处理可改善核桃油凝胶的晶体结构,产生更致密、细小的晶体形态,有效提高核桃油凝胶的OBC和热稳定性;搅打核桃油凝胶可获得裱花性能优异的油泡沫,且超声处理可显著提高核桃油凝胶的起泡率。综上,超声处理可改善核桃油凝胶的结构与性质,使其成为人造奶油的良好替代品。     

海藻酸盐水凝胶和单甘酯油凝胶双凝胶体系的制备与理化性质表征

双凝胶包含水凝胶和油凝胶,是一种新型的复合胶体体系,然而,目前在食品领域的研究非常有限。本研究以基于单硬脂酸甘油酯的油凝胶和基于海藻酸钠的水凝胶制备双凝胶,探究油水相比例、乳化剂添加量、钙离子浓度对双凝胶质构特性、冻融稳定性及流变特性等的影响,阐释调控双凝胶结构性质的关键因素。结果表明:钙离子浓度增加导致双凝胶具有较高的硬度和较低的持水性;乳化剂(TW-20)含量对双凝胶性质产生复杂的影响,对于低油凝胶含量(20%与30%)的样品,体系的持水力与乳化剂添加量成正比,持油力接近100%。油水相比例对双凝胶体系影响显著,随着油凝胶含量的增加,体系硬度降低,黏性增加。体系内水凝胶的存在有助于双凝胶(10%油凝胶)在经过升、降温后恢复到原有结构。随着油凝胶含量的增加(30%与50%),体系恢复性与热稳定性降低。这些信息的获得将有助于拓展双凝胶在食品体系中的深入应用。     

油茶籽油基复合油凝胶的制备工艺研究

以油茶籽油为基料油,通过添加单甘酯与蜂蜡制备复合油凝胶,探讨复合凝胶剂添加量、单甘酯与蜂蜡质量比、加热温度以及加热时间对油茶籽油基复合油凝胶持油性的影响。在单因素试验的基础上,采用Box-Behnken试验设计方法优化试验条件,并对复合油凝胶体系的性质进行分析。结果表明,油茶籽油基复合油凝胶的最优制备工艺条件为:复合凝胶剂添加量9.9%,单甘酯与蜂蜡质量比4∶6,加热温度71℃,加热时间47 min。在最优工艺条件下,复合油凝胶持油性为98.70%,体系中存在α、β、β'3种晶型,并且与单一凝胶剂油凝胶相比,油茶籽油基复合油凝胶具有较好的持油性和适中的硬度。     

Characterization of Hazelnut Oil Oleogels Prepared with Sunflower and Carnauba Waxes

In this study, hazelnut oil oleogels prepared with sunflower wax and carnauba wax were analyzed and compared with a commercial shortening. Oil binding capacities of sunflower wax oleogels were higher than 99%, while carnauba wax had a maximum value of 97.6% for 10% addition level. At 3% addition level of carnauba wax, no gel developed. The crystal formation time of sunflower wax was shorter. Although the highest (8.5%) solid fat content was observed in the 10% carnauba wax containing oleogel (HC10) sample, it was 30.4% in the commercial shortening sample at 20°C. The peak melting temperature of commercial shortening was 52.3°C, and among all organogels, sunflower wax oleogel at 3% addition level had the closest value (58.4°C). The melting enthalpies of the oleogels ranged from 4.3 to 20.3 J/g, while it was 10.9 J/g for the commercial shortening sample. The firmness and stickiness values in the oleogel samples were lower than that of commercial shortening sample. On the other hand, there was no significant change of firmness and stickiness during storage, indicating good stability (p ≤ 0.001). Especially the sunflower wax oleogels were very homogenous and smooth in structure. The polarized light microscopy pictures revealed needle-like crystals for sunflower wax and aggregate-like crystals for carnauba wax oleogels. The x-ray diffraction measurements of the crystals showed the β´ types of the polymorphic structures. Furthermore, the oleogels were very stable against oxidation during the storage period. Hazelnut oil organogels prepared with sunflower wax can be good source material for shortening or margarine-like products.     

基料油对水致复合油凝胶性质的影响

油凝胶在食品、药品、化妆品等领域具有广泛的应用。近年来,复合油凝胶因其优异的可调性备受关注。该研究以不同的基料油性质来调控神经酰胺-卵磷脂水致复合油凝胶体系的性质。流变仪测试表明,基料油极性和粘度增大导致凝胶的强度从223.22 Pa增加到1 954.71 Pa。差示扫描量热和偏光显微结构显示,凝胶强度的增加是由于结晶焓的增加（从6.60 J/g增加到8.09 J/g）。傅里叶变换红外光谱结果表明,在3 750~3 100 cm-1的氢键强度从2.49增大至7.12。研究表明,基料油的粘度和极性性质可通过影响凝胶体系的结晶度和氢键相互作用强度来影响宏观性质。但上述的非同步变化说明可能还有其他因素,如晶体颗粒与水的接触也影响凝胶的宏观性质。该研究为基料油调控油凝胶性质方面提供了新思路。     

Plasticizing Effects of Beeswax and Carnauba Wax on Tensile and Water Vapor Permeability Properties of Whey Protein Films

ABSTRACT: The possible plasticizing effect of beeswax (viscoelastic wax) and carnauba wax (elastic wax) on tensile and water vapor permeability properties of whey protein isolate (WPI) films was studied. For the experiments, 3 groups of films with different WPI:glycerol ratios (1:1; 1.5:1; 2:1, 2.5:1, and 3:1) were prepared. The 1st group was made without the addition of wax, and the latter 2 groups were made with the addition of beeswax and carnauba wax, respectively, mixing 1 part of wax to 1 part of WPI. Lipid particle size, water vapor permeability, tensile properties, and thickness of films were analyzed and measured. The results show that the incorporation of beeswax produced a plasticizing effect in WPI:glycerol films, whereas carnauba wax produced an anti-plasticizing effect. The moisture barrier properties of WPI:glycerol films benefit from the addition of beeswax, by both increase of the hydrophobic character and decrease of the amount of hydrophilic plasticizer required in the film.     

油脂品种对肉桂酸基油脂凝胶形成及性质的影响

菜籽油、玉米油和亚麻籽油为基料油添加肉桂酸,经加热搅拌、冷却静置后形成油脂凝胶。研究油脂品种对油脂凝胶临界成胶质量分数、持油性（oil binding capacity,OBC）、硬度、固体脂肪含量（solid fat content,SFC）、凝胶晶型及微观结构的影响。结果表明,油脂品种对油脂凝胶临界成胶质量分数无影响,临界成胶质量分数均为4%;对OBC有一定的影响,且随肉桂酸质量分数的增加油脂凝胶OBC明显增强;菜籽油油脂凝胶硬度最小,亚麻籽油油脂凝胶硬度最大;对SFC的影响为菜籽油油脂凝胶＜玉米油油脂凝胶＜亚麻籽油油脂凝胶。同时,晶型分析表明3?种油脂凝胶主要晶型均为β和β′。通过偏光显微镜观察出3?种油脂凝胶的晶体结构及晶体分布差异明显,说明油脂品种对油脂凝胶的微观结构有显著影响。     

利用蜂蜡-米糠蜡制备大豆油凝胶油

利用蜂蜡、米糠蜡及其混合物作为凝胶剂,开发大豆油基凝胶油,并将制备的凝胶油与起酥油的物理性质进行比较。通过对2 种添加量下（5%、8%）蜂蜡和米糠蜡（蜂蜡与米糠蜡质量比10∶0、9∶1、8∶2、7∶3、6∶4、5∶5、3∶7、1∶9、0∶10）制备凝胶油的性质测定,结果发现随着米糠蜡比例的增加,凝胶油的硬度（11.9～140.4 g）呈先增加后减小再略有增加的趋势,当蜂蜡与米糠蜡比例为8∶2时,凝胶油的硬度最大,表明蜂蜡和米糠蜡混合后有协同作用;同时析油率采用离心的方法评价,结果发现米糠蜡比例较低（蜂蜡∶米糠蜡＞5∶5）时,凝胶油稳定,析油率为0%,且添加量8%条件下凝胶油的析油率低于普通起酥油。同时固体脂肪曲线、差示扫描量热法结果显示,在10～40 ℃条件下凝胶油的固体脂肪质量分数（8.5%～4%）显著低于起酥油（65%～20%）;融化峰值温度（50.2 ℃）高于起酥油（43.1 ℃）;X射线衍射结果显示8%蜂蜡-米糠蜡（8∶2）凝胶油样品的晶体形态（β’）与起酥油接近,都是细小的结晶。应用发现,蜂蜡与米糠蜡比例为8∶2,添加比例为8%的凝胶油具有较好的烘焙效果,使最终产品的固体脂肪含量大大降低,或许能为消费者拥有更健康的产品提供一条可行途径。     

Effects of Mica, Carnauba Wax, Glycerol, and Sodium Caseinate Concentrations on Water Vapor Barrier and Mechanical Properties of Coated Paper

ABSTRACT: The combined effects of mica (0% to 1.2% [w/w]), carnauba wax (0% to 0.8% [w/w]), glycerol (0% to 6% [w/w]), and sodium caseinate (10% to 13% [w/w]) concentrations on water vapor barrier and mechanical properties of coated paper were studied. A Doehlert matrice was used to investigate the main effects of these factors and their different interactions. The results were analyzed using the response surface methodology. Carnauba wax and glycerol concentrations were the most important parameters affecting water vapor permeability (WVP). Glycerol enhanced WVP as its concentration increased. Carnauba wax and mica factors decreased WVP of coated paper. Conversely, increasing the amount of glycerol led to a decrease in tensile strength (TS) and to an increase in elongation (%E) of the resulting coated papers.     

超声波改性对葵花粕膳食纤维性质与结构的影响

以葵花粕为试验对象,采用水提醇沉法制备得到水溶性膳食纤维（SDF）和不溶性膳食纤维（IDF）;运用超声波改性处理,比较改性前、后SDF和IDF的理化性能、热稳定性以及内部微观结构的变化。结果表明：超声波改性后的可溶性膳食纤维（USDF）的持水力、持油力分别增加3.09%和23.73%,不可溶性膳食纤维（UIDF）的持水力和持油力分别提高8.96%和17.45%。在对1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基（DPPH）和对2,2’-联氨-双-3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸自由基（ABTS+）的清除作用方面,UIDF作用优于IDF;热重图谱分析表明改性前、后膳食纤维均表现出3个阶段的失重。激光粒度仪分析表明UIDF颗粒粒径减小,分布更集中;扫描电子显微镜分析表明USDF表面变平整,而 UIDF凹陷和皱裙增多;傅里叶变换红外光谱表明USDF、UIDF特征吸收峰的峰型和基本位置未发生变化,而部分峰的强度减弱;X-射线衍射分析表明超声波改性不会导致SDF和IDF的晶体结构发生变化;气相色谱-质谱联用仪分析葵花粕及其膳食纤维组分主要由阿拉伯糖、鼠李糖、木糖、甘露糖、半乳糖和葡萄糖等6种单糖组成。     

高压均质影响葵花籽油体乳液理化性质的研究

研究pH 3.5～8.0条件提取的葵花籽油体基本性质,探究利用高压均质压力(40、60、80、100 MPa)对不同葵花籽油体乳液(10%)的蛋白质组成及粒径、流变学特性、储藏稳定性的影响。结果表明：随着提取pH的升高,葵花籽油体的蛋白质质量分数由14.19%降为2.97%,油体结合的外源性蛋白减少;脂肪质量分数由47.98%增加到68.01%;油体等电点由4.0增加至4.9。随着均质压力的升高,所有油体蛋白质结构无明显改变;油体乳液粒径呈现先降低后升高的趋势,油体乳液黏度有所降低,并提高了储藏稳定性,其中,pH 5.0提取的油体经60 MPa均质后乳液粒径最小(229 nm),稠度指数(k值)较低,储藏稳定性最佳。     

不同种类凝胶因子对芝麻油基凝胶油特性的影响

以芝麻油为原料,通过添加虫胶（Shellac,LAC）、单硬脂酸甘油酯（Monoacylglycerol,MAG）、乙基纤维素（Ethyl Cellulose,EC）三种不同种类凝胶因子制备出构型不同的凝胶油,并对凝胶油的持油能力、硬度、热力学性质、结晶形态等特性做了初步研究。结果表明,凝胶因子种类及添加比例对凝胶油临界成胶有一定影响,添加比例不小于5%时,LAC、MAG能形成凝胶,添加比例为3%时,EC能形成凝胶油;凝胶因子种类对持油性（Oil Binding Capacity,OBC）有重要影响,在凝胶因子添加比例为9%时,LAC凝胶油的OBC值最小,为55.3%;凝胶因子对硬度的影响中,三种不同凝胶油的硬度都随着凝胶因子添加比例增加而增大;在DSC曲线中,LAC凝胶油呈单峰、MAG凝胶油呈双峰、EC凝胶油峰度不明显;通过偏光显微镜观察,发现三种凝胶油的晶体形态结构及分散情况差别较大,LAC凝胶油晶体颗粒较小,呈细丫状;MAG凝胶油晶体颗粒偏大,先呈小球状后随添加量增大呈针状,表明凝胶油的微观结构受到凝胶因子种类的影响。     

Comparative Analysis of Olive Oil Organogels Containing Beeswax and Sunflower Wax with Breakfast Margarine

The purpose of this research was to develop olive oil organogels with sunflower wax (SW) and beeswax (BW) at 3%, 7%, and 10% addition levels and to compare these organogels with breakfast margarine (BM). The organogels and BM sample were stored at 2 different temperatures (4 and 20 °C), and the peroxide values (PVs) and textural properties were monitored for 3 mo. The PVs of all organogels were within legal limits and the gels were structurally stable throughout the storage period. The textural properties of 3% SW and 7% BW organogels were closely similar to BM. The solid fat contents of the organogels were lower than that of the BM. Moreover, the thermal properties of 3% BW gel were more similar to that of the BM. The results of X‐ray diffraction peaks, approximately 3.70 and 4.10 Å, were similar to β′ polymorphic form. In conclusion, both of the organogel types may have value in replacing BMs.