投影地图法在食品研究与开发中的研究现状

随着感官分析方法在食品工业中的广泛应用,研究人员对分析技术的要求不断提高,快速感官分析方法应运而生,投影地图法（Projective Mapping）是其中之一。投影地图法能够快速收集产品的感官属性,分析产品之间感官特征的相似性或差异性;也可以结合喜好问卷,区分人群类别并探究影响消费者喜好的因素。本文对近年来投影地图法相关文献进行研究,介绍了该方法的实验流程、影响因素及数据处理、优势与局限性、衍生方法及其在不同类型食品中的研究等,并展望了这一方法的发展前景,以期为食品感官评价相关领域的研究人员和企业提供借鉴。     

多重因子分析技术在食品饮料行业感官分析中的应用

多重因子分析是一种多元统计分析手段,能够用于描述和总结具有复杂结构和多方来源的多元数据。该方法同主成分分析具有密切联系,在食品、饮料和化妆品的感官分析以及市场调查、流行病学、生态学等领域广泛应用。本文主要介绍了多重因子分析方法的原理和步骤,并结合近年来已经报道的研究和案例描述,并总结了该方法在分析投影地图或Napping数据、自由选择剖面数据以及通过挖掘感官数据和喜好数据探索消费者喜好驱动因素的分析上的应用,以期对感官分析从业者和相关领域科学研究人员提供借鉴。     

消费者感官评价对酸奶品质提升的导向研究

消费者感官评价为产品开发和工艺改良提供实际依据。本文以酸奶为例,结合消费者感官测试完成其品质提升。分别收集消费者的基本信息,以及他们对酸奶整体喜好度、香气喜好度；香气、甜味、酸味、稠度接受度；和酸奶所需要提升的感官属性的主观建议等。结合喜好度分析、惩罚分析、词云频率等数据分析方法,得到消费者对酸奶的品评结果。实验结果表明四种酸奶的整体喜好度与香气喜好度平均值都在5分以下,说明消费者的认可度不高；且酸奶的香气与整体喜好度之间有正相关性。酸奶661和467的产品更受消费者的欢迎。由于这两者目前的喜好度分值仍较低(<5.0),需要进一步优化其配方,以期获得更好的市场价值。消费者关注的酸奶品质主要包括酸度、甜度、香气和稠度。喜好度分析和接受度惩罚分析的结果发现酸奶467是目前消费者喜好度较高的产品,后期通过降低其酸度,可以更好地提高它的接受度,从而获得更多消费者的青睐。以消费者为导向探究乳制品的风味感官品质,为产品的优化升级提供指导意义。未来通过调试酸奶的风味性质可生产出深受消费者喜爱的产品。     

情感型感官测试技术动态分析

根据获取的消费者测试数据的类型,可将消费喜好测试分为定性测试和定量测试;根据消费者对产品感官品质的态度,可将消费偏好测试分为接受性测试和偏爱性测试。主要介绍了国内外消费喜好测试主要技术方法的基本原理和实施过程,并对各方法的特点进行分析,可为企业实施消费者感官测试提供指导。     

感官分析在肉制品加工中的应用

感官分析在食品科技上有重要的作用。食品的许多特性,如营养、卫生、物理、化学等,均可借助科学方法或设备进行客观分析测定。但食品的风味则需人的感官反应测定,这就是感官分析。感官分析应用范围很广,凡新产品开发研究,产品的质量管理,原料成品的验收,消费者对产品的喜好性都包括在内。对肉制品加工来讲,感官分析的重要意义更大。     

基于地域喜好差异的液态乳关键属性优化方法

随着居民消费水平的升级,产品的精细化和个性化成为配方设计新趋势,如何根据不同地区消费者的感官 喜好差异性指导产品配方设计成为新型消费形式下的需求。本研究以不同配方的液态乳产品为对象,开展评价小组 和消费者对风味液态乳产品关键感官属性的感官评价,采用偏相关分析、Penalty分析等多元统计分析方法,多角度 进行风味特征关联性分析,并利用偏好图对分析型感官分析（感官属性强度测量）和情感型感官分析（消费者喜好度 测量）结果进行综合处理,针对不同地区消费人群的喜好差异确定液态乳样品的关键感官属性改进方案。通过配方模 型优化结果可知,上海地区消费者喜欢偏甜的样品,相对的,北京和成都地区消费者偏爱酸甜适中的样品,三个地区 消费者都喜欢乳香味较大、口感细腻的样品,北京地区消费者对稠厚感的要求没有成都和上海地区消费者高。     

消费者Check-all-that-apply和喜好度测试在植物近水饮料感官评定中的应用研究

本研究采用check-all-that-apply（CATA）法与喜好9点标度法相结合的消费者快速感官评价方法,对马尾松、淡竹叶、桑叶、菊花、桂花、薄荷、紫苏、桦树汁露8种草本植物近水饮料的感官特征进行分析。消费者在19个口感和24个气味属性描述词中勾选,对8款近水饮料样品进行感官和喜好度评定。喜好度分析结果表明,消费者对8款植物近水饮料的喜好度存在差异,消费者对薄荷露和桂花露整体喜好度较高,两者差异不显著（P<0.05）。Cochran’s Q test分析结果表明,样品在41个感官属性中均存在显著性差异（P<0.05）。对应分析（Correspondence Analysis,CA）结果说明了8种植物近水饮料之间感官特征的差异,薄荷露感官特征突出,具有清凉、薄荷的特征属性;桂花露感官属性主要表现为桂花香、桃香、甜香;菊花露、紫苏露、桑叶露具有相似的绿茶、甘草、菊花等感官属性;马尾松与淡竹叶露感官特征相似;桦树汁露感官特征不明显。结合消费者李克特量表数据进行惩罚分析（Penalty Analysis,PA）,本研究发现注重健康人群并未对产品中草药气味表现出显著的不接受;有饮水添加助饮物习惯的人群更偏好甜香、清凉、金银花的感官特征。因此,消费者快速感官评价CATA法能够有效测试产品的感官属性和消费者偏好,并在新产品开发和市场调研方向展现出广阔的应用前景。     

感官评估——走进消费者的世界

随着时代的发展,我们进入了消费者导向的时代。食物对于消费者而言,不再单单只是为了填饱肚子,能否符合满足感,已是更为重要的考虑。而满足感是经由消费者的感官喜好来决定,换句话说,消费者接受食品与否,主要是取决于食品的质量,而食品质量的高低完全是消费者的满意度而定。食品质量项目包括了外观、色泽、香气、味道、质地、卫生安全及营养成分,除了最后两项可以靠科学仪器来分析,其它均属于感官质量。由此可见,感官评估是当今食品企业找寻目标产品的一项必要工具,也是提升企业整体竞争力的工具之一。     

食品感官评价技术在茶叶品质评价中的 应用研究进展

食品感官评价是用于唤起、测量、分析和解释通过视觉、嗅觉、味觉、触觉以及听觉而感知到的食品及其他物质的特征或者性质的一种科学方法,已经建立了科学的评价程序与方法,已广泛应用于产品的感官特征评价及产品鉴别、产品开发、市场调查等方面的研究。我国茶叶品类多样,产品风味独具特色。我国茶叶感官质量评价方法仍然是定级评价,采用食品感官评价技术建立更客观、更有效的产品感官质量评价体系十分必要。本文介绍了食品感官评价定义、方法及其在茶叶风味化合物研究,对典型茶叶(绿茶、红茶和乌龙茶)感官描述分析、典型茶叶感官术语及参考物、茶叶及茶产品消费者测试中的研究进展进行了综述,并提出了食品感官评价技术在茶叶感官品质评价研究发展方向。     

基于惩罚分析与偏好图技术的辣条消费接受性分析

随着国内休闲食品市场的不断扩大，了解影响消费者喜好的关键因素，并指导产品改进显得至关重要。以不同品牌辣条为研究对象，开展针对感官评价小组和消费者的关键感官属性评价。采用惩罚(Penalty)分析初探各产品需改进的感官属性及改进方向，通过方差分析、相关性分析关联研究各口味特征，利用偏好图技术深度处理与表征定量描述分析(QDA)和消费者喜好的映射结果，并验证惩罚分析结果的可靠性。结果表明，6个品牌的辣条样品感官属性与喜好均差异明显，惩罚分析提出影响消费者喜好的关键感官属性，初步确定辣条样品感官属性的改进策略。通过偏好图分析技术发现消费者对于样品DLB、DDR、ZCL和WLQ的偏好率为50%~80%，推测这些样品中的甜味、筋道、油汁感为潜在影响消费者喜好的感官属性。消费者对于样品GSW与HMH的偏好率为20%~30%，推测这2种辣条的咸味、辣味、麻味和香精香料味为潜在影响消费者喜好的感官属性。通过比较QDA、惩罚分析和偏好图，结果发现整体结论一致。综合三者结论确定最终的优化改进策略。本研究建立的辣条感官属性改进模型为辣条的口味特征改进及新产品的研发提供了参考依据。     

自选特性排序剖面法在食品研究与开发中的应用及研究现状

自选特性排序剖面法（Flash Profile,FP）是一种能够应用于食品工业的快速感官描述性分析方法。该方法是指通过描述一组产品的感官属性,并根据这些属性的强弱程度进行排序,从而获得产品间的相对差异。本文主要介绍了自选特性排序剖面法的发展脉络、实验流程、数据处理及数据分析等,结合该方法在食品工业中的应用,分析该方法适用的产品类型以及与其他方法相比较的优缺点,并对该方法的发展前景做出展望,以期为食品加工企业和相关领域的研究人员提供借鉴。     

From salad to bowl: The role of sensory analysis in product experience research

Methods originally developed for the sensory evaluation of foods are increasingly being applied to other product categories, ranging from personal care products to car interiors and air conditioning units. Furthermore, because an increasing number of food products tend to be available in packages from which they can be consumed directly, the sensory properties of packages have become an integral part of consumers’ food experiences and require thorough investigation. In addition, food consumption in everyday life takes place within a physical, social, and cultural context. This asks for a reconsideration of the role of sensory analysis in the product development process. To seduce consumers in highly saturated markets, products should not only provide good quality and be appealing, but they should offer interesting and engaging experiences. Therefore, research on sensory evaluation needs to be linked to research on product aesthetics, product meaning, and product emotions. Capturing the entire consumer experience requires an integral approach, in which research approaches from various academic fields are combined and integrated. For this approach to succeed in industrial companies, many different departments will need to work together in close cooperation.     

What does it mean to check-all-that-apply? Four case studies with beverages

The use of check-all-that-apply (CATA) questions in product-focused consumer research on foods and beverages is now common, and the method is known to provide valid sensory product characterisations. Extensive methodological research has been conducted and has supported uptake, but understanding of how consumers complete CATA questions is incomplete, particularly with regard to their decision to select or not a term to describe the sensory properties of products. The present research was situated within this gap, and using open-ended questions participants (n = 636) were asked to describe how they perceived a pair of samples with regard to an attribute and link this to CATA term selection. The results, obtained for taste (‘sweet’ and ‘sour/acidic’) and flavour (‘cinnamon’ and ‘smoky’) confirmed consumers’ ability to accurately perform sensory characterisation tasks. In particular, it was found that: i) the great majority of the consumers accurately used the CATA terms for describing the sensory characteristics they perceived in a sample, ii) when a term was not selected for describing samples, the majority of the consumers indicated that the corresponding sensory attribute was not perceived, iii) when a term was selected for describing only one of the samples in a pair, consumers reported to have perceived a difference in attribute intensity between the samples. Thus, CATA questions remain a desirable option for sensory product characterisation tasks with consumers, but should be selected with thought as they may not always be able to achieve desired sample discrimination due to the binary nature of the responses.     

An integrated method for the emotional conceptualization and sensory characterization of food products: The EmoSensory® Wheel

Although acceptability is commonly used to examine liking for food products, more studies now emphasize the importance of measuring consumers' conceptualizations, such as emotions for food products. It is also important to identify how consumers perceive the sensory attributes of food products, as illustrated by the increasing involvement of consumers in product characterization. The objective of this paper is to examine the use of a wheel-format questionnaire to obtain both an emotional and sensory profiles for food products using a hands-on consumer tool. Terms selected were product-specific and the rate-all-that-apply (RATA) approach was used as a scaling technique. Three different experiments demonstrated that the EmoSensory® Wheel could discriminate within and between food product categories. The added value of the RATA approach was illustrated in the sample discrimination for some food products when using the weighted attribute scores for analysis. The tool was used in both blind and informed conditions to illustrate its applicability across different experimental designs. In general, the respondents did not find the task tedious when using the wheel-questionnaire format, demonstrating the potential for collecting information in a more facile way. Although further studies with other food products are needed, this paper shows the potential for using this wheel format to obtain information about consumers' emotional and sensory profiling of food products.