莴笋烫漂过程中过氧化物酶失活动力学模型的建立

为有效预测一定时间、温度条件下的过氧化物酶活力,避免过度烫漂导致莴笋品质的损坏,本研究对75～95℃条件下莴笋烫漂过程中过氧化物酶失活的动力学特性建立数学模型。利用一级动力学模型和Weibull分布模型进行拟合,以决定系数(R2)和卡方(χ2)为评价指标,分析了两种模型的拟合效果。此外以VC含量为指标优化烫漂工艺条件,将模型应用于实际预测中。结果表明：Weibull分布模型的拟合效果较好,R2均大于0.9900,χ2均小于0.0024,高温短时条件下的VC含量损失较少。     

草莓漂烫过程中过氧化物酶和V_C的失活动力学

探讨了草莓在75、80、85、90、95℃漂烫过程中过氧化物酶和V C的变化规律,建立热降解动力学方程。结果表明:草莓漂烫过程中过氧化物酶和V C热降解均符合一级动力学模型,草莓中的过氧化物酶热降解活化能为74.05 kJ/mol,其动力学模型预测值与真实值的平均误差1.53%。而草莓中Vc热降解活化能为54.68 kJ/mol,其动力学模型预测值与真实值的平均相对误差为2.9%,两个模型合理可信。     

荠菜过氧化物酶热失活动力学的研究

目的 研究热烫处理引起荠菜过氧化酶(POD)失活的速率常数和动力学规律。方法 对荠菜在80～100℃的热水处理一定时间条件,对荠菜过氧化酶的残余活性进行测定,并用一级动力学模型对过氧化物酶失活动力学进行拟合,分析失活速率常数。结果 热烫处理钝化新鲜荠菜POD活性效果明显,在80～100℃处理范围内,随着处理温度的上升,荠菜POD 失活速率常数k 值从0.01702增加到0.14260,反应活化能为114 kJ/mol。一级动力学模型拟合决定系数R²＞0.99。结论 荠菜POD 的热失活动力学符合一级动力学模型。     

几种蔬菜烫漂后过氧化物酶活性的测定

几种蔬菜烫漂后过氧化物酶活性的测定程宏侯金铎刘浪（吉林职业师范学院，长春，１３００５２）０前言烫漂是许多速冻蔬菜生产时的一个必不可少的工艺环节，它关系着速冻蔬菜的质量。烫漂的主要目的之一是破坏蔬菜中酶类的活性，使蔬菜在冻藏中其营养价值及原来具有的感官...     

高温短时蒸汽漂烫对鲜玛咖过氧化物酶活性的影响

为探索高温蒸汽漂烫对鲜玛咖过氧化物酶(POD)钝化的最佳工艺参数,解决鲜玛咖加工中的褐变问题,采用响应面分析法建立处理时间、蒸汽温度和载物量对POD相对酶活影响的二次多元回归数学模型。结果表明:鲜玛咖的最佳漂烫条件处理时间54s、蒸汽温度130℃、载物量170g时,POD相对酶活为4.90%;未处理鲜玛咖破碎放置7d后,褐变变化率为52.66%,芥子油苷、水溶性生物碱、VC和总酚的损失率分别为45.68%、13.71%、20.27%和15.13%,而经高温蒸汽漂烫的鲜玛咖褐变变化率仅为8.56%,与未处理的样品相比,芥子油苷、水溶性生物碱、VC和总酚的损失率分别为23.46%、11.29%、6.76%和10.26%。表明在响应曲面法(RSM)优化条件下,鲜玛咖经高温蒸汽漂烫处理后,其褐变可得到有效控制,营养成分得到很好的保留。     

速冻毛豆钝化过氧化物酶及胰蛋白酶抑制因子的安全烫漂时间研究

以不同成熟度的毛豆为试材,研究了钝化过氧化物酶及胰蛋白酶抑制因子的安全烫漂时间。结果表明,6～7成熟度的带荚毛豆烫漂时间为2.5min,7～8成熟度的为3min;烫漂液含有3.5%的食盐的6～7成熟度的带荚毛豆烫漂时间为2min,7～8成熟度的为2.5min。     

微波烫漂对杏鲍菇POD酶活的影响

研究微波烫漂对杏鲍菇POD酶的灭活效果,并与沸水和蒸汽烫漂两种常规灭酶模式效果进行比较。为获得微波烫漂的优化条件,采用响应曲面分析法建立微波功率和微波时间对POD相对酶活影响的二次多项数学回归模型。结果显示：杏鲍菇最适宜的灭酶条件为微波功率570W,微波时间59s。在此条件下处理的杏鲍菇游离氨基酸含量损失少,感官品质佳。     

黄花菜烫漂过程中Vc降解动力学研究

对黄花菜在烫漂过程中的Vc含量变化及降解动力学进行了研究,结果表明,随漂烫温度的升高和烫漂时间的延长,漂烫后的黄花菜中维生素C含量大幅度降低,并推得其降解反应级数为一级,降解反应活化能为68.64（kJ·mol-1·K-1）。      

荠菜中酚类物质与过氧化物酶作用底物研究

针对荠菜在贮运保鲜过程中的变质问题,以与衰老密切相关的过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)为研究对象,运用紫外光谱扫描和高效液相色谱法分析荠菜中的酚类物质,并研究不同浓度的酚类物质对其中过氧化物酶活性的影响。结果表明:荠菜中酚类提取物的最大吸收波长为213nm,初步确定荠菜中的主要酚类物质是焦性没食子酸,POD的最适底物是绿原酸,酶促反应的最佳底物浓度为8mmol/L。     

漂烫对速冻苹果丁过氧化物酶活性及品质的影响

为了优化速冻苹果丁漂烫工艺,以新鲜富士苹果(切分为1.5 cm×1.5 cm×1.5 cm的小丁)为研究对象,采用响应曲面法,建立漂烫时间、漂烫温度、料液比对POD相对酶活影响的二次多元回归数学模型,并分析漂烫对其品质的影响。结果表明:抑制速冻苹果丁POD酶活性的最佳漂烫条件为:漂烫时间4.5 min、漂烫温度92℃、料液比1∶11(g/m L);未漂烫速冻苹果丁的ΔE值升高了36.10,感官品质降低了34.46,可溶性固形物、可滴定酸及VC损失率分别为28.25%、17.67%、20.13%,漂烫后速冻苹果丁的ΔE值升高了5.57,感官品质降低了7.27,可溶性固形物、可滴定酸及V_C损失率分别为24.42%、10.85%、12.16%。表明漂烫处理较好地保持速冻苹果丁的品质。      

Kinetic and Thermodynamic of Thermal Inactivation of the Peroxidase,Polyphenoloxidase and Inulinase Activities during Blanching of Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) Juice

The present study evaluated the kinetics and thermodynamic parameters for the thermal inactivation of peroxidase (POD), polyphenoloxidase (PPO) and inulinase (INU) from yacon juice. The yacon juice was acidified with 1 % citric acid prior to blanching at different time-temperature combinations in the range of 0–10 min, and 80–100 °C. All enzymes showed a biphasic kinetic behavior. The velocity constants increased and D values decreased with temperature for both the labile and the heat resistant fractions. The activation energy of the heat-labile (E _aL ) and heat-resistant fractions (E _aR ) were 38.19, 16.05, 30.08 kJ/mol, and 30.65, 71.94, 41.86 kJ/mol for POD, PPO and INU, respectively. Thermodynamic studies indicated a non-spontaneous (ΔG?>?0) and endothermic (positive enthalpy values) process, and the enzyme aggregation step is the rate determining of the reaction (negative entropy values).     

响应面法优化超声辅助提取荠菜多酚工艺及其抗氧活性研究

采用超声辅助提取荠菜多酚,并利用响应面法对多酚的提取工艺进行了优化。在单因素实验的基础上,采用四因素三水平的响应面试验优化设计,考察乙醇浓度、提取时间、提取温度和料液比对荠菜多酚提取量的影响,结果显示最佳提取工艺条件为:乙醇浓度为48%,超声提取时间为27 min,提取温度为57 ℃,料液比为1:33 (g:mL),得到多酚提取量的实验值为28.33 mg/g,与模型预测值(28.35 mg/g)相比,其相对误差为0.07%。通过体外自由基(·OH、O₂^-·和NaNO₂)清除能力和还原能力评价了荠菜多酚的抗氧化性,结果显示荠菜多酚具有一定的自由基清除活性和还原能力,荠菜多酚的自由基(·OH、O₂^-·和NaNO₂)半数抑制浓度(IC₅₀值)分别为(0.17±0.01) mg/mL、(0.08±0.01) mg/mL和(18.9±0.02) μg/mL。结论:荠菜多酚是一种天然的抗氧化活性剂和自由基清除剂。     

Kinetic Models for Thermal Inactivation of Multiple Pectinesterases in Citrus Juices

First-order kinetic model of a two-component system was applied to investigate heat inactivation of multiple pectinesterases in citrus juices. The conventional log-linear model was applied to determine D- and z-values of thermolabile and thermostable pectinesterases in citrus juices, respectively, for use in the two-component model. A parameter for concentration of enzyme populations in the juice was included in the model. The two-component model predicted results were in better agreement with the observed heat pasteurization curves than those predicted by the log-linear kinetic model. The two-component model is especially useful for optimizing temperature-time conditions for pasteurizing citrus juices.     

Kinetic Parameters for the Thermal Inactivation of Peroxidase and Lipoxygenase in Precooked Frozen Brassica Species

Thermal inactivation of peroxidase (POD) and lipoxygenase (LOX), both enzymes present in broccoli and Brussels sprouts, is required before freezing, to obtain high‐quality precooked frozen vegetables. Rate constants of a 1st‐order biphasic model for the heat‐labile and heat‐resistant POD and LOX isoenzymes were determined at different temperatures (75, 80, and 90 °C) and the corresponding activation energies were estimated using nonlinear regressions. In the case of Brussels sprouts, the activation energies for the resistant and labile fractions were 56.3 and 62.5 kJ/mol for POD and 63.7 and 65.8 kJ/mol for LOX, respectively. For Brussels sprouts, different precooking times were tested to analyze the effect of residual enzyme activity on quality parameters and sensory attributes, after a frozen storage of 4 mo at ?20 °C. A significant reactivation of enzyme activity after frozen storage was observed (especially in the case of POD) for short precooking times (<6 min) leading to low‐quality parameters at the interior zone of the vegetable. A precooking time of 6 min at 90 °C allowed an adequate inactivation of LOX and POD obtaining a high‐quality final frozen vegetable. A sensory analysis confirmed the global acceptability of the product. The obtained results are relevant to define the precooking stage conditions in the production of frozen cruciferous vegetables.     

Kinetic Characterization and Thermal Inactivation of Peroxidase in Aqueous Extracts from Sweet Corn and Waxy Corn

The objective of this study was to evaluate the activity, kinetic behavior, and thermal inactivation kinetics of peroxidase (POD) in aqueous extracts from two kinds of milk ripe stage corn, sweet corn and waxy corn. Optimum activities using guaiacol as the hydrogen donor were obtained for sweet corn at pH 4.8 and for waxy corn at pH 6.0. The kinetics of POD showed characteristics which were dependent upon the concentrations of guaiacol and H₂O₂. The guaiacol K _m values for sweet corn POD and waxy corn POD were 11.01 and 23.01 mM, respectively, whereas the H₂O₂ K _m values for sweet corn POD and waxy corn POD were 2.85 and 0.33 mM, respectively. Thermal treatment of enzymatic aqueous extracts was carried out at different time–temperature combinations in the range of 0–25 min and 60–85 °C. Arrhenius plot determination and calculated thermodynamic parameters suggested that the inactivation of POD followed first-order reaction kinetics, and the activation energy (E _a) for inactivation of sweet corn POD (114.36 kJ/mol) was slightly lower compared with waxy corn POD (119.72 kJ/mol). There were several notable similarities between the inactivation kinetics in the two corn cultivars.     

Thermal Inactivation Kinetics of Horseradish Peroxidase

Thermal inactivation of horse radish peroxidase (HRP) in buffer and sucrose solution was studied with Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and by determining residual activity. For both experimental systems, the apparent reaction order for thermal inactivation was 1.5. Since the four isozymes varied in heat-resistance, the 1.5 order was probably due to heterogeneity of HRP. An increase in the maximum denaturation temperature by DSC as sucrose concentration increased suggested that the addition of sucrose stabilized the enzyme against thermal denaturation. However, based on the determination of residual activity, sucrose reduce thermal stability of HRP at 10–20% (w/w) and increased thermal stability when the concentration was 40% or greater. At equimolar concentrations of fructose, glucose or lactose at 90°C, HRP was more rapidly inactivated than in the presence of sucrose.     

Thermo-Kinetic Modeling of Peroxidase Inactivation during Blanching-Cooling of Corn on the Cob

A thermo-kinetic model of peroxidase inactivation in corn on the cob during blanching-cooling is developed. Heat transfer during the blanching-cooling step is modeled as a conduction process in well stirred media of constant temperature. Corn on the cob is considered as a finite cylinder with a single thermal diffusivity value. The kinetic parameters k_r and E_a are calculated by using an unsteady state trial and error procedure. The model allows the calculation of the peroxidase activity retention for the kernel, outer cob, and central cob. Theoretical results are compared against experimental data showing a very good agreement.