Evaluation of the 20 L dust explosibility testing chamber and comparison to a modified 38 L vessel for underground coal

The phenomenon of combustible dust explosions is present within many industries. Tests for explosibility of dust clouds per ASTM E1226 use a 20 L explosive chamber that places the combustible dust directly below the dispersion nozzle which generates a thorough mixture for testing purposes. However, in the underground coal mining industry, there are a number of geologic, mining, and regulatory factors that change the deposition scheme of combustible coal dust. This causes the atmosphere of a coal mine to have a variable rock dust-coal dust mixture at the time of ignition. To investigate the impact of this variable atmosphere, a series of lean explosibility tests were conducted on a sample of Pittsburgh Pulverized coal dust. These explosibility tests were conducted in a 38 L chamber with a 5 kJ Sobbe igniter. The 38 L chamber generates a variable air-dust mixture prior to ignition. The test results indicate that the 38 L chamber experiences reduced explosive pressures, and lower explosibility index values when compared to the 20 L chamber.     

Design of a water curtain to reduce accumulations of float coal dust in longwall returns

Accumulation of float coal dust(FCD) in underground mines is an explosion hazard that affects all underground coal mine workers. While this hazard is addressed by the application of rock dust, inadequate rock dusting practices can leave miners exposed to an explosion risk. Researchers at the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health(NIOSH) have focused on developing a water curtain that removes FCD from the airstream, thereby reducing the buildup of FCD in mine airways. In this study,the number and spacing of the active sprays in the water curtain were varied to determine the optimal configuration to obtain peak knockdown efficiency(KE) while minimizing water consumption.     

煤粉—惰性介质混合体系爆炸特性实验研究

为深入认识煤粉—惰性介质混合体系爆炸行为,在Siwek 20 L球形爆炸测试系统内研究了煤粉—惰性介质混合体系的爆炸威力(最大爆炸压力、最大升压速率、燃烧持续时间)、敏感度(爆炸上、下限)和惰性介质的抑爆效力,并重点考察了点火能量、煤粉热值、惰性介质组分、煤粉浓度、煤/惰性介质混合比等因素的影响。结果表明,添加惰性介质能显著降低煤粉爆炸威力,其抑爆效力随点火能量增加而下降,并由此建议采用5～10 kJ点火能量考察惰化效应;煤粉热值增加可显著提高混合体系的爆炸威力;就惰化效应而言,湿分的抑爆效力优于磷酸二氢铵和碳酸钙,而磷酸二氢铵的抑爆效力又优于碳酸钙,其中煤粉完全惰化所需惰化剂量与煤尘浓度密切相关,在200～400 g/m3处有最大值,为"最危险浓度";增加惰性介质添加量可降低爆炸上限,提高爆炸下限,有效压缩煤粉尘可爆浓度范围。研究结果对深入理解粉尘爆炸规律、优化惰化标准,完善测试方法有参考价值。     

Prediction of air flow,methane, and coal dust dispersion in a room and pillar mining face

In underground coal mines, uncontrolled accumulation of methane and fine coal dust often leads to serious incidents such as explosion. Therefore, methane and dust dispersion in underground mines is closely monitored and strictly regulated. Accordingly, significant efforts have been devoted to study methane and dust dispersion in underground mines. In this study, methane emission and dust concentration are numerically investigated using a computational fluid dynamics(CFD) approach. Various possible scenarios of underground mine configurations are evaluated. The results indicate that the presence of continuous miner adversely affects the air flow and leads to increased methane and dust concentrations.Nevertheless, it is found that such negative effect can be minimized or even neutralized by operating the scrubber fan in suction mode. In addition, it was found that the combination of scrubber fan in suction mode and brattice results in the best performance in terms of methane and dust removal from the mining face.     

一般空气区内煤尘爆炸冲击波在弯道内传播规律研究

煤尘爆炸冲击波传播规律是研究冲击波的破坏和伤害机理的前提及依据,基于流体动力学、爆炸动力学理论研究巷道转弯情况下煤尘爆炸冲击波传播规律.依据斜激波在弯道内的传播规律,建立了在巷道转弯情况下一般空气区煤尘爆炸冲击波传播的数学模型,推导出冲击波在弯道内传播规律的表达式.采用冲击波波阵面后突跃的参数来表征冲击波,进而推导出冲击波在巷道转弯时的传播规律的简化公式,分析得出冲击波初始压力、转弯角度越大衰减系数就越大,与试验结果进行对比分析,验证了理论推导的结果.     

CFD modeling to study the effect of particle size on dispersion in 20l explosion chamber: An overview

Mine disasters occur predominantly due to methane or coal dust explosion or a combination of both.Among the top ten worst coal mine disasters in India, nine are due to coal dust explosion. The current paper describes a general overview of the parameters causing dispersion leading to coal dust explosion,and computational fluid dynamics(CFD) simulation study to observe the effects of particle size on dispersion in Indian coal mines. Turbulent kinetic energy(TKE) and velocity vector path of dust-air mixture and dust-free air were simulated to understand their effects on coal dust dispersion. The TKE contours and velocity vector paths for dust-free air were uniform and symmetrical due to resistance-free path available. The TKE contours and velocity vector paths for dust-air mixture shows the asymmetrical distribution of contours, due to entrainment of air with dust particles. Vortices were observed in velocity vector paths which gradually diminish on increment of time sequence. These vortices are dead centres where velocity and coal dust particles concentration are both zero.     

半封闭受限空间煤尘与瓦斯耦合爆炸研究

煤尘参与的瓦斯爆炸事故具有很强的破坏性和伤害性,是煤矿的重大事故之一.用一端开口的半封闭管道爆炸实验装置,通过改变瓦斯与煤尘耦合爆炸浓度及点火条件,揭示受限空间瓦斯与煤尘耦合爆炸的规律.实验结果表明,封闭下的耦合体爆炸火焰传播速度较开口状态达到极值快,但极值点距点火位置较近,开口爆炸火焰传播距离是积聚耦合体长度的2倍左右;瓦斯参与的煤尘爆炸,爆炸相对强度随瓦斯浓度的增加而增加,传播距离更远;理论推导瓦斯与煤尘耦合爆炸超压传播距离与爆炸能量的平方根成正比,与巷道断面积的平方根成反比,研究结果为防治瓦斯爆炸、事故勘验以及阻隔爆装置的研制提供了可靠的实验数据.     

煤尘爆炸冲击波传播规律及造成的伤害分区研究

为减少煤矿煤尘爆炸后冲击波对人的危害,为煤矿防爆、抑爆和安全评价以及事故应急救援等提供理论依据,研究了煤尘爆炸后冲击波的传播规律.基于粉尘爆炸理论,采用理论与实验研究方法,研究了爆炸空气冲击波超压在巷道内的传播规律及超压所造成的伤害规律.结果表明煤尘爆炸冲击波超压与传播距离、巷道断面面积的平方根成反比,理论与实验分析的结果基本吻合,在此基础上划分了冲击波超压所造成的不同伤害范围.     

Surface characteristics and wetting mechanism of respirable coal dust

In this study,FTIR and XPS spectroscopy,specific surface area and pore size analyses,wetting and other experimental means have been applied to investigate respirable coal dust surface properties and wetting mechanism.The research shows that coal dust surface structures,chemical and element compositions are changed in the refining process of coal dust.Compared with large particle coal dust,respirable coal dust is a weak hydrophilic and strong hydrophobic substance.The reason:the smaller the particle size of coal dust,the more unsaturated its surface.The absorption of air is strong and it is easy to form an air film on coal dust surfaces.Coal dust contact with water is actually a compound contact of liquid in contact with a solid and gas in contact with a solid.The smaller the particle size,the larger the pore volume and the higher the degree of surface roughness,the larger the area of gas in contact with a solid and the worse the coal dust wettability.Another reason is that the changes in the composition of atoms on the dust surface and structures affect coal dust wettability.The results of this study establish a theoretical basis for the invention of effective reduced-dust technology.     

自燃煤矸石山爆炸的危害及治理技术

自燃煤矸石山濒发爆炸事故,会造成大量的人员伤亡和经济损失,从而极大地影响煤炭企业的快速发展.结合某矸石山爆炸的实际情况,分析诱发自燃煤矸石山爆炸的主要因素,指出其爆炸所产生高压、高温热浪、粉尘、冲击波等对周围环境的危害,提出自燃煤矸石山爆炸的防治措施,对促使煤炭企业意识到矸石山爆炸的危害并主动预防矸石山爆炸具有重要的现实意义.     

Review of preventive and constructive measures for coal mine explosions: An Indian perspectiveOA

Firedamp and coal dust explosion constitute a lion’s share in mine accidents in a global mining scenario.This paper reports a list of mine explosion disasters since last two decades, a critical review of the different prevention and constructive measures, and its recent development to avoid firedamp and coal dust explosion. Preventive legislation in core coal-producing countries, viz. China, USA, Australia, South Africa, and India related to firedamp and coal dust explosion are critically analys...     

Effects of atomization parameters of dust removal nozzles on the de-dusting results for different dust sources

In order to obtain appropriate spray pressure and enhance the spraying and dust removal efficiency, various factors including the dust characteristics, nozzle spraying angle, effective spraying range, water consumption and droplet size are taken into account. The dust characteristics from different mines and atomization parameters of different pressure nozzles were measured. It was found that the internal pressure of coal cutters and roadheaders should be kept at 2 MPa, which could ensure large droplet size, large spraying angle and low water consumption and hence realizing a large-area covering and capture for large particle dusts. However, the external spray pressure should be kept at 4 MPa for smaller droplet size and longer effective spraying range, leading to effective dust removal in the operator zone. The spray pressure of support moving, drawing opening, and stage loader on a fully mechanized caving face and stage loader on a fully mechanized driving face should be kept at 8 MPa, under which the nozzles have long effective spraying range, high water flow and small droplet size for the rapid capture of instantaneous, high-concentration and small size dust groups. From the applications on the caving and driving faces in the coal mines, it is indicated that the optimization of spray pressure in different spraying positions could effectively enhance dust removal efficiency. Selecting appropriate nozzles according to the dust characteristics at different positions is also favorable for dust removal efficiency. With the selected nozzles under optimal pressures, the removal rates of both total dust and respirable dust could reach over70%, showing a significant de-dusting effect.     

New Respirable Dust Suppression Systems for Coal Mines

Dust suppression in coal mines is a worldwide problem which has not been solved effectively. The application of negative pressure secondary dust removal （NPSDR） is a breakthrough in the coal mine safety field. In this paper, NPSDR technology and ultrasonic dust suppression systems are introduced. High pressure water is supplied to the NPSDR device which is mounted on the shearer. A negative pressure field is formed in the device. At the same time, the dusty air around the shearer drum will be sucked into, and purged from, the NPSDR device by the negative pressure field. An ultrasonic dust suppression system uses water and compressed air to produce micron sized droplets which suppress respirable coal dust effectively. The NPSDR technology can be used for shearer dust suppression while ultrasonic dust suppression can be applied in areas such as the transportation positions. These dust suppression methods have the following advantages： high efficiency, wide applicability, simple structure, high reliability and low cost.     

配煤对锅炉燃烧、除尘和脱硫性能的影响

针对我国电厂用煤的现状,在综合考虑锅炉燃烧和烟气除尘、脱硫的基础上,通过建立数学模型,推导出基于煤质指标计算锅炉效率、除尘效率、脱硫率的公式,并分析研究了3煤种配煤对锅炉燃烧和除尘、脱硫性能的影响,可为电厂优化配煤方案提供参考依据。     

Explosion limits for combustible gases

Combustible gases in coal mines are composed of methane, hydrogen, some multi-carbon alkane gases and other gases. Based on a numerical calculation, the explosion limits of combustible gases were studied, showing that these limits are related to the concentrations of different components in the mixture. With an increase of C4H10 and C6H14, the Lower ExplosionLimit (LEL) and Upper Explosion-Limit (UEL) of a combustible gas mixture will decrease clearly. For every 0.1% increase in C4H10 and C6H14, the LEL decreases by about 0.19% and the UEL by about 0.3%. The results also prove that, by increasing the amount of H2, the UEL of a combustible gas mixture will increase considerably. If the level of H2 increases by 0.1%, the UEL will increase by about 0.3%. However, H2 has only a small effect on the LEL of the combustible gas mixture. Our study provides a theoretical foundation for judging the explosion risk of an explosive gas mixture in mines.     

煤矿巷道瓦斯爆轰理论分析和参数计算

应用Ｃ－Ｊ爆轰理论和质量、动量、能量守恒原理,针对煤矿巷道瓦斯变绝热指娄建立了雨贡纽方程和瑞利方程,在此基石上分析了煤矿巷道瓦斯爆炸的条件和可能过程,建立了煤矿巷道瓦斯Ｃ－Ｊ爆轰参数计算公式,提出了激波点燃瓦斯混合气的条件的最小理论马赫数Ｍｍｉｎ的表达式。计算了煤矿恭和种瓦斯浓度情况下爆压、爆温、煤速等爆轰参数玫相应的点燃瓦斯混合气的量小理论马赫九Ｍｍｉｎ。     

矿井沼气爆炸安全距离的探讨

本文论述了井下发生沼气爆炸时空气冲击波的发生发展过程,以及空气冲击波沿井巷传播的衰减规律。并通过瓦斯爆炸试验和回归分析,得出了井下一定量的沼气在无煤尘参与的条件下发生爆炸时的安全距离。这一安全距离可供修订《煤矿救护规程》和处理事故时参考。     

Numerical simulation of dust distribution at a fully mechanized face under the isolation effect of an air curtain

At a fully mechanized working face of a coal mine as prototype, we investigated, by simulation, the flow field and dust distribution during the process of its isolation by a curtain of air, using the CFD software,Fluent. The results show that the air curtain installed on the shearer can effectively prevent the dust (especially the respirable dust) from diffusing into the work area of the operator, reducing the dust concentration on the side of the operator and greatly improving his working environment The field application of the air curtain shows that the dust-isolation effect of an air curtain is quite noticeable. The isolation efficiency for respiratory dust is over 70% and, as well, it has good dust-isolation effect for nonrespiratory dust. The air curtain is a useful way to resolve the problem of dust-isolation at a fully mechanized working face. It has a practical background elsewhere with more extensive applications.     

W火焰锅炉炉内三维流场和颗粒运动轨迹的数值模拟

W火焰锅炉具有独特的炉膛和烟气流动结构,适用于低挥发份劣质煤发电,炉膛配风和煤粉颗粒对W火焰锅炉形成良好的炉内燃烧和保证安全高效洁净燃烧影响显著.针对300 MW W火焰锅炉,采用RNGk~ε和DPM模型数值研究了不同工况下W火焰锅炉炉内三维流场和煤粉颗粒运动轨迹,分析了炉膛配风和煤粉粒径对流场特性的影响.研究表明:配风对流场对称性影响很大,不合理的配风可导致火焰"短路"和气流冲刷冷灰斗.炉膛折焰角结构决定了对称的配风形成非对称流场,但增加前墙配风速度可有效平衡折焰角效应.当前后墙配风比为1.05时流场对称性最佳.下炉膛冷灰斗区双旋涡流动结构可增强煤粉气流热质交换,增加煤粉停留时间,有利于煤粉燃尽.随粒径增大,煤粉深入下炉膛平均深度越大,煤粉在燃烧炉膛内停留时间先增大后减小,存在最佳煤粉粒径.研究结果对大容量W火焰锅炉设计和燃烧调整有意义.     

硬岩隧道施工通风系统优化与抑尘效果评价

硬岩隧道掘进机(tunnel boring machine,TBM)在施工过程中会产生大量粉尘,粉尘是影响操作环境与工人身体健康的重要因素.为了进一步优化施工通风除尘效果,结合青岛地铁1号线双护盾TBM实际工况,使用Ansys-Fluent软件对隧道开挖过程进行数值分析.检测隧道各位置风速及粉尘质量浓度并与数值模拟结果...