我国风电发展与利用风电进行海水淡化研究

本文简要分析了我国风能资源分布、风电装机及＂弃风＂情况,概括介绍了我国水资源、苦咸水及缺水城市情况。对当前开展风电海水淡化联合系统建设所涉及的关键技术和经济性进行了初步分析,指出海水淡化系统具备作为可调负荷的技术条件。基于我国自然资源禀赋,应积极推进跨行业部门间的区域风电与淡水资源综合规划与开发,以降低社会经济发展成本,实现我国能源与经济的可持续发展。     

Alleviating freshwater shortages with combined desert-based large-scale renewable energy and coastal desalination plants supported by Global Energy Interconnection

Under the background of sustainable energy transition and environmental protection, Global Energy Interconnection (GEI), which features an innovative combination of clean energy (e.g., solar power) and ultra-high voltage (UHV) transmission technologies, provides a means to realize global climate governance. China is a large country with unevenly distributed water resources, energy production, and energy consumption, and the large areas of desert in northern and western China have the potential for installing large-scale solar power plants. This study analyzed the potential of using large-scale solar power from deserts to coastal seawater desalination plants, which could alleviate the freshwater crisis and control desertification in China. First, the measurement data from NASA were used to estimate the potential exploitable amount of solar energy in desert areas. A macro idea was proposed for the transmission of electrical power from inland integrated energy bases to coastal seawater desalination and pumping of freshwater to western China to combat desertification and alleviate the freshwater crisis. Based on this, the electricity demands for desalination and water redistribution were estimated. As a huge interruptible load, desalination and pumping systems could be used to suppress power fluctuations of the integrated energy bases. Finally, the fundamental support roles of UHV grids in large-scale renewable energy allocation and utilization were discussed. This analysis offers a theoretical framework to help realize efficient renewable energy generation and consumption and alleviate freshwater shortage.     

核能海水淡化

能源与水源是现代社会发展必不可少的两种重要资源。海水淡化技术已是解决全球淡水资源危机的重要途径。核能与海水淡化结合可以满足能源和淡水的持续增长的需求,是海水淡化降低成本、走向大型化的趋势,必将会成为越来越有前途和广阔市场的技术。     

Water desalination systems powered by renewable energy sources: Review

Water and energy are two of the most important topics on the international environment and development agenda. The social and economic health of the modern world depends on sustainable supply of both energy and water. Many areas worldwide that suffer from fresh water shortage are increasingly dependent on desalination as a highly reliable and non-conventional source of fresh water. So, desalination market has greatly expanded in recent decades and expected to continue in the coming years. The integration of renewable energy resources in desalination and water purification is becoming increasingly attractive. This is justified by the fact that areas of fresh water shortages have plenty of solar energy and these technologies have low operating and maintenance costs.The present paper presents a review for the work that has been achieved during the recent years in the field of desalination by renewable energies, with emphasis on technologies and economics. The review also includes water sources, demand, availability of potable water and purification methods. A comparative study between different renewable energy technologies powered desalination systems as well as performance and economics have been done. Finally, some general guidelines are given for selection of desalination and renewable energy systems and the parameters that need to be considered.     

一种新型太阳能、风能联合海水淡化装置

淡水资源短缺已成为一个世界性问题,我国也不例外.为了加大淡水供应,一条现实的途径就是充分利用我国丰富的海水资源,以及西北内陆地区的苦咸水(统称海水)进行淡化.提出了一种海水淡化装置,该装置利用温室效应原理和风能致热原理,可充分利用太阳能与风能进行海水淡化.与现有海水淡化装置相比该装置具有利用清洁能源、对环境无污染、适应性强、性价比高等特点.理论计算结果表明,该装置每小时产水量约为普通盘式太阳能海水淡化装置在晴天工作时的2倍.     

China's energy-water nexus – assessment of the energy sector's compliance with the “3 Red Lines” industrial water policy

Increasing population and economic growth continue to drive China's demand for energy and water resources. The interaction of these resources is particularly important in China, where water resources are unevenly distributed, with limited availability in coal-rich regions. The “3 Red Lines” water policies were introduced in 2011; one of their aims is to reduce industrial water use, of which the energy sector is a part. This paper analyses current water withdrawals and consumption for all energy processes and assesses the sector's compliance with the industrial water policy under different scenarios, considering potential future policy and technological changes. The results show that future energy plans could conflict with the industrial water policy, but the amount of water used in the energy sector is highly dependant on technology choices, especially for power plant cooling. High electricity demand in the future is expected to be met mainly by coal and nuclear power, and planned inland development of nuclear power presents a new source of freshwater demand. Taking a holistic view of energy and water-for-energy enables the identification of co-benefits and trade-offs between energy and water policies that can facilitate the development of more compatible and sustainable energy and water plans.     

Renewable and sustainable approaches for desalination

Freshwater and energy are essential commodities for well being of mankind. Due to increasing population growth on the one hand, and rapid industrialization on the other, today's world is facing unprecedented challenge of meeting the current needs for these two commodities as well as ensuring the needs of future generations. One approach to this global crisis of water and energy supply is to utilize renewable energy sources to produce freshwater from impaired water sources by desalination. Sustainable practices and innovative desalination technologies for water reuse and energy recovery (staging, waste heat utilization, hybridization) have the potential to reduce the stress on the existing water and energy sources with a minimal impact to the environment. This paper discusses existing and emerging desalination technologies and possible combinations of renewable energy sources to drive them and associated desalination costs. It is suggested that a holistic approach of coupling renewable energy sources with technologies for recovery, reuse, and recycle of both energy and water can be a sustainable and environment friendly approach to meet the world's energy and water needs. High capital costs for renewable energy sources for small-scale applications suggest that a hybrid energy source comprising both grid-powered energy and renewable energy will reduce the desalination costs considering present economics of energy.     

海水淡化技术的研究进展

淡水资源的紧缺已成为一个世界性问题。我国水资源匮乏,海水淡化包括西北地区的苦咸水淡化,将成为解决我国沿海地区和岛屿、华北和西北部分干旱地区等缺水问题的重要手段。海水淡化技术在国外已得到广泛应用,在我国也日趋重视。分析了海水淡化不同技术的原理、特点及其应用情况,指出与热力发电厂余热利用相结合的多效蒸馏法、多级闪蒸法将体现其明显的经济性,而且可在掌握系统技术的基础上,开发相应的成套设备。     

我国火电行业用水效率分析与节水对策

为进一步提高工业用水效率、保障水资源可持续发展和为落实最严格的水资源管理制度提供技术支撑,分析了我国火电行业取水现状和近10年的用水效率。结果表明,火电行业年取水量历经2000～2006年的剧增后,在2006年达最高值85.5×108 m3,此后2006～2008年大幅减少,2008年之后基本保持略微增长的平稳态势;2000～2010年单位发电取水量总体呈下降趋势,火电行业用水效率逐年提高。由此提出了合理的节水对策,为我国火电行业挖掘节水潜力提供了新的思路。     

中国国际石油资源利用战略的思考

国际石油价格居高不下,中国对国外石油资源的依赖度已达40%,并在进一步增长。如何安全、有效地利用国际资源,成为至关重要的问题。本文对国际石油市场与国内石油市场的不同点进行了概括,同时以“科学发展观”为指导,对国内未来能源及油气需求作了分析。在此基础上,对利用国际石油资源战略进行了构思,提出了以构建国际经济能源安全保障体系为核心的国际合作战略,并提出要在国家政府和国家公司两个层面上协调推进,同时,国家石油公司要转变经营理念,形成适应国际市场运作的经营方式。     

波浪能海水淡化的应用研究

简要介绍了"十五"期间在广东省汕尾市研建的波浪能海水淡化系统的组成和工作原理.为了验证波浪能海水淡化装置运行的实用性和可靠性,在国内外波浪能海水淡化研究的基础上,对汕尾波浪能海水淡化装置进行了不同操作压力情况下的试验研究.研究结果表明,随着高压海水压力的升高,产出淡水量会明显增加,淡水质量提高,装置产出淡水的能耗较低.     

The water–energy nexus in Middle East and North Africa

Extracting, delivering, and disposing water requires energy, and similarly, many processes for extracting and refining various fuel sources and producing electricity use water. This so-called ‘water–energy nexus’, is important to understand due to increasing energy demands and decreasing freshwater supplies in many areas. This paper performs a country-level quantitative assessment of this nexus in the MENA region. The results show a highly skewed coupling with a relatively weak dependence of energy systems on fresh water, but a strong dependence of water abstraction and production systems on energy. In case of Saudi Arabia it is estimated that up to 9% of the total annual electrical energy consumption may be attributed to ground water pumping and desalination. Other countries in the Arabian Gulf may be consuming 5–12% or more of total electricity consumption for desalination. The results suggest that policy makers should explicitly consider energy implications in water intensive food imports and future restructuring of water demand. This will help in making more integrated decisions on water and energy infrastructure systems. An integrated assessment may in some cases favor water reuse and changes in the agricultural sector as opposed to the expansion of energy intensive and financially expensive desalination systems.     

加快非常规油气矿物资源开发 增强国内油气供应基础

文章分析认为,当前世界能源生产与消费面临两个重大变革,一是能源消费向多元化方向发展；二是石油生产发生结构性变化,将转向常规与非常规油气并重的时代。持续的高油价将加快这种转化的步伐。我国需要调整石油天然气发展战略和投资战略,把加快非常规油气矿物资源的开发,提高到保持石油工业可持续发展的战略地位上来。为此,需要利用市场机制,制订长期、有效的宏观调控政策,加强国际合作,为非常规油气矿物资源的尽快开发利用创造条件。     

国内石油公司在天然气发电领域应有所作为

从我国电力消费逐年大幅增加,远大于能源消费增幅,我国电力企业长期以来具有收益稳定、持续盈利能力强的特点等几方面分析了国内石油公司参与天然气发电业务的必要性。指出,在我国电力需求增长潜力巨大、燃气发电有很大潜力、以及大规模开发和利用天然气资源的大好形势下,国内石油公司作为天然气供应者和电力消费大户,应借鉴国际石油公司的经验,积极主动地培育天然气发电市场,通过优化资源配置、与电力公司结成天然气利用同盟军、争取得到更多的政策支持等措施,推进天然气发电项目的落实,促进我国天然气发电事业的发展。     

Seawater desalination using renewable energy sources

The origin and continuation of mankind is based on water. Water is one of the most abundant resources on earth, covering three-fourths of the planet's surface. However, about 97% of the earth's water is salt water in the oceans, and a tiny 3% is fresh water. This small percentage of the earth's water—which supplies most of human and animal needs—exists in ground water, lakes and rivers. The only nearly inexhaustible sources of water are the oceans, which, however, are of high salinity. It would be feasible to address the water-shortage problem with seawater desalination; however, the separation of salts from seawater requires large amounts of energy which, when produced from fossil fuels, can cause harm to the environment. Therefore, there is a need to employ environmentally-friendly energy sources in order to desalinate seawater.After a historical introduction into desalination, this paper covers a large variety of systems used to convert seawater into fresh water suitable for human use. It also covers a variety of systems, which can be used to harness renewable energy sources; these include solar collectors, photovoltaics, solar ponds and geothermal energy. Both direct and indirect collection systems are included. The representative example of direct collection systems is the solar still. Indirect collection systems employ two sub-systems; one for the collection of renewable energy and one for desalination. For this purpose, standard renewable energy and desalination systems are most often employed. Only industrially-tested desalination systems are included in this paper and they comprise the phase change processes, which include the multistage flash, multiple effect boiling and vapour compression and membrane processes, which include reverse osmosis and electrodialysis. The paper also includes a review of various systems that use renewable energy sources for desalination. Finally, some general guidelines are given for selection of desalination and renewable energy systems and the parameters that need to be considered.     

Progress and prospect of hydrate-based desalination technology

With the continuous growth of the population and the improvement of production, the shortage of freshwater has plagued many countries. The use of novel technologies such as desalination to produce fresh water on a large scale has become inevitable in the world. Hydrate-based desalination (HBD) technology has drawn an increasing amount of attention due to its mild operation condition and environmental friendliness. In this paper, literature on hydrate-based desalination is comprehensively analyzed and critically evaluated, focuses on experimental progress in different hydrate formers that have an impact on thermodynamics and dynamics in hydrate formation. Besides, various porous media promotion is investigated. Besides, the hydrate formation morphology and hydrate crystal structure with different hydrate formers are analyzed and compared. Moreover, molecular dynamic simulation is discussed to further understand microscopic information of hydrate formation. Furthermore, simulations of the HBD process by considering the energy consumption are also investigated. In conclusion, the hydrated based desalination is a potential technology to get fresh water in a sustainable way.     

Critical analysis of Thailand’s past energy policies towards the development of a new energy policy

This research originated from the researchers’ participation in the Thai senate Committee on Energy. It studies energy strategies and guidelines for Thailand’s energy development in line with the country’s potential, its energy resources as well as the needs of the Thai people with the ultimate goal to help bring about sustainable energy development. The research found that continuing dependence on natural gas crisis will pose a major threat with sustainable development of energy. According to its current power development plans, Thailand will likely increase its dependence on natural gas. The country should therefore diversify the use of energy sources since over-dependence on a single fuel will create risks to energy security, especially security of the fuels used in the generation of electricity. It is imperative to increase promotion of measures for energy conservation and energy efficiency, including measures to reduce fuel consumption and switching to renewable energy.     

Sustainable energy production and consumption in Turkey: A review

In this century, energy has been the driving force of the global economy and it will, for sure, continue to be one of the most important element for the sustainable socio-economic development for the coming centuries. Therefore, energy producers and governors have a vital duty to provide enough energy in good quality continuously with low cost for the sustainable development. The subject of energy production and energy politics in Turkey generally comes at first privilege. Ahead of the 21st century, Turkish energy diplomacy started to affect the future course of Turkey’s relations with the Eurasian countries as well as the Western countries. This paper describes energy production and consumption strategies in Turkey and criticizes Turkish energy policies. If the present pattern of energy production and consumption in Turkey is maintained, there will be serious problems to meet future energy demands due to shortages of resources and low financial inputs, combined with the environmental care for the country. As a result, major components of Turkey’s strategy for sustainable development should include changing the present energy production and consumption patterns, expanding energy sources and the structure of power production, and creating an energy structure that is less or not at all risky to the environment.     

洁净煤技术及其在我国能源消费结构调整中的作用

通过分析我国现行能源生产与消费现状,可发现我国煤炭资源丰富,但煤炭作为终端能源的消费比例过高,燃煤质量普遍低下,燃煤技术普遍落后,引起大气和地面严重污染,已在很大程度上影响和制约了国民经济的发展;随着国民经济的发展。近些年我国石油消费量不断增加,石油供需矛盾日益突出,进口依存度已达 30％,外汇支付压力越来越大,石油安全问题已涉及国家能源安全;天然气从长远看也满足不了需求。因此,我国能源发展应立足于国内资源,以煤炭为基础,多元化发展高效、清洁能源。洁净煤技术可有效提高煤炭效率,减少粉尘和 SO2污染,有利于调整产业结构和技术结构,有利于国民经济的可持续发展。     

Application of geothermal energy for heating and fresh water production in a brackish water greenhouse desalination unit: A case study from Algeria

The aim of this paper was to outline a proposed a new brackish water greenhouse desalination unit powered by geothermal energy for the development of arid and relatively cold regions, using Algeria as a case study. Countries which have abundant sea/brackish water resources and good geothermal conditions are ideal candidates for producing fresh water from sea/brackish water. The establishment of human habitats in these arid areas strongly depends on availability of fresh water. The main advantage of using geothermal energy to power brackish water greenhouse desalination units is that this renewable energy source can provide power 24 h a day. This resource is generally invariant with less intermittence problems compared to other renewable resources such as solar or wind energy. Geothermal resources can both be used to heat the greenhouses and to provide fresh water needed for irrigation of the crops cultivated inside the greenhouses. A review of the geothermal potential in the case study country is also outlined.