聚乳酸/蒙脱石纳米复合材料的制备与表征

对纳基蒙脱石(MMT)有机改性后,采用溶液插层薄膜塑造工艺制备蒙脱石/聚乳酸(PLA)纳米复合物,采用X-Ray粉晶衍射(XRD)、综合热分析(TGA&DSC)、红外吸收光谱(IR)等方法对复合材料进行表征,讨论了蒙脱石对插层结果的影响.结果表明,PLA能够插入MMT层间;MMT的层间距由1.40nm增大到2.16nm;复合材料的热稳定性能得到改善.     

超声波对硅树脂/蒙脱土纳米复合材料热性能的影响

采用超声波技术,原位插层聚合法制备了甲基苯基硅树脂/有机蒙脱土(OMMT)纳米复合材料。X射线衍射(XRD),透射电镜(TEM)研究了复合材料内部结构以及超声波时间对蒙脱土分散性和复合材料热性能的影响。简单控制超声波时间15和30min,分别制备了不同OMMT质量分数的插层型和剥离型聚合物/蒙脱土纳米复合材料。加入OMMT,无论是插层型还是剥离型,复合材料的起始分解温度都有所下降,但热失重速率较平缓。插层型纳米复合材料耐热性能明显优于剥离型,温度500℃时,插层型热失重均小于纯硅树脂。当OMMT含量8%时,插层型PLS复合材料500℃的热失重均10%;而剥离型PLS复合材料500℃的热失重较大,超过15%。     

碳/蒙脱石复合材料的制备和表征

以蔗糖、蒙脱石为原料,在超声分散条件下,采用溶液插层、碳化方法制备插层型碳/蒙脱石纳米复合材料,通过X射线衍射(XRD)和红外光谱(FTIR)等分析表征方法对插层型蔗糖/蒙脱石纳米复合材料、碳/蒙脱石纳米复合材料进行表征,XRD结果表明,在400W的超声及70℃下,按蒙脱石:蔗糖:蒸馏水=1:2:20的比例超声反应2h,静置2h后能够得到d001=1.80nm的蔗糖/蒙脱石复合材料;将其在400℃氮气氛中碳化3h能够得到d001=1.34nm的复合材料。FTIR谱图表明,蔗糖/蒙脱石复合材料碳化完全,最终获得了具有三明治结构的碳/蒙脱石纳米复合材料。     

壳聚糖衍生物改性磷酸锆自组装纳米材料的 制备及抑菌性能研究

以α-ZrP为载体,通过微波辐射法,将3种水溶性壳聚糖衍生物羧甲基壳聚糖、N-三甲基壳聚糖季铵盐和N-对苯甲氧基甲基壳聚糖季铵盐插层进入α-ZrP层间,制备得到3种壳聚糖衍生物/磷酸锆纳米复合抑菌材料。通过红外光谱、X射线衍射、扫描电镜、透射电镜、电动电位分析和热重分析,对纳米复合材料的组成、结构和热稳定性进行表征。X射线衍射及电动电位分析实验结果表明:相较于α-ZrP,壳聚糖衍生物/磷酸锆纳米复合材料的层间距随着壳聚糖衍生物插层而明显增大,壳聚糖衍生物的正电性越强,复合材料的层间距越大,这表明壳聚糖衍生物与α-ZrP通过离子交换、氢键结合,已经成功地插层进入α-ZrP层间。热重分析结果显示复合材料的热稳定性较天然壳聚糖有显著提高。抑菌试验结果表明,复合材料对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌都具有很好的抑菌效果。     

原位乳液插层法制备PBA/OMMT纳米复合母料及其在ABS中的应用

通过原位乳液插层法制备高有机蒙脱土(OMMT)含量的聚丙烯酸丁酯/有机蒙脱土(PBA/0MMT)纳米复合物,将其作为母料与ABS进一步熔融插层制得力学性能良好的ABS/OMMT纳米复合材料,并通过XRD、TGA和TEM等对材料进行了表征.结果表明:制得的PBA/OMMT母料为插层型纳米复合物,OMMT片层间距从2.38nm增大到3.85nm;采用母料法制备ABS/OMMT纳米复合材料,ABS链段易插层进入OMMT层间,使OMMT片层在ABS基体中达到剥离并以纳米尺度均匀分散,较好地保持了ABS的缺口冲击强度.     

聚氨酯/有机蒙脱土杂化物改性不饱和聚酯的制备与表征

采用聚合物熔融插层方法制备了不饱和聚酯(UPR)/热塑性聚氨酯(TPU)/有机蒙脱土(OMMT)纳米复合材料。红外光谱显示,OMMT与熔融的TPU之间发生了强烈的相互作用。X射线衍射结果揭示,在剪切作用下TPU能进入OMMT层间,形成的杂化物的层间距比OMMT的层间距增大了1.31 nm;在固化过程中,由于聚合热效应,OMMT层间距被进一步撑大;差热扫描量热分析结果表明,固化前后都只有一个Tg,组分间相容性较好,OMMT的加入可以提高体系的Tg。热重分析结果表明,同时加入聚氨酯和OMMT能对复合材料的热稳定性起到协同效应。扫描电镜和透射电镜观察到,TPU和OMMT在复合材料中分散良好。     

聚马来酸/LDH插层型纳米复合材料的制备与表征

采用离子交换法将马来酸单体插入Mg/Al-Cl-LDH层间,然后通过热或氧化还原引发层间单体链式原位缩聚制备聚马来酸/水滑石(LDH)插层型纳米复合材料。研究了插层组装的条件和引发聚合的方法。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、红外光谱(FT-IR)、热重及差热分析(TG-DTA)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等手段对样品进行了表征与测试。结果表明,马来酸插层LDH使层间距由0.767 nm增大至1.19 nm,H2O2引发剂或热引发聚合使层间距由1.19 nm分别减小至1.114 nm和1.085 nm,产物粒径为50 nm~100 nm。聚马来酸分子进入LDH层间形成超分子结构,使其热稳定性提高100℃以上。     

聚氨酯/聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯/有机蒙脱土纳米复合材料的制务、结构与性能

首次将插层纳米复合技术与互穿聚合物网络（IPN）技术相结合,通过同步插层聚合法制备了聚氨酯/聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯/有机蒙脱土（PU/PMMA/OMMT）纳米复合材料.XRD、SEM、TGA等研究表明,在聚氨酯/有机蒙脱土（PU/OMMT）体系中蒙脱土以40～700 nm的团聚体不均匀地分散在聚氨酯基体中,且部分蒙脱土被插层,其层间距增加了0.95nm,体系为插层型纳米复合材料.PU/PMMA/OMMT体系中蒙脱土以20～80nm的粒子分布于聚合物基体中,且蒙脱土的插层效果显著,是PU/OMMT体系的2.5倍,形成了插层型纳米复合材料.同时,蒙脱土的加入使得聚氨酯和聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯的互穿聚合物网络（PU/PMMA-IPN）体系中PU相与PMMA相间相分离更明显,塑性相畴粒子尺寸显著增加,且各相中两组分相互作用加强,分布更均匀.PU/PMMA/OMMT纳米复合材料的热稳定性高于其他材料.同时对其力学性能进行了研究,发现其力学性能明显优于聚氨酯、基于聚氨酯和PU/PMMA-IPN和PU/OMMT纳米复合材料.     

熔融插层法制备聚环氧乙烷/LixMoO3纳米复合材料

利用熔融插层法制备出聚环氧乙烷(PEO)/LiXMoO3纳米复合材料.通过X-射线衍射、差示量热扫描、电感耦合等离子发射光谱及热重实验分析,结果表明,PEO大分子在熔融状态下插入到LiXMoO3片层中,使其层间距增大了7.7,同时,PEO大分子的插层使其结晶性能受到了限制.     

辣椒素/有机蒙脱土的制备及其缓释性能研究

利用溶液插层方法成功制备了不同载药量的辣椒素(Capsaicin,CAP)/有机蒙脱土(OMMT)复合物。通过X射线衍射(XRD)、红外吸收光谱(FTIR)、热重分析(TGA)对复合物的插层结构、相互作用及其热稳定性进行了分析。结果表明,载药后蒙脱土层间距由1.9nm增加到3.7nm,即形成了辣椒素/蒙脱土纳米插层结构,并且该复合物有效地提高了辣椒素的热稳定性,使辣椒素的热分解温度升高到240℃。从药物体外释放实验结果可知,复合物的药物缓释时间为48h,对辣椒素具有明显的药物缓释效果。这种辣椒素/有机蒙脱土长效抗菌复合材料有望作为抗菌塑料添加剂。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...