磁性壳聚糖微球的制备及其固定化乳糖酶的研究

采用水热法制备得到磁性Fe_3O_4纳米粒子,以壳聚糖、制备的Fe_3O_4为原料,采用乳化交联法成功制备了磁性壳聚糖微球,并通过SEM、FTIR、VSM、XRD对其进行表征。进一步以制备的磁性壳聚糖微球为载体,采用吸附法制备磁性壳聚糖微球固定化乳糖酶。以酶活力为考察指标,研究了不同固定化条件对制备固定化酶的影响,以及固定化酶的酶学性质。结果表明,乳糖酶的最佳固定化条件为:固定化时间4 h,pH为7.0,乳糖酶酶液浓度为0.6 mg/mL,固定化酶相对于游离酶的pH稳定性和温度稳定性均有一定程度的提高,固定化酶重复使用5次后,酶活仍保留65%以上。     

以凹土颗粒稳定的乳液为模板制备复合微球固定化酶

以凹土颗粒稳定的Pickering乳液为模板聚合有机/无机复合微球,并以此为载体固定化脂肪酶,当脂肪酶浓度为0.020wt％,固定化温度为45 ℃及pH=7.4的条件下,固定化效果较好,酶活达到最大.脂肪酶固定化后显示出较好的热稳定性、储存稳定性,重复使用三次后酶活仍与游离酶的初始酶活相近.从而为酶的固定化的提供了一条新的途径.     

功能化磁性纳米颗粒固定化脂肪酶研究

用葡萄糖酸对Fe3O4磁性纳米颗粒表面进行修饰,然后用水溶性碳化二亚胺（EDC）作偶联剂,对脂肪酶进行固定化。考察了偶联剂浓度、给酶量和反应时间对脂肪酶固定化过程的影响。结果表明,制备功能化磁性颗粒固定化酶的最佳条件为：偶联剂浓度为12．5mg／mL磷酸缓冲液（PBS）,给酶量为2．5mg／mLPBS,反应时间为24h。固定化脂肪酶表现出优异的热稳定性,60℃时酶活为游离酶的6倍。重复使用10次后,酶促活力依然保持80％以上。     

纳米Fe3O4协同海藻酸钠固定化桑叶多酚氧化酶

探索磁性纳米Fe3O4协同海藻酸钠固定化桑叶多酚氧化酶.通过单因素和正交试验优化固定化条件,并采用电镜技术对固定化桑叶多酚氧化酶进行形态观察.试验结果表明最佳固定化条件为:按质量比3∶5加入磁粉纳米Fe3O4到4％海藻酸钠溶液里,在质量分数为1％氯化钙中包埋1.0h,再用质量分数为1.5％戊二醛交联1.5h,此条件下的酶活回收率为93.44％.通过与非磁性的海藻酸钠固定化酶的对比,磁性纳米Fe3O4复合海藻酸钠固定化酶包覆良好,酶活回收率提高了7.84％.     

固定酶法催化合成生物柴油Ⅰ.大孔树脂固定化脂肪酶的制备

研究了用于生物柴油酶催化的大孔树脂固定化脂肪酶的制备过程,考察和优化了脂肪酶固定化方法及条件。结果表明,采用大孔树脂D3520作载体,以载体涂布法固定化脂肪酶的最适固定化条件为:酶用量为酶∶树脂=0.16∶1(质量比),吸附时间1~3 h,pH值范围为9.0~9.4,固定化温度40℃。酶活力可达91.49 U/g,酶活回收率约为54%。     

黏土吸附法固定化脂肪酶的初步研究

为研究天然黏土为载体固定化脂肪酶的可行性,采用羟基化、硅烷化处理,对黏土进行改性,并以此为载体吸附固定化脂肪酶,探讨黏土固定化脂肪酶的条件对酶活及蛋白吸附量的影响,优化固定化脂肪酶条件。研究结果表明:黏土经羟基化、硅烷化改性处理后能显著提高固定化酶活和蛋白固定量,其中硅烷化改性最优;载体固定脂肪酶最优条件为:加酶量50 mg/g,载体粒径180—250μm,pH值为4.0,固定化温度25℃,固定化时间2.0 h;与游离酶相比,固定化酶显示出更广的pH值适应性。黏土固定化脂肪酶重复使用10批次后,仍能保留76.85%的初始活力。以天然黏土为载体固定化脂肪酶,具有较好的实际可应用性及操作稳定性,在较低pH值条件下应用具有一定优势。     

大孔载体固定化脂肪酶

用自制大孔载体固定化脂肪酶,对固定化条件进行了优化,比较了固定化酶与游离酶的酶学参数. 结果表明,酶粉与载体质量比为1:1、固定化温度在20~25℃之间、固定化时间1.5 h的条件下,所得固定化酶的酶活最高. 固定化酶的最适pH为8.5,最适温度为40℃,其热稳定性、操作稳定性都比游离酶高,4℃下保存7 d后,酶活仍剩余94%.     

纳米晶镁铝水滑石固定化脂肪酶性质研究

以阴离子型层状材料纳米晶镁铝水滑石为载体通过直接吸附对脂肪酶进行固定,考察了各因素对酶固定化的影响,优化了固定化条件.研究表明,脂肪酶的较优固定化条件为载体用量0.32 g/mL(720 U/mL酶液),30～35℃,pH值7.5,负载6～7 h,制得的固定化酶表观酶活达725 U/g.游离酶和固定化酶的水解活化能分别为5.45 kJ/mol和16.31 kJ/mol,游离酶和固定化酶的表观失活活化能分别为20.28 kJ/mol和29.02 kJ/mol,固定化酶较游离酶稳定.     

核壳结构磁性树枝状纤维形有机硅固定化脂肪酶制备及其应用

为了提升脂肪酶的稳定性并构建新型固定化酶催化体系,利用改进的Winsor Ⅲ微乳液双连续相体系合成了超顺磁性Fe₃O₄内核和树枝状纤维形氧化硅外壳的核壳结构磁性有机硅纳米粒子（MMOSNs）,用于固定化南极假丝酵母脂肪酶B（CALB）。优化条件后CALB负载量为177.49 mg/g,比水解活性为27390 U/g。磁性有机硅通过与CLAB分子之间疏水相互作用及表面孔道结构,可有效激活CALB的界面活性并保护活性构象免受破坏,比游离酶和磁性无机硅固定化酶表现出更好的活性和稳定性。除此之外,将CALB@MMOSNs用于催化乙酰丙酸与十二醇的酯化反应最高转化率为85.05%,重复使用9次后仍保留68.94%转化率,而商业化N435只保留29.83%。证明疏水性磁性核壳结构有机硅是固定化CALB的良好载体,可有效扩展脂肪酶的工业应用。     

磁性聚丙烯酰胺-丙烯酸共聚纳米粒子固定脂肪酶的研究

用沉淀聚合制备了P(Am-co-Aa)-Gd(Ⅲ)磁性高分子纳米微球,在此基础上通过共价键合固定脂肪酶。结果表明:固定脂肪酶后的磁性纳米微球具有优异的磁分离能力;钆离子对固定化酶有明显的激活作用,当钆离子质量分数为0.8%时,偶联率和活力回收率分别提高57%和60%;脂肪酶被固定化后其pH稳定性,操作稳定性均比自由酶明显提高。     

Lipase Immobilization onto the Surface of PGMA-b-PDMAEMA-grafted Magnetic Nanoparticles Prepared via Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization

A block copolymer of 2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) was grafted onto the surface of magnetic nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄) via atom transfer radical polymerization. The resultant PGMA-b-PDMAEMA-grafted-Fe₃O₄ magnetic nanoparticles with amino and epoxy groups were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, thermo-gravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. Lipase from Burkholderia cepacia was successfully immobilized onto the magnetic nanoparticles by physical adsorption and covalent bonding. The immobilization capacity of the magnetic particles is 0.5 mg lipase per mg support, with an activity recovery of up to 43.1% under the optimum immobilization condition. Biochemical characterization shows that the immobilized lipase exhibits improved thermal stability, good tolerance to organic solvents with high lg P, and higher pH stability than the free lipase at pH 9.0. After six consecutive cycles, the residual activity of the immobilized lipase is still over 55% of its initial activity.     

表面活性剂改性磁性氧化石墨烯共价固定脂肪酶CRL

采用化学共沉淀法制备磁性氧化石墨烯（MGO）,直接在反应体系中加入Span系列表面活性剂,一锅法制备得到表面活性剂改性磁性氧化石墨烯（SMGO）。X射线衍射仪（XRD）、扫描电镜（SEM）和傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）表征结果表明SMGO制备成功,且具有良好的磁分离性能。以1,5-戊二醛（GA）为交联剂,褶皱假丝酵母脂肪酶（CRL）为模型酶,共价固定CRL于SMGO载体上。Span40 MGO固定化酶酶活回收率为116.5%±1.7%,为MGO固定化酶的6倍;比活可达32.5U/mg,为游离酶的1.6倍;k_cat/K_m也有较大的提升,高于游离酶50%。储存稳定性及热稳定性得到提高,用于水解反应6批次后仍然保留73.6%的相对酶活力。初步分析认为MGO经改性后表面从亲水性转为强疏水性,使得共价固定化过程中同时发生疏水性界面活化,这是酶活性提高的原因之一。文章所报道的改性策略可为类似载体改性提供新思路。     

Zwitterionic polymer-coated porous poly(vinyl acetate–divinyl benzene)microsphere: A new support for enhanced performance of immobilized lipase

Enzyme immobilization has attracted great attention for improving the performance of enzymes in industrial applications. This work was designed to create a new support for Candida rugosa lipase(CRL) immobilization.A porous poly(vinyl acetate–divinyl benzene) microsphere coated by a zwitterionic polymer, poly(maleic anhydride-alt-1-octadecene) and N,N-dimethylethylenediamine derivative, was developed for CRL immobilization via hydrophobic binding. The catalytic activity, reaction kinetics, stabilities and reusability of the immobilized CRL were investigated. It demonstrated the success of the zwitterionic polymer coating and subsequent CRL immobilization on the porous microsphere. The immobilized lipase(p2-MS-CRL) reached27.6 mg·g~(-1) dry carrier and displayed a specific activity 1.5 times higher than free CRL. The increase of Vmax and decrease of Kmwere also observed, indicating the improvement of catalytic activity and enzyme-substrate affinity of the immobilized lipase. Besides, p2-MS-CRL exhibited significantly enhanced thermal stability and p H tolerance. The improved performance was considered due to the interfacial activation regulated by the hydrophobic interaction and stabilization effect arisen by the zwitterionic polymer coating. This study has thus proved the advantages of the zwitterionic polymer-coated porous carrier for lipase immobilization and its potential for further development in various enzyme immobilizations.     

Enzyme immobilization: Part 1. Modified bentonite as a new and efficient support for immobilization of Candida rugosa lipase

Immobilization of Candida rugosa lipase onto modified and unmodified bentonites is described. The effect of hydrophilic or hydrophobic nature of the support, the reuse efficiency, and kinetic behavior of immobilized lipase were studied. The modified bentonite with monolayer surfactant (BMS), was the best support, for immobilization. The activity of the immobilized enzyme was examined under varying experimental conditions. The effect of various factors such as concentration of enzyme solution, pH and temperature, stirring and various thermodynamic parameters were also evaluated. The activity of lipase on Na-bentonite, on BMS and on bentonite with bilayer surfactant (BBS) at the optimum pH was 7.2%, 56.6% and 3.6%, respectively. The adsorption isotherm was modelled by the Langmuir equation. The amounts of immobilized lipase on Na-bentonite, BMS and BBS at the highest activity were 42.6%, 61.2% and 28.3%, respectively. The effect of substrate concentration on enzymatic activity of the free and immobilized enzymes showed a good fit to the Michaelis–Menten plots. The immobilized enzyme exhibited an activity comparable to the free enzyme after storage at 30 °C. The thermal stability of free and immobilized lipase were also studied.     

Immobilization of Candida rugosa lipase on modified natural wool fibers

A method has been developed to immobilize lipase from Candida rugosa on modified natural wool fibers by means of graft copolymerization of poly ethylacrylate in presence of potassium persulphate and Mohr’s salt redox initiator. The activities of free and immobilized lipase have been studied. FTIR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and the Bradford method were used to characterize lipase immobilization. The efficiency of the immobilization was evaluated by examining the relative enzymatic activity of free enzyme before and after the immobilization of lipase. The results showed that the optimum temperature of immobilized lipase was 40 °C, which was identical to that of the free enzyme, and the immobilized lipase exhibited a higher relative activity than that of free lipase over 40 °C. The optimal pH for immobilized lipase was 8.0, which was higher than that of the free lipase (pH 7.5), and the immobilization resulted in stabilization of enzyme over a broader pH range. The kinetic constant value (km) of immobilized lipase was higher than that of the free lipase. However, the thermal and operational stabilities of immobilized lipase have been improved greatly.     

Covalent immobilization and characterization of Rhizopus oryzae lipase on core-shell cobalt ferrite nanoparticles for biodiesel production

Rhizopus oryzae lipase (ROL) was immobilized on the surface of silica coated amino modified CoFe2O4 nanoparticles and applied for biodiesel production.The results indicated more affinity of the ROL toward its substrate upon immobilization,as revealed by a lower Km value for the immobilized ROL compared to its free counterpart.Intrinsic fluorescence spectroscopy indicated a lower intensity for ROL immobilized on CoFe2O4 nanoparticles.Besides,immobilized ROL steady state anisotropy measurements presented lower values,which implied assembly of ROL molecules on magnetic nanoparticles upon immobilization as well as their restricted rotation upon covalent attachment.Thermal stability analysis revealed improved activity at higher temperatures for the immobilized enzyme compared to its free counterpart.Accordingly,Pace analysis to determine protein thermal stability revealed preservation of the protein conformation in the presence of increasing temperatures upon immobilization on nanoparticles.Finally,ROL immobilized on CoFe2O4 nanoparticles exhibited improved efficiency of biodiesel production in agreement with thermal activity profile.Therefore,the authors suggest application of the lipase mole-cules immobilized on CoFe2O4 nanoparticles for more efficient biodiesel production.     

Lipase immobilization on ionic liquid‐modified magnetic nanoparticles: Ionic liquids controlled esters hydrolysis at oil–water interface

Ester hydrolysis at oil–water interface by lipase covalently immobilized on ionic liquid‐modified magnetic nanoparticles was investigated. Magnetic supports with a diameter of 10–15 nm were synthesized by covalent binding of ionic liquids (chain length C₄ and C₈ and anions Cl^?, BF₄^?, and PF₆^?) on the surface of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles. Lipase was covalently immobilized on Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles using ionic liquids as the coupling reagent. Ionic liquid‐modified magnetic nanoparticle‐grafted lipase preferentially located at the oil–water interface. It has higher catalytic activity than its native counterpart. A modified Michaelis–Menten model was used to elucidate the effect of stirring rate, aqueous–organic phase ratio, total amount of enzyme, and ester chain length. The influences of these conditions on esters hydrolysis at oil–water interface were consistent with the introduction of the ionic liquids interlayer. Ionic liquids could be used to control the oil–water interfacial characteristics during lipase catalyzed hydrolysis, and thus control the behavior of immobilized lipase. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012     

Immobilization of lipase on magnetic porous microspheres

开发了以磁性多孔微粒作为载体固定化脂肪酶的方法,进行了载体的FTIR、XRD、SEM、TEM、BET、TGA和VSM等测定与分析,考察了固定化时间、酶载量和缓冲液pH值等因素对固定化酶在有机相中催化烯丙醇酮转酯化反应性能的影响。结果表明,制备的磁性微粒是以Fe₃O₄为磁核,呈现多孔,比表面积12.16 m²/g,平均孔径为171.7 nm,磁铁含量38%并为超顺磁性;在酶与载体质量比为1∶1、pH值8.0及固定化时间6 h制得固定化酶的效果最佳,固定化酶的活力回收率可达240%。以其作为载体制备获得固定化酶操作稳定性得到显著提高,重复利用30批次后残余活力为74.5%,而游离酶7批次后仅为37.1%。