Dissimilar Joining of Pure Copper to Aluminum Alloy via Friction Stir Welding

In this study, the dissimilar friction stir welding(FSW) butt joints between aluminum alloy 5754-H114 and commercially pure copper were investigated. The thickness of welded plates was 4 mm and the aluminum plate was placed on the advancing side. In order to obtain a suitable flow and a better material mixing, a 1-mm offset was considered for the aluminum plate, toward the butt centerline. For investigating the microstructure and mechanical properties of FSWed joints, optical microscopy and mechanical tests(i.e., uniaxial tensile test and microhardness) were used, respectively.Furthermore, the analysis of intermetallic compounds and fracture surface was examined by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The effect of heat generation on the mechanical properties and microstructure of the FSWed joints was investigated. The results showed that there is an optimum amount of heat input. The intermetallic compounds formed in FSWed joints were Al4Cu9 and Al2Cu. The best results were found in joints with 1000 rpm rotational speed and100 mm/min travel speed. The tensile strength was found as 219 MPa, which reached 84% of the aluminum base strength.Moreover, maximum value of the microhardness of the stir zone(SZ) was attained as about 120 HV, which was greatly depended on the grain size, intermetallic compounds and copper pieces in SZ.     

Comparative study of microstructure and mechanical properties of laser welded–brazed Mg/steel joints with four different coating surfaces

There has always been a question about which condition results in superior mechanical properties in friction stir spot welds: (i) when the tool tip penetrates into the lower sheet or (ii) when the tool tip does not touch it. Given the question, the effects of the tool penetration depth were investigated on the microstructure and mechanical behaviour of dissimilar Al-5083/St-12 joints produced by friction stir spot welding (FSSW). Two different processes named as non-penetrating and penetrating FSSW were used. Optical and scanning electron microscopes as well as microhardness and tensile–shear tests were utilised to examine the obtained joints. The results showed that the penetrating process led to the stronger joints with lower fracture energy. The differences were studied in the light of the joining mechanisms and the formation of Al/Fe intermetallic compounds.     

Evaluation of Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Resistance of Friction Stir-Welded Aluminum and Magnesium Dissimilar Alloys

Microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of dissimilar friction stir-welded aluminum and magnesium alloys were investigated by applying three different rotational speeds at two different travel speeds. Sound joints were obtained in all the conditions. The microstructure was examined by an optical and scanning electron microscope, whereas localized chemical information was studied by energy-dispersive spectroscopy. Stir zone microstructure showed mixed bands of Al and Mg with coarse and fine equiaxed grains. Grain size of stir zone reduced compared to base metals, indicated by dynamic recrystallization. More Al patches were observed in the stir zone as rotational speed increased. X-ray diffraction showed the presence of intermetallics in the stir zone. Higher tensile strength and hardness were obtained at a high rotational speed corresponding to low travel speed. Tensile fractured surface indicated brittle nature of joints. Dissimilar friction stir weld joints showed different behaviors in different corrosive environments, and better corrosion resistance was observed at a high rotational speed corresponding to low travel speed (FW3) in a sulfuric and chloride environments. Increasing travel speed did not significantly affect on microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion resistance as much as the rotational speed.     

Investigation of the Friction Stir Lap Welding of Aluminum Alloys AA 5182 and AA 6022

Friction stir lap welding of the similar and dissimilar aluminum alloys is investigated. AA 5182 and AA 6022 aluminum alloys (the widely used aluminum alloys for automobile applications) are selected for the feasibility studies. The friction stir lap welding shows that the placement of the aluminum alloys in the different orders over each other affect the final weld quality and its mechanical properties. The welding parameters such as rotational and traverse speeds and the penetration depth are key factors to affect the micro-structure soundness. The mechanical and the micro-structural characterization is performed on the joints formed with varying welding parameters and from the different order of placement of the AA 6022 and the AA 5182 sheets. The weld failure occurs on the advancing side during the peel tests indicating that the retreating side is relatively stronger. Measured temperatures indicate that the advancing side has higher developed temperature during the course of welding compared to the retreating side.     

Effect of tool plunge depth on joint formation and mechanical performance of friction stir forming joints made between AA 5052-H32 and AA 6061-T6 sheet metals

The potential of friction stir forming for joining dissimilar grades of aluminum alloys namely, AA 5052-H32 and AA 6061-T6, was investigated. Study on the effect of tool plunge depth revealed that, lap shear load of 7.16 kN and cross-tensile load of 3.51 kN, recorded at medium tool plunge depth range from 0.5 to 0.7 mm, measured using a universal testing machine, were much larger than those of friction stir welded and friction stir spot welded joints fabricated on the same materials. Joint macrostructure observed with optical microscope revealed that joints were strengthened either by mechanical pin interlocking or by metallurgical bonding. The effect of tool plunge depth on the stir zone formation and the influence of frictional heat flux on the lower sheet were revealed through the microhardness measurement using Vickers hardness tester. Morphological studies revealed that tool plunge depth has a significant influence on the pin formation and the geometric features, generated in these joints. Occurrence of various failure modes such as pin pull-out, pin shear, partial bond delamination, and tear-off, were governed by the formation of critical weak zones at various tool plunge depths.     

Assessing the Bonding Interface Characteristics and Mechanical Properties of Bobbin Tool Friction Stir Welded Dissimilar Aluminum Alloy Joints

This study focuses on the bonding interface characteristics and mechanical properties of the bobbin tool friction stir welded dissimilar AA6056 and AA2219 aluminum alloy joints using different welding speeds.Voids arise solely in the stir zone at the AA2219 side.A distinct boundary with limited material mixing develops at the middle section of the bonding inter-face,while excellent material mixing with an irregularly jagged pattern forms at the top and bottom sections of the bonding interface.Increasing the welding speed,the material mixing is rarely changed at the middle section in comparison with the bottom section.Furthermore,a small difference between Guinier-Preston dissolution and Q phase precipitation leads to rare change of hardness in the heat affected zone(HAZ)at the AA6056 side.The increased hardness of the HAZ at the AA2219 side is attributed to avoidance of the dissolution of θ"phase precipitates.A maximum tensile strength of 181 MPa is obtained at 300 mm min-1.Fractures occur at the AA6056 side near the top and bottom surfaces and at the bonding interface in the middle section of the joints.The regions close to the top and bottom surfaces of the joints show a better ductility.     

Fatigue Behavior of Dissimilar Al–Mg–Si/Al–Zn–Mg Aluminum Alloys Friction Stir Welding Joints

In this study, fatigue properties and fracture mechanism of dissimilar Al–Mg–Si/Al–Zn–Mg aluminum alloys friction stir welding(FSW) joints were investigated and the effect of the sheet configuration on the fatigue behavior of the FSW joints was also discussed. Results showed that the joints owned better fatigue properties when the Al–Zn–Mg aluminum alloy was placed at the advancing side(AS). At 10~7 cycles, the fatigue strengths of Al–Zn–Mg–AS and Al–Mg–Si–AS joints were, respectively, 105.6 and 90.1 MPa. All joints fractured at the heat-affected zone at the Al–Mg–Si alloy side. Transmission electron microscopy results showed that better fatigue property of the Al–Zn–Mg–AS joint was associated with the bridging effect of the bigger secondary phase particles.     

Characterization of friction stir welded joint of low nickel austenitic stainless steel and modified ferritic stainless steel

Friction stir welding (FSW) of dissimilar stainless steels, low nickel austenitic stainless steel and 409M ferritic stainless steel, is experimentally investigated. Process responses during FSW and the microstructures of the resultant dissimilar joints are evaluated. Material flow in the stir zone is investigated in detail by elemental mapping. Elemental mapping of the dissimilar joints clearly indicates that the material flow pattern during FSW depends on the process parameter combination. Dynamic recrystallization and recovery are also observed in the dissimilar joints. Among the two different stainless steels selected in the present study, the ferritic stainless steels shows more severe dynamic recrystallization, resulting in a very fine microstructure, probably due to the higher stacking fault energy.     

Friction stir welding of AZ31 magnesium alloys processed by equal channel angular pressing

Equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) is an effective thermo-mechanical process to make ultrafine grains.An investigation was carried out on the friction stir welding (FSW) of ECAPed AZ31 magnesium alloys with a thickness of 15 mm.For different process parameters,the optimum FSW conditions of ECAPed AZ31 magnesium alloys were examined.The basic characterization of weld formation and the mechanical properties of the joints were discussed.The results show that the effect of welding parameters on welding quality was evident and welding quality was sensitive to welding speed.Sound joints could be obtained when the welding speed was 37.5 mm/min and the rotation speed of the stir tool was 750 r/min.The maximum tensile strength (270 MPa) of FSW was 91% that of the base materials.The value of microhardness varied between advancing side and retreating side because of the speed field near the pin of the stir tool,which weakened the deformed stress field.The value of microhardness of the welding zone was lower than that of the base materials.The maximum value was located near the heat-affected zone (HAZ).Remarkable ductile character was observed from the fracture morphologies of welded joints.     

基于温度场分析的航空铝合金薄壁件搅拌摩擦焊工艺参数优化设计

目前已经有对于不同厚度的铝合金的搅拌摩擦焊接(friction stir welding,FSW)进行研究,并研发出一系列的焊接设备和工艺保证焊接质量的可靠与有效.但对于超薄的铝合金焊接,搅拌摩擦焊还存在一定的限制,如由于工艺参数选取不当造成焊接温度的太低或过高,严重降低焊缝的力学性能.通过分析搅拌摩擦焊传热机理,研究薄壁件徽搅拌摩擦焊接工艺参数选取的计算模型,并对模型计算出的工艺参数进行DEFORM焊接温度场分析,最后通过设计基于立式加工中心的微搅拌摩擦焊试验来验证计算模型和焊接温度场分析的合理性.     

异种搅拌摩擦焊AA5083-H111和AA6351-T6铝合金的力学和冶金性能(英文)

研究异种搅拌摩擦焊AA5083-H111和AA6351-T6铝合金的微观结构和力学性能。在3种不同的焊接速度(36、63、90 mm/min)下焊接AA5083-H111和AA6351-T6铝合金,分析焊接速度对接头力学和冶金性能的影响。结构表明,与其他焊接速度相比,焊接速度为63 mm/min时接头的力学性能和冶金性能较好。焊缝区由未混合区、机械混合区和混流区组成。所观察到的断裂模式为韧性纤维断裂。     

热源同轴辅助搅拌摩擦焊工艺特性分析

研究了激光同轴辅助搅拌摩擦焊中激光/搅拌摩擦焊的热量分配对不同系列铝合金焊缝成形、接头力学性能及显微组织的影响,并得到了相应的优化能量分配条件.结果表明,加入激光辅助热源可有效扩大工艺参数窗口,特别是流动性差的5A06和2219铝合金,焊接速度可提升30%以上.激光辅助热源对6061及5A06铝合金焊接接头性能影响较小,对2219铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头的性能影响明显,焊接热输入增大后,接头性能下降,但总得来说,加入激光辅助热源能够在更小的焊接热输入下获得更高的接头性能.     

铝/钢异质金属搅拌摩擦焊技术研究进展

铝/钢异质金属复合结构具有轻质节能、降低成本、可以满足不同的工作条件等特点,在航空航天、船舶制造等领域的应用日益受到重视。由于铝和钢的物理化学性质存在巨大差异,铝和钢的连接成为焊接领域的难点问题。搅拌摩擦焊作为一种固相连接方法,具有热输入低、高温停留时间短、焊接变形小等特点,对克服铝/钢异质金属性能差异带来的焊接困难具有优势,已成为铝/钢异质金属焊接的研究热点。综述了铝/钢异质金属搅拌摩擦焊国内外研究现状,主要涉及搅拌头材料选择与结构设计、焊缝成形、焊接工艺窗口、力学性能、接头冶金结合、连接机制以及外源辅助搅拌摩擦焊新技术,可以为铝/钢异质金属结构的轻量化设计提供新思路,最后对其发展趋势进行了展望。     

AZ31B镁合金/镀锌钢无匙孔搅拌摩擦点焊结合方式

采用无匙孔搅拌摩擦点焊和真空扩散焊对AZ31B镁合金和DP600镀锌钢板进行搭接点焊试验,利用扫描电镜、能谱仪及拉伸试验对无匙孔搅拌摩擦点焊接头与真空扩散焊接头进行微观组织及力学性能的对比分析.结果表明,镁钢无匙孔搅拌摩擦点焊接头结合方式为机械结合与冶金结合共同作用,冶金结合表现为:镁钢界面发生扩散生成由Mg、Fe、O形成的金属间化合物,镁合金中的合金元素与铁生成金属间化合物,机械结合表现为:钢像“钉子”一样插入到镁合金基体中,且在镁钢结合界面处,两种金属呈锯齿状咬合,接头抗剪切载荷平均可达10.36 kN,而只存在单纯扩散结合方式的真空扩散焊接头抗剪切载荷平均仅为2.5 kN.通过两种接头对比分析可知,机械结合对接头力学性能的贡献远远大于冶金结合,其接头结合方式以机械结合为主.     

回填式搅拌摩擦点焊的研究进展

回填式搅拌摩擦点焊技术(RFSSW)是一种新型的固相点焊技术,它既拥有与搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)相同的效率高、能耗少、易操作和污染少等优点,又可消除匙孔,因此在航空、航天和汽车制造领域中有着广阔的应用前景。自发明以来,回填式搅拌摩擦点焊技术已被应用于各种铝合金、镁合金以及异种材料的焊接。文中综述了回填式搅拌摩擦点焊的研究进展,主要涉及回填式搅拌摩擦点焊的基本原理以及回填式搅拌摩擦点焊接头常见的缺陷、显微组织、力学性能,以及同、异种材料的回填式搅拌摩擦点焊工艺等内容,可对实际工程应用中提高回填式搅拌摩擦点焊接头性能以及合理选择回填式搅拌摩擦点焊工艺参数提供一定的借鉴作用。     

AZ31B/LY12的搅拌摩擦焊研究

针对异种材料AZ31B镁合金与LY12铝合金进行了搅拌摩擦焊技术研究,结果表明,当选定恰当的焊接工艺参数时,AZ31B/LY12搅拌摩擦焊接是可行的,能得到外观形貌基本良好的接头.同时镁铝合金的片层结构由于材料的彼此挤压而相互挤入,发生明显的变形,从而导致焊接接头的力学性能较母材有所降低.     

Microstructural and Mechanical Characterization of a Dissimilar Friction Stir-Welded AA5083-AA7B04 Butt Joint

Friction stir welding (FSW) has been used for joining AA5083 and AA7B04 alloy sheets with the aim of studying the microstructure and the mechanical properties of dissimilar FSW joints obtained by varying the initial base metal state of AA7B04 alloy. The results show that the initial base metal state has a significant impact on the material flow during dissimilar FSW. As compared with the joints placing hard alloy (artificially aged AA7B04-AA or naturally aged AA7B04-NA) on the retreating side, it becomes easier transporting AA5083 from advancing side to retreating side when soft alloy (annealed AA7B04-O) is placed on the retreating side. The atomic diffusion does not occur at the interface between AA5083 and AA7B04, indicating that the mixing of the two materials is merely mechanical. Grain refinement is observed in the stir zone. The failure location during tensile tests is different depending on the initial base metal state. The joints (AA5083/AA7B04-AA and AA5083/AA7B04-O) fail in the base metal on the soft material side which corresponds to the minimum values in hardness profiles. Differently, the joints (AA5083/AA5083 and AA5083/AA7B04-O) fail in the stir zone due to the presence of defects including “zigzag line,” kissing bond and discontinuous voids.     

Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Spot Welded Aluminum Alloy AA2014

Friction stir spot welding (FSSW) is a relatively recent development, which can provide a superior alternative to resistance spot welding and riveting for fabrication of aluminum sheet metal structures. In the current work, FSSW experiments were conducted in 3-mm thick sheets of aluminum alloy 2014 in T4 and T6 conditions, with and without Alclad layers. The effects of tool geometry and welding process parameters on joint formation were investigated. A good correlation between process parameters, bond width, hook height, joint strength, and fracture mode was observed. The presence of Alclad layers and the base metal temper condition were found to have no major effect on joint formation and joint strength. Friction stir spot welds produced under optimum conditions were found to be superior to riveted joints in lap-shear and cross-tension tests. The prospects of FSSW in aluminum sheet metal fabrication are discussed.     

Ti/Al异种合金搅拌摩擦焊搭接接头的界面特性(英文)

采用搅拌摩擦焊实现TC1钛合金和LF6铝合金异种材料的搭接连接,并对界面特性进行研究。采用所选取的工艺参数均能获得良好的表面成形,但每一种工艺参数下的界面形貌不同。随着焊接速度的增加或搅拌头转速的降低,被搅拌针搅入焊核区的钛合金粒子的数量减少,而且搭接接头的抗拉载荷也随着焊接速度的提高而降低。当焊接速度为60mm/min、搅拌头旋转速度为1500r/min时,接头的抗拉载荷达到最大值,此时的界面区可以分成三层。搭接接头的显微硬度分布不均匀,焊核中心区的显微硬度值最大,高达HV502。     

铝/钢无匙孔搅拌摩擦点焊焊接性分析

采用自行设计的无匙孔搅拌摩擦点焊方法对6061铝合金和DP600镀锌钢进行点焊(钢上铝下),利用扫描电镜、能谱仪及拉伸试验对接头的微观组织和力学性能进行研究.结果表明,搅拌头旋转频率为1200 r/min、预热时间为6 s和搅拌针长度为3.2 mm时,接头抗剪载荷可达11.2 kN.接头表面平整美观无匙孔;接头由搅拌区和扩散区组成,搅拌区内钢以弯钩状分布嵌入铝基体,形成牢固的机械连接;扩散区内铝和钢依靠界面上的金属间化合物连接,连接方式为冶金结合.接头断裂位置为扩散区化合物层与铝基体界面处,断口呈河流状的解理台阶,属于脆性断裂.