考虑深部岩体各向异性强度的井壁稳定分析

目前在工程设计中,仍粗略地将节理岩体近似为各向同性体,在考虑节理对岩体强度的弱化作用时,均根据节理连通率对完整岩石的抗剪强度参数进行折减,因而未能反映岩体的各向异性特性。这对于浅部岩体工程来讲,也许是可以接受的,但随着建井深度的增加,进入深部状态的岩体表现出更强的各向异性特征,岩体的各向异性将不能忽略。将节理各向异性几何分布特征对岩体力学性能的影响通过微面的节理连通率来反映,从莫尔–库仑抗剪条件出发,采用方向分布函数分析方法,曾提出了一个基于二阶连通率组构张量的节理岩体各向异性强度准则。简要论述该各向异性强度准则,根据该准则研究了井筒的弹性稳定问题。研究表明:考虑岩体的各向异性强度对井筒进行钻井灌浆分析时,在给定的泥浆压力下,沿最大地应力方向钻井的安全系数并不一定比沿其他方向钻井的安全系数高。     

On the use of the RMR system for estimation of rock mass deformation modulus

Estimation of rock mass deformation modulus is the subject of many studies in rock engineering research work. Although numerous predictive models have been developed for the estimation of the deformation modulus, they cannot be generalized for other sites because of inadequate accuracy. Furthermore, it is very valuable that the predictive models involve some accessible input parameters. The rock mass rating (RMR) is a well-known geomechanical parameter, which is usually determined to describe the quality of rock mass in rock engineering projects. In this study, five parameter ratings of the RMR classification system are used to predict the deformation modulus of rock mass in the abutment of the Gotvand earth dam. Statistical analysis and an artificial neural network are employed to present two new predictive models. Finally, probabilistic analysis is used to predict the rock mass deformation modulus, which overcomes the low accuracy caused by the inherent uncertainty in prediction. The results indicated that the parameter ratings used in the RMR classification system can predict the rock mass deformation modulus with a satisfactory correlation. However, the parameters don’t have the same influence on the rock mass deformability with the joint condition and the groundwater as the major and minor influencing parameters, respectively.     

Geotechnical characteristics of Bakhtiary dam site,SW Iran: the highest double-curvature dam in the world

The Bakhtiary Hydropower Project with a 325 m high dam will be constructed on Bakhtiary River, in southwest Iran. The main dam has been designed as a double-curvature concrete structure which will be the highest one of its type in the world. Geologically, the dam site is located on siliceous limestone of the Sarvak Formation in the northwestern part of the folded Zagros. A large number of complicated geological structures in the study area, such as folding and duplex structure, faults, chevron folds, kink band zones as well as joint and fracture systems, raised concerns regarding the acceptability of the site for such a monumental dam. To create a comprehensive geotechnical model of the dam site and appurtenant structures, very extensive surface and subsurface investigations were carried out, including core drilling, water pressure testing, driving exploratory galleries for engineering geological mapping, a rock mass discontinuity survey and in situ rock mechanical tests. This research applies the results of the engineering geological and geotechnical investigations to define the geomechanical model of the dam site enabling options to be considered to achieve a safe dam design. The investigations show the rock mass of the dam site area is intersected by four main discontinuities namely, the bedding plane(s) of the rock mass and three major joint sets. Water pressure tests provide data about the permeability of the rock mass which is significantly dependant on the joint properties and the geological structures. These parameters, set the criteria for the design of the grout curtain at the dam foundation. The rock mass classification of the dam site was determined mainly based on the gallery survey and core logging using the rock mass rating, geological strength index (GSI) and Q system. Six classes of rock mass qualities were distinguished which show a fair to good rock mass at the dam foundation. From the plate load test results, a site-specific correlation was developed for estimating the modulus of deformation of the rock masses using GSI value. The estimated engineering geological and geotechnical parameters at the dam site are generally favorable and suitable for the safe design of the Bakhtiary arch dam with a height of 325 m.     

切削和侵入作用下层理岩层破碎机理浅析

层理岩层是石油钻井中经常遇到的一类地层,特别是在页岩气开采过程中,所钻页岩属于典型的层理岩层。研究层理岩层在钻齿作用下的破碎机理对于控制井眼轨迹、优化钻进参数、提高钻进效率都有很大指导作用。在以往岩石破碎机理研究中,一般多假设岩石介质为各向同性;但是对于层理岩层,由于其表现出强烈的强度各向异性特征,各项同性假设不再适用。本文利用离散单元方法(PFC2D)建立了钻齿与层理岩层相互作用模型。研究了层理岩层在钻齿切削和侵入过程中的破碎情况、裂纹的扩展情况以及钻齿受力情况。研究表明:切削力根据层理倾角分为高切削力区和低切削力区;液柱压力的存在对裂纹扩展有抑制作用,增大切削力;在岩石侵入过程中,层理的存在改变了裂纹的走向,当主裂纹扩展至层理处时,裂纹不再向岩石内部扩展,而是朝着层理的方向扩展。     

Classification and assessment of rock mass parameters in Choghart iron mine using P-wave velocity

Engineering rock mass classification,based on empirical relations between rock mass parameters and engineering applications,is commonly used in rock engineering and forms the basis for designing rock structures.The basic data required may be obtained from visual observation and laboratory or field tests.However,owing to the discontinuous and variable nature of rock masses,it is difficult for rock engineers to directly obtain the specific design parameters needed.As an alternative,the use of geophysical methods in geomechanics such as seismography may largely address this problem.In this study,25 seismic profiles with the total length of 543 m have been scanned to determine the geomechanical properties of the rock mass in blocks Ⅰ,Ⅲ and Ⅳ-2 of the Choghart iron mine.Moreover,rock joint measurements and sampling for laboratory tests were conducted.The results show that the rock mass rating(RMR) and Q values have a close relation with P-wave velocity parameters,including P-wave velocity in field(V_(PF)).P-wave velocity in the laboratory(V_(PL)) and the ratio of V_(PF) V_(PL)(i.e.K_p = V_(PF)/V_(PL).However,Q value,totally,has greater correlation coefficient and less error than the RMR,In addition,rock mass parameters including rock quality designation(RQD),uniaxial compressive strength(UCS),joint roughness coefficient(JRC) and Schmidt number(RN) show close relationship with P-wave velocity.An equation based on these parameters was obtained to estimate the P-wave velocity in the rock mass with a correlation coefficient of 91%.The velocities in two orthogonal directions and the results of joint study show that the wave velocity anisotropy in rock mass may be used as an efficient tool to assess the strong and weak directions in rock mass.     

基于钻进过程指数定量评价岩体完整性原位试验研究

钻孔过程中钻具实时响应特征蕴藏着大量工程地质信息,通过解译钻进数据定量评价岩体完整性,可为快速获取工程岩体的地质特征提供新途径。采用高精度数字液压、扭矩、转速和激光位移传感器监测地质钻机传动部位,搭建了新型地质钻机数字钻进监测系统。开展了均质材料和裂隙岩体原位钻进试验,根据实时、连续及同步获取的钻具响应特征参数,建立了钻进压力、钻进扭矩、钻头转速和钻进速度的函数关系。在此基础上,滤除钻机机械参数对钻进速度的影响,提出了用于表达岩体完整性的新指标——钻进过程指数。研究发现,钻进过程指数的数字变化趋势能综合反映岩体的破碎程度,能通过信息化方法和数据运算获取岩体完整性,削减了人工统计RQD和编纂岩芯柱状素描图等繁杂的工序,还降低了人为主观因素的不利影响。     

Rock quality classification and stability evaluation of undersea deposit based on M-IRMR

The mine improvement of rock mass rating (M-IRMR) evaluation method was put forward based on the existing theory of the rock quality classification and the stability evaluation in the undersea deposit of Sanshandao Gold Mine, China. The M-IRMR evaluation method includes 9 evaluation indexes which are rock compressive strength, rock quality index RQD, joint spacing, joint state, groundwater state, joint direction, ground stress, blasting vibration, and exposed area, respectively. During the evaluation process, according to the special features of the undersea deposit, the rock mass rating (RMR) method was used as the foundation, and the four geological parameters (i.e., rock compressive strength, rock quality index, joint spacing, and ground stress) were modified. The computing methods of the two engineering factors (blasting vibration and exposed area) were presented. The M-IRMR rock quality classification and stability evaluation method was applied in the level of −420 to −690 m in the undersea deposit of Sanshandao Gold Mine and the classification results were consistent with the actual situations, which can provide a scientific basis for choosing the suitable mining method and stope support system of the undersea deposit.     

Use of the equivalent continuum approach to model the behavior of a rock mass containing an interlayer shear weakness zone in an underground cavern excavation

An interlayer shear weakness zone (ISWZ) is a weak zonal geotechnical system of variable thickness that occurs between different rock strata (e.g., tuff and basalt). At the site of the future Baihetan hydropower station, Sichuan Province, China, because of the relatively poor ISWZ mechanical properties, the overall stability of the underground powerhouse is potentially at risk. In this study, to evaluate the effects of ISWZs on the stability of the future underground powerhouse by means of three-dimensional continuum modeling (3-D continuum modeling), the concept of a virtual rock mass composed of ISWZ and host rock is proposed. An equivalent continuum approach, including a rock–soil composite material (RSCM) model, is elaborated, with corresponding expressions for the input parameters. Comparisons were made between the predictions from the RSCM model, the results obtained by an analytic method, and existing data from physical model tests. The comparison showed that all three types of information showed good consistency in terms of failure mode and strength. This indicates the suitability of the RSCM model for describing the behavior of a rock mass containing discontinuities. Furthermore, comparison between the predictions of the proposed equivalent continuum approach, the joint element approach, and the solid element approach for a deformation of a test tunnel section containing an ISWZ show that the results produced by the first two approaches are similar, but much smaller than that using the third approach. Further comparison of the actual state of the ISWZ-containing rock mass in the test tunnel section confirmed the applicability of the proposed equivalent continuum approach to prediction of deformation of the rock masses containing ISWZs at the future Baihetan underground powerhouse site.     

DDA方法在复杂地质条件下地下厂房围岩变形与破坏特征分析中的应用研究

以清江水布垭水电工程地下厂房为例，应用非连续变形分析方法对复杂地质条件下地下厂房围岩的变形与破坏特征开展了研究，重点分析了厂房区域地应力水平、锚固、岩体结构条件及结构面强度参数等对洞室围岩变形的影响。分析结果表明，当水平初始应力增加时，洞室围岩位移量相应增加，由于洞室边墙分布有多条层间剪切带且围岩具有软硬相间的层状岩体结构特点，使得边墙变形存在错动现象。锚固后洞室边墙围岩的变形明显减小，且围岩应力状态得到显著改善。对于高边墙地下洞室，陡倾角结构面在边墙上的出露对围岩的稳定十分不利，在一定的岩体结构条件下，围岩的破坏可表现为因局部块体的崩落所引起的整个洞室围岩的破坏。在相同岩体结构条件下，降低结构面强度参数，洞室围岩可以从变形稳定状态发展到不稳定状态，围岩的失稳主要表现为因围岩大变形引起的失稳。     

Reducing deformation effect of tunnel with Non-Deformable Support System by Jointed Rock Mass Model

Numerical modeling has been used widely in mining and construction industries in recent years. The most important issue in engineering projects designed with numerical modeling is accurate modeling of rock mass behavior. If the rock mass behavior is modeled accurately, fewer problems will be faced during field application of projects. Selection of the true material model is a very important issue in numerical modeling for the tunnel projects. Non-Deformable Support System (NDSS), which will be mentioned in the scope of this research, does not mean that it does not permit any deformation or is a very stiff system. NDSS is a support system that does not permit deformations exceeding specified deformation amounts which are calculated with determination of the accurate rock mass behavior by the true material model and it must be evaluated with support system and excavation advance specifically. The origin of the paper is that numerical modeling provides more comfortable results in tunneling in case one can determine rock mass deformation and failure behavior appropriately. In (NDSS), however, support system element can only be determined by proper numerical modeling analysis. Moreover, deformation values determined by NDSS analysis are accepted as limit values. Therefore, applied support system should be within deformation tolerance limits determined by NDSS analysis. Briefly, this paper is related to NDSS that should be determined by numerical modeling analysis.In this research, in regard to the excessive deformations in T-35 tunnel which is one of the 33 tunnels of Ankara–Istanbul High-Speed Railway Project, results of the in situ measurements in the tunnel excavated with the new developed NDSS and results of the numerical model made with Jointed Rock Mass Model have been compared. It is determined that the results of the numerical modeling and the in situ measurements are very consistent with each other.     

钻孔过程监测在岩体非均质性中的应用探讨

岩体非均质性研究是地质资源与地质工程领域的重要内容,对地下空间及矿产能源的合理开发利用有着重要的意义。为了实时准确地评价页岩储层岩体的非均质性,将钻孔过程监测(Drilling Process Monitoring, DPM)引入铜川地区鄂尔多斯盆地延长组陆相页岩的现场勘察钻孔试验中,分别监测了钻头转速、钻杆前推压力、钻杆回撤压力、动力头位置4个参数,利用DPM钻进速率参数从多尺度对页岩岩体的非均质性进行了刻画。相关性分析及回归分析结果表明：DPM钻进速率与岩石可钻性、岩体完整性存在显著的相关性。具体地,储层尺度上,DPM钻进速率的变化可反映出储层岩性的变化,DPM钻进速率可定量地评价岩石的可钻性;岩心尺度上,DPM钻进速率的变化可定性地反映出岩芯的完整程度,但在≤100 mm完整岩芯上的钻进速率并不能有效反映出纹层岩性的变化。进一步地,纹层尺度上,>100 mm厚度页岩纹层的纯钻过程位移曲线可被较好地进行线性拟合,而100 mm以下,泥岩、粉砂岩及凝灰岩纹层的纯钻过程位移曲线线性拟合性较差。研究结果对于正确认识DPM对岩体非均质性的划分及应用有着重要的指导意义。     

含优势断续节理组的工程岩体等效遍布节理模型强度参数研究

岩体经历的成岩和构造改造等作用通常使其优势节理组发育,使得工程岩体呈现各向异性特征。本文首先说明当大尺度工程岩体含断续节理组时,岩桥对各向异性强度特征的影响突出。进而指出在采用遍布节理模型描述含优势随机节理的岩体各向异性时,模型中结构面参数为贯通节理的参数,不能直接采用现场断续节理的测试结果,需要进行大尺度岩体各向异性参数等效。然后,提出基于连续方法FLAC3D遍布节理的参数变化吻合非连续方法3DEC揭示的宏观岩体各向异性特征的途径,完成由连续方法间接描述非连续节理岩体各向异性力学行为的等效过程。研究表明,在无法应用解析法估算含随机断续节理岩体宏观参数时,数值试验成为了更有效的途径。采用遍布节理模型描述断续节理岩体各向异性强度特征时,节理强度参数值受断续节理与岩桥的综合影响,等效节理参数高于节理真实参数。此外,在进行等效连续过程中,为保证等效贯通节理导致的岩体强度凹陷与断续节理作用的方向一致,遍布节理模型中节理走向取值应与断续节理走向呈( － )/2夹角。     

非贯通节理岩体单轴压缩动态损伤本构模型

非贯通节理岩体是同时含有节理、裂隙等宏观缺陷及微裂隙、微孔洞等细观缺陷的复合损伤地质材料,基于此提出了在非贯通节理岩体动态损伤本构模型中应同时考虑宏、细观缺陷的观点。首先对基于细观动态断裂机理的经典动态损伤本构模型——TCK模型进行了阐述,其次针对目前节理岩体损伤变量定义中仅考虑节理几何参数而未考虑其强度参数的不足,基于能量原理和断裂力学理论推导得出了同时考虑节理几何及强度参数的宏观损伤变量(张量)的计算公式;第三,基于Lemaitre等效应变假设推导了综合考虑宏、细观缺陷的复合损伤变量(张量);第四,借鉴前人基于复合材料力学的观点,考虑了节理法向及切向刚度等变形参数对岩体动态力学特性的影响,进而建立了基于TCK模型的非贯通节理岩体单轴压缩动态损伤本构模型。并利用该模型讨论了载荷应变率、节理内摩擦角、节理厚度、节理法向及切向刚度和节理倾角等对岩体动态力学特性的影响规律。计算结果与目前的理论及试验研究结果比较吻合,从而说明了该模型的合理性。     

Numerical modelling of the effects of joint spacing on rock fragmentation by TBM cutters

The influence of joint spacing on tunnel boring machine (TBM) penetration performance has been extensively observed at TBM site. However, the mechanism of rock mass fragmentation as function of the joint spacing has been scarcely studied. In this study, the rock indentation by a single TBM cutter is simulated by using the discrete element method (DEM), and the rock fragmentation process is highlighted. A series of two-dimensional numerical modelling with different joint spacing in a rock mass have been performed to explore the effect of joint spacing on rock fragmentation by a TBM cutter. Results show that the joint spacing can significantly influence the crack initiation and propagation, as well as the fragmentation pattern, and can hence affect the penetration rate of the TBM. Two crack initiation and propagation modes are found to fragment the rock mass due to the variation of joint spacing. The simulation results are analyzed and compared with in situ measurements.     

随机形貌岩石节理剪切数值模拟和非线性剪胀模型

 采用满足正态分布的随机函数,构造岩石节理剖面的形貌,为研究受剪岩石节理的细观剪切特性和宏观剪胀效应提供研究基础。利用UDEC软件,基于CY微段节理模型,开发随机形貌岩石节理直剪特性的数值分析程序,采用CY微段节理模型的细观剪切力学参数,探讨微段节理的细观剪切特性和岩石节理的宏观剪切响应,提出节理抗剪强度参数与节理面粗糙度系数JRC之间的拟合关系。得到如下结论：JRC越大,岩石节理的宏观剪切峰值强度和剪胀角随之增大,而峰值剪切位移与JRC成反变化关系;随着法向应力的增加,节理的剪胀效应逐渐减弱;这些数值结论得到模型实验的充分验证。微段节理的细观切向爬坡和剪胀效应是岩石节理产生宏观剪胀的细观力学机制。通过对随机形貌岩石节理的宏观剪胀数值曲线性态进行分析,提出能考虑节理粗糙度JRC和法向应力影响的非线性剪胀本构模型,该模型较好描述了受剪岩石节理的剪缩段和剪胀段。     

节理岩体强度参数损伤张量模型多维估算

Hoek-Brown强度准则因可较好实现对节理岩体稳定性分析及参数估算,正逐渐被广泛应用于岩体工程评价中。在对其进行力学参数估算时,采用一维损伤因子D将岩体视为各向同性损伤材料进行分析,而实际上,节理岩体损伤呈现为多维度特征,对其整体损伤效应予以准确把握有赖于建立多维度损伤表示方法。本文基于Hoek-Brown强度准则实现对岩体强度参数估算,充分考虑损伤效应的多维度特征,建立损伤张量表示模型,并结合节理裂隙空间分布参数,实现对损伤张量因子确定化表示;基于节理岩体损伤张量表示结果,结合某露天铜矿边坡节理岩体统计窗测试结果,实现了对强度参数系统估算。损伤张量模型具有表示节理岩体空间损伤特征,可较好用于对节理岩体强度参数的多维度估算。     

Practical equivalent continuum characterization of jointed rock masses

A simple practical method to characterize the strength and stiffness of jointed rock masses is presented in this paper. The empirical relations for the strength and stiffness of rock masses have been arrived based on the statistical analysis of a large amount of experimental data, which are used for representing the jointed rock mass as an equivalent continuum. The effect of joints in the rock mass is taken into account by a joint factor. These obtained relations are incorporated in a non-linear FEM code to represent the equivalent continuum analysis. The equivalent continuum model has been validated against experimental results for jointed rock masses with different joint fabric and joint orientation and also with the results from explicit modeling of joints using FEM. The developed model has also been applied to calculate the deformation around a large power station cavern in rhyolite rock at 200 m depth.     

岩桥破坏的简化模型及在节理岩体模拟网络中的应用

提出一个简化的岩桥破坏 /结构面扩展模型 ,该模型符合现有试验观测成果 ,在力学机理上基于Lajtai对岩桥剪切破坏的研究 ,能方便地计算实际问题中各种结构面组合情况下的抗剪力。利用先进的优化方法 ,该模型用于在结构面模拟网络中搜索抗剪力最小的结构面-岩桥组合 ,从而研究裂隙岩体的结构面连通特性和综合抗剪强度。算例和分析表明 ,在不同的法向应力作用下 ,岩体沿某一组结构面受剪时 ,破坏路径上的连通率为常数 ,这时可以使用连通率求取岩体的综合抗剪强度指标。在剪切方向与某一组结构面的平均延展方向不相同时 ,破坏路径上的连通率随法向应力的改变而改变 ,这种情况下岩体的综合抗剪强度只能通过模拟试验直接求得。