树枝状和超支化聚酰胺-胺在我国油田化学的应用进展

树枝状、超支化聚酰胺-胺及衍生物是一类具有高支化度和独特拓扑结构的高分子纳米材料,在原油处理中可作为破乳剂、絮凝剂、驱油剂和阻垢剂等。重点介绍了季铵盐化和嵌段聚醚前后的改性聚酰胺-胺在含油乳液破乳和絮凝方面的研究和应用现状,简要阐述了该类聚酰胺-胺及衍生物作为破乳剂和絮凝剂的破乳机理,展望了可循环利用的含磁性体树枝状破乳剂的潜在应用价值和发展趋势。     

运用纳米技术制备新型原油破乳剂

用原位法在聚醚破乳剂TAl031体系中制备了含有纳米氧化物的复合型原油破乳剂.结果显示,含有纳米氧化物的复合破乳剂的破乳性能得到了大幅度提高,乳状液破乳脱水时间可以加快30min左右,脱水率也可以提高20%～30%.结果表明,将纳米技术运用于原油破乳剂的制备中是可行的.     

原油破乳剂检测标准探讨

原油破乳剂是油田应用的重要化工产品,吉林油田每年检验破乳剂300多吨。吉林油田对原油破乳剂的检测,目前主要依据石油天然气行业标准SY／T5280-2000《石油破乳剂通用技术条件》进行质量检验。该标准通过采用“试样“和“标样”性能指标进行对比方法来进行破乳剂评价。在检验过程中,我们发现标准存在标样确认问题,即没有对生产厂家提供的标样进行统一的规范,因此,用标样去评价试样我们很难界定试样的性能。这样必会影响到破乳剂的性能指标的准确评价。为了提高检测的准确性和规范检测标准,有必要开展原油破乳剂检测标准的改进,完善和提高对原油破乳剂的检测水平,保证吉林油田对原油破乳的需求。     

原位接枝纳米炭黑水包油型破乳剂制备与性能评价

采用无溶剂法对工业炭黑进行原位接枝改性，制备了水分散性良好的两亲性胺基化炭黑纳米颗粒(CB-DEA)。采用红外光谱(IR)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、原子力显微镜(AFM)和场发射高分辨投射电镜(HRTEM)对CB-DEA结构进行表征。瓶试法破乳实验结果表明，室温下CB-EDA在最佳破乳剂剂量下能实现含油量为10.0%(质量分数)的模拟原油采出液(pH=8.9)的快速破乳，破乳效率高达99.90%以上，脱出水中的含油量低至53.45 mg/L。进一步的研究表明，CB-EDA对高pH值采出液的破乳效果和破乳速率明显高于氧化石墨烯(GO)、还原氧化石墨烯(rGO)和羟基化炭黑(CB-PVA)。䥺SymbolzA@电位和破乳机理实验表明，CB-EDA加入油水乳状液后不仅能快速迁移到油/水界面，通过与形成油水界面膜的主要成分沥青质产生强的π-π/n-π相互作用破坏油水界面膜；同时䥺SymbolzA@电位为正有利于破乳剂压缩分散油滴表面双电层，加速分散油滴絮凝聚集，促使油水乳液快速分离。本研究克服了两亲性纳米碳基破乳剂的缺陷，发展的CB-EDA有效提高了碳基破乳剂的破乳效率和普适性。     

EM-99稠油破乳剂的研究

本文阐述了EM-99原油破乳剂的合成及对稠油乳液的破乳性能。EM-99是由SP-169、FC-9011和FC-9303复配而成，它对高粘稠油乳液具有优良的破乳性能。     

科学控制，降低破乳剂的日耗量

随着油田不断开采,原油含水率逐渐上升,形成油包水型乳状液,其粘度增加,这不仅增加了原油的流动阻力,使井口和计量站回压上升,影响产量,而且使原油脱水沉降处理变得困难。自2007年起,作业区实施端点加SH-3破乳剂的措施,目前在二区共有端点加药点2处,不仅破乳降粘,降低流动阻力,对集输有利,而且保证了常温输送的正常进行,效果较好。但在加药运行中,破乳剂用量在原油生产、集输过程中起着举足轻重的作用,若破乳剂加药量过大,造成不必要的浪费,若加药量过少,防蜡降粘效果差,特别是冬季集油线压力高,浪费破乳剂。因此,我们必须合理的控制破乳剂的使用量,降低破乳剂的日耗量。     

不合格品乳化炸药破乳剂及破乳条件的选择

利用Op 10、Tween 80、十二烷基苯磺酸钠、Span 20和石油醚对乳化炸药进行破乳,并且利用电导率及硝酸铵(AN)的析出率来表示破乳剂破乳效果的好坏。通过分析这些破乳剂破乳后的现象及测定电导率和AN的析出率,发现Op 10、Tween 80与石油醚的破乳效果较好,而且破乳条件比较好把握。该研究为今后工业处理废乳化炸药提供了参考。     

驻波场原油破乳及盐衡算方法

原油在加工前要进行脱水脱盐处理。声波破乳是十分有效的强化原油脱水脱盐方法。利用声波的破乳机理．在驻波场中考察了声波声强和辐照时间等对鲁宁管输原油破乳的影响,并得到较好的试验条件为：原油预热温度约80℃,搅拌强度400r·min^-1,搅拌时间15min,破乳剂NS-2003用量20μg·g^-1,注水量5％,声波辐照时原油温度80℃。辐照声强0．38W·cm^2,辐照时间约5min,沉降温度75℃,沉降时间90min;在此实验条件下原油的脱后含水率0．37％．盐含量3．85mg·L^-1;脱水率92．696,脱盐率87．9％。原油盐衡算发现,原油注水量偏少时,脱后原油中盐含量偏高的原因是原油与水不能充分接触,盐不能充分地被洗脱。     

一种新型破乳剂的合成及其破乳性能的评价

以丙烯酸和丙烯酸丁酯为原料,合成了非聚醚破乳剂。通过非聚醚破乳剂和聚醚破乳剂LE28酯化接枝共聚,制备了一种新型的两亲性的破乳剂。实验室破乳脱水试验表明,这种新型破乳剂对于埕岛平台稠油具有良好的破乳性能,其结果明显优于非聚醚破乳剂或聚醚破乳剂单独使用时的结果。     

壳聚糖/无机物纳米复合材料在抗菌方面的研究进展

壳聚糖作为一种天然高分子有机物,具有良好的生物相容性、可降解性和抗菌性,在抗菌方面已有一定的应用,但其抗菌性能易受自身因素和外界条件的影响,因此如何巩固和加强壳聚糖的抗菌性能并进行应用成为了研究的热点。将壳聚糖与无机物纳米材料复合,有机和无机组分协同互补,能显著提高材料的抗菌性能,复合材料还具有优异的机械强度和生物相容性,可广泛应用于水处理、食品、纺织、化妆品和医学等领域,引起了科研人员的密切关注。本文总结了壳聚糖的抗菌机理和影响抗菌性能的因素,详细介绍了壳聚糖与金属、金属氧化物、层状硅酸盐和碳材料等无机物复合后的纳米材料在抗菌方面的应用,同时对其在抗菌领域的发展前景进行了展望。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...