鲢鱼鱼糜蛋白质凝胶特性的研究

研究了鲢鱼鱼糜在不同的加热条件下 ,其凝胶的色泽、强度及显微结构的变化。结果表明 ,鲢鱼鱼糜在 60℃时达到较理想的色泽 (白色 ) ,较佳的凝胶条件为 ,先经过 3 5～ 40℃、60min的凝胶化 ,再经过 85℃、3 0min加热。在 5 0℃加热时 ,出现凝胶劣化现象     

聚丙烯酸钠对鲢鱼鱼糜凝胶特性的影响

为改善鲢鱼鱼糜的凝胶特性,研究聚丙烯酸钠对鲢鱼鱼糜凝胶特性的影响。结果表明:0.2%的聚丙烯酸钠可以有效提高鲢鱼鱼糜凝胶的破断力、破断距离、凝胶强度、持水性,降低其蒸煮损失和横向弛豫时间T_2。添加0.2%聚丙烯酸钠的鲢鱼鱼糜先经过40℃水浴加热30 min,再90℃水浴加热20 min形成的鱼糜凝胶比直接在90℃水浴加热50 min形成的鱼糜凝胶具有更高的凝胶强度、持水性和较低的蒸煮损失,同时可以形成具有高度均匀、有序及致密的空间三维网络结构。     

不同加热条件对复合鱼糜凝胶特性的影响

本研究考察了鲢鱼鱼糜和带鱼鱼糜形成的复合鱼糜的破断力和凹陷深度在不同凝胶化条件下的变化规律。实验中各处理组的蛋白含量均为12%,其中蛋白比例为100%鲢鱼鱼糜,100%带鱼鱼糜,以及鲢鱼鱼糜和带鱼鱼糜的蛋白含量比例为9:1,8:2,7:3和6:4。结果表明:在凝胶化温度为30℃时,复合鱼糜的破断力均高于鲢鱼鱼糜,在鲢鱼鱼糜和带鱼鱼糜比例为7:3时破断力和凹陷深度均达到最大值,此时也高于带鱼鱼糜;而在凝胶化温度为40℃时,带鱼鱼糜添加量为40%时,破断力和凹陷深度达到最大,此时的凝胶特性优于带鱼鱼糜。带鱼鱼糜和鲢鱼鱼糜在50℃时均出现凝胶劣化现象。当带鱼鱼糜添加量为10%时,复合鱼糜对鲢鱼鱼糜和带鱼鱼糜的凝胶劣化均有显著的抑制作用。     

漂洗液中氯化镁浓度对鲢鱼鱼糜凝胶特性的影响

本文为研究漂洗液中氯化镁对鲢鱼鱼糜凝胶特性的影响,通过测定凝胶强度、质构特性、持水性、蒸煮损失、白度的测定,并采用低场核磁、电泳技术和电镜扫描综合分析了其变化规律。结果表明,经含氯化镁的漂洗液漂洗鱼糜后,硬度和白度随氯化镁浓度的增加逐渐增大,其凝胶特性较用清水和0.15%Na Cl漂洗的鱼糜凝胶得到不同程度的提高。当氯化镁浓度为2.5 mmol/L时凝胶特性最佳,其中凝胶破断力、凹陷距离、凝胶强度、弹性、咀嚼度和持水性较清水和0.15%Na Cl漂洗分别提高了55.90%、42.55%、123.12%、4.59%、51.40%、20.07%和13.77%、12.64%、28.09%、1.33%、22.26%、8.19%;蒸煮损失分别降低了32.54%和22.24%;水分横向弛豫时间T₂₃分别缩短了56.18 ms和26.02 ms,且形成了致密的凝胶网络结构,说明肌球蛋白重链（MHC）发生交联,大分子聚集体形成,SDS-PAGE结果显示进入凝胶中MHC更少,条带更细窄。综合各项指标,浓度为2.5 mmol/L氯化镁漂洗液对鲢鱼鱼糜凝胶性能提升最大。      

葡萄糖氧化酶对鲢鱼糜凝胶特性的影响

为了研究葡萄糖氧化酶(GOD)诱导的氧化对鲢鱼糜凝胶特性的影响,以冷冻鲢鱼糜为原料,分析在不同的GOD添加量(0、0.1‰、0.3‰、0.5‰、0.7‰、0.9‰)下,鱼糜的弹性模量(G′)、损耗模量(G′′)以及鱼糜凝胶的凝胶强度、白度、微观结构、持水性、水分分布状态和蛋白交联等指标的变化情况.结果表明,随着GOD添...     

面筋蛋白和大米蛋白对鲢鱼鱼糜凝胶特性的影响

面筋蛋白和大米蛋白均可以明显提高鲢鱼鱼糜的凝胶强度和持水性,降低其蒸煮损失率和横向弛豫时间(T_2)。但是与大米蛋白相比,面筋蛋白在改善鲢鱼鱼糜凝胶特性方面效果更加显著。当面筋蛋白添加量为3%时,鱼糜凝胶的破断力、破断距离、凝胶强度和持水性分别为669.0 g、12.2 mm、8 162.0 g·m和89.8%,与对照组(未添加蛋白)相比分别增加了79.8%、37.2%、147.0%、11.6%;而蒸煮损失率为8.51%,与对照组相比降低了19.7%。且此时的凝胶横向弛豫时间T_(23)和T_(24)分别为42.4 ms和156.0 ms。3%的面筋蛋白促使鲢鱼鱼糜凝胶形成十分致密的空间三维网络结构,使其具有较高的凝胶强度和持水性,但是由于面筋蛋白带有浅黄色,所以鱼糜凝胶的白度有轻微下降。     

咸鸭蛋蛋清对罗非鱼鱼糜凝胶品质的影响

通过检测鱼糜凝胶的质构和感官特性,探讨了咸鸭蛋蛋清对罗非鱼鱼糜凝胶品质的影响。结果表明,在鱼糜制品中添加咸鸭蛋蛋清一方面能有效改善产品的色泽,另一方面却会稍微降低鱼糜凝胶的凝胶强度和保水性,但对罗非鱼鱼糜凝胶品质无明显劣化影响。咸鸭蛋蛋白质量占混合物总蛋白质量比达到2/15时,鱼糜凝胶特性仍可满意,同时产品的风味无明显变化。     

咸鸭蛋蛋清对罗非鱼鱼糜凝胶品质的影响

通过检测鱼糜凝胶的质构和感官特性,探讨了咸鸭蛋蛋清对罗非鱼鱼糜凝胶品质的影响。结果表明,在鱼糜制品中添加咸鸭蛋蛋清一方面能有效改善产品的色泽,另一方面却会稍微降低鱼糜凝胶的凝胶强度和保水性,但对罗非鱼鱼糜凝胶品质无明显劣化影响。咸鸭蛋蛋白质量占混合物总蛋白质量比达到2/15时,鱼糜凝胶特性仍可满意,同时产品的风味无明显变化。      

漂洗工艺对鲢鱼鱼糜凝胶强度和色泽的影响

探讨清水漂洗次数、盐水漂洗次数和漂洗温度对鲢鱼鱼糜凝胶强度和白度的影响。结果表明:清水漂洗和盐水漂洗可以显著的提高鲢鱼鱼糜的凝胶强度和白度,采用清水漂洗2次再用盐水漂洗1次的漂洗处理,得到的鲢鱼鱼糜凝胶强度和色泽较好。漂洗温度对鲢鱼鱼糜的凝胶强度和白度无显著影响,但为保持鱼肉的新鲜,漂洗温度不宜过高。     

卵清蛋白对白鲢鱼糜凝胶性能的影响

通过检测白鲢鱼糜凝胶的质构特性以及微观结构,研究鸡卵清蛋白对白鲢鱼糜质构,色泽,凝胶特性持水性和微观结构的影响,与感官试验进行对比。并采用SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)对相关作用机理进行分析。实验结果表明:鱼糜中加入卵清蛋白可以明显的提高白鲢鱼糜的品质。在卵清蛋白含量低于60 g/kg时,随着卵清蛋白的增加,鱼糜的硬度,胶着性和咀嚼性着些质构性质都有所提高(P0.05);鱼糜的白度和持水性能也在不断的增加,而鱼糜凝胶强度的最佳值则出现在卵清含量为40 g/kg。通过电镜扫描图和电泳图的分析,卵清蛋白对白鲢鱼糜凝胶性能的改良可能是通过卵清蛋白作为粘合剂使得鱼糜更好的粘合在一起得到的结果。综合鱼糜凝胶的所有特性,卵清蛋白的适合添加量为40~60 g/kg。     

Color and gelling properties of dried egg white: Effect of drying methods and storage conditions

Dried egg white is extensively used as a food ingredient due to its unique functional properties and extensive shelf life. This study investigated the effect of drying methods and storage conditions on the color and gelling properties of dried egg white. Egg white was dried with two drying methods; freeze drying and hot-air drying, then stored at 25 and 40°C for 4 months. The result showed that the color of hot-air-dried egg white, especially after storage at 40°C, was darker yellow than for freeze-dried egg whites. The gelling properties of both samples were altered during storage, however, substantial changes in the gelling properties were found in the gel made from stored hot-air-dried egg white. A decrease in the enthalpy of protein denaturation that indicated a partially unfolded protein conformation, an increase in exposed sulfhydryl and a decrease in the total sulfhydryl contents were found, especially in stored samples of hot-air-dried egg whites. The sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis pattern of proteins in the stored samples showed protein aggregation, and this was related to the increased glass transition temperature. This study revealed that drying egg white using hot-air drying and storage especially at high temperature induced changes in their color and protein conformation. These have contributed to protein aggregation which affected dried egg white’s gel properties.     

咸鸭蛋清的综合利用研究进展

咸蛋清富含蛋白质,可作为香干加工的原料,但其形成凝胶的能力较弱,如不经改良、直接加热成型制作香干,产品硬度低、品质较差。本文在研究咸蛋清凝胶性能的基础上,通过配方和工艺优化,改善了产品的凝胶质构和品质,建立了免卤制、直接加热成型的咸蛋清香干加工工艺,同时对优化条件下所加工产品的质构特性、感官品质、含水量、持水率及微观结构等进行了全面的表征。结果表明,加热成型温度和时间对香干的外观形态、硬度、弹性和内聚力影响显著,80 ℃下加热2.5 h效果较好;添加新鲜全蛋液和蛋清粉能显著提升咸蛋清香干的凝胶性能和质构;适量的黄豆粉、咸蛋黄和卤汁能显著改善香干的风味和口感;通过混料设计试验优化后的香干配方如下：咸蛋清61.49%、新鲜全蛋液30.75%、蛋清粉5.00%、黄豆粉2.00%、咸蛋黄0.76%、卤汁添加量2.0%。优化条件下加工的香干感官评分高达96.80,持水率达到了90.84%,硬度、弹性和内聚力分别为2711.30 g、0.85和0.68,质地较为致密、细腻,色泽光亮。综上所述,本文通过配方优化显著改善了咸蛋清的凝胶性能,据此所建立的咸蛋清香干加工工艺可行,所加工的产品品质优良。     

蛋清蛋白对豌豆淀粉凝胶化及凝胶特性的影响

为探究蛋清蛋白对豌豆淀粉凝胶化及凝胶特性的影响。分别以0%、3%、6%、9%和12%的蛋清蛋白替代豌豆淀粉,研究蛋清蛋白对豌豆淀粉糊化特性、热特性、静态流变、动态流变、凝胶质构及水分子状态的影响。结果表明：蛋清蛋白以浓度依赖的方式影响豌豆淀粉的糊化特性,峰值黏度、谷值黏度、崩解值、最终黏度、回生值均随蛋清蛋白添加量增加而降低,而糊化温度则升高。蛋清蛋白对豌豆淀粉凝胶化温度影响不显著,但降低了淀粉的凝胶化焓值。添加不同量蛋清蛋白的豌豆淀粉糊均表现为假塑性流体特征,Herchel-Bulkley模型能够很好地拟合其静态流变行为,稠度指数和屈服应力均随蛋清蛋白添加量增加而降低。添加蛋清蛋白降低了豌豆淀粉糊体系的黏弹性及凝胶的硬度、强度和可塑性。蛋清蛋白对豌豆淀粉凝胶中自由水含量影响不显著,但使结合水含量增加而不可流动束缚水含量降低。     

Rheological properties of gelatin from silver carp skin compared to commercially available gelatins from different sources

Gelatin is used as a functional ingredient in many foods, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics as a stabilizing, thickening, and gelling agent. The rheological properties of gelatins are important in the potential functionality of gelatin. This study is designed to determine the rheological properties of gelatin extracted from the skins of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix Valenciennes 1844). The extracted gelatin is compared with commercially available gelatins from different sources. The results indicate that the stress-strain relationship of gelatin gels remained in the linear region over a broad range of strains and stresses and gave similar elastic moduli at varying frequency, stress, and strain levels. One exception was a commercial high molecular weight fish skin gelatin that gave a lower elastic modulus indicating that its gel strength was low compared to the other gelatin samples studied. Gel strength varied between 220 and 1230 g while viscosity varied between 4.53 and 6.91 cP among the samples. Melting and gelling temperatures varied between 14.2 and 32.3 °C and 3.2 and 25.4 °C, respectively. Texture profile analysis was done at 2 deformation levels, 25% and 75%, and the results correlated well with gel strength. The correlations between hardness, cohesiveness, and gumminess and gel strength were 0.98, 0.82, and 0.99, respectively, at 25% deformation but lower at 75% deformation. The results suggest that rheological measurements might be used to quickly estimate gel strength using less material. In addition, the silver carp skin gelatin seemed to be of equal quality to some of the commercial gelatins.     

磷酸盐单体与微波处理对鲢鱼鱼糜凝胶特性的影响

研究了在水浴和微波两种加热方式下,焦磷酸钠(SPP)、三聚磷酸钠(STPP)和六偏磷酸钠(SHMP)对鲢鱼鱼糜凝胶强度和保水性的影响。结果表明,采用7.5W/g功率、40s/周期(连续5次处理)的微波加热处理后,鱼糜的凝胶强度显著升高,但其整体变化趋势与对照组(即水浴加热)相似;分别添加SPP和STPP的鱼糜凝胶强度均在0.2%时达到最大值,与对照组差异显著;而SHMP在添加量为0.4%时,凝胶强度达到最大值,但与对照组差异不显著;分别添加三种磷酸盐单体的鱼糜经微波加热处理后,其凝胶保水性变化趋势明显不同于各自对照组的变化趋势;微波加热组除添加SHMP后的保水性下降外,其余处理组的鱼糜保水性均有提高;经微波加热处理的SPP组和STPP组保水性也明显优于对照组。此外,微波加热处理也可以大大缩短鱼糜凝胶化的时间。