微波对烟草甲的杀虫效果

进行了微波不同功率和辐照时间对烟草甲杀虫效果、复烤线上微波功率和片烟流量对烟草甲杀虫效果以及对烟叶品质影响试验。结果表明:微波试验机内,微波功率5 kW、辐照时间45 s时,各虫态烟草甲全部死亡;复烤线上,微波功率为30 kW时,各虫态烟草甲全部死亡的片烟流量为800 kg/h;微波辐照对片烟质量无不良影响。     

微波加热钝化黑米糠过氧化物酶

采用微波加热法,以过氧化物酶残余活力为指标,通过单因素和正交实验得出微波钝化黑米糠过氧化物酶的最佳条件为:黑米糠含水量26％、加热时间105s、加热功率900W,该优化条件下过氧化物酶残余活力为0.5％.旨在为黑米糠工业化开发提供基础科学依据.     

利用微波干燥法制备高品质纯鸡粉方法研究

对微波干燥法生产纯鸡粉的工艺进行了研究分析。用单因素实验和正交实验确定生产纯鸡肉粉的最佳工艺条件为生物酶添加量0.6%,提取温度120℃,提取时间2h,料水比1∶1,均质3次。微波干燥时开启36个微波源,物料厚度控制在2~3mm,进料速度调节为2cm/s。生产出的纯鸡肉粉鸡味纯正,口感醇厚,头香浓郁,蛋白质含量高,含水量低,保质期时间长,能够适应实际工业化生产。     

甘薯微波膨化脆片的工艺优化

为优化微波膨化甘薯脆片的工艺条件,笔者以甘薯品种、切片厚度、初始含水量、漂烫时间、微波强度及膨化时间等为因素,以色泽、膨化率、断裂力、感官评分等为考核指标,采用正交试验设计法进行研究分析。结果表明:初始含水量、切片厚度、微波强度及膨化时间和品种为主要影响因素,得出微波膨化甘薯脆片的最佳工艺条件为:品种"山东紫薯",纵向切片厚度2.0mm,沸水漂烫180 s,含水量15%,微波强度2.3 W/g,膨化时间50 s;品种"福建黄心",纵向切片厚度2.5 mm,沸水漂烫180 s,含水量15%,微波强度2.3W/g,膨化时间50s。在该工艺条件下得到的甘薯脆片色泽、口感、质地俱佳,膨化效果好,为甘薯的开发利用及甘薯脆片品质的改善提高提供了有效借鉴与参考。     

微波防治烟草粉螟效果及经济阈值研究

为研究微波辐照对烟草粉螟的杀虫作用，评估微波防治烟草粉螟的应用价值及经济阈值，使用自制微波设备，设置不同的功率和时间对烟草粉螟的卵、幼虫和蛹进行处理。结果表明，当微波功率和处理时间为4 kW、220 s,5 kW、190 s和6 kW、170 s时，均能100%杀灭烟草粉螟卵、各龄幼虫和蛹。不同幼虫密度下，烟草粉螟幼虫对烟叶造成的间接经济损失均远大于直接经济损失。单头烟草粉螟幼虫期对烟叶的经济损失率为0.40%，微波防治烟草粉螟的经济阈值为2.95头/kg。因此，当虫口密度>2.95头/kg时，采用微波防治烟草粉螟具有实际生产意义，最适杀虫微波功率和处理时间为6 kW、170 s。     

微波处理参数对发芽小麦理化特性的影响

在实验室条件下研究了微波处理参数中辐照前的润麦时间及微波辐照时间对发芽小麦品质的影响。结果表明,微波处理能改善发芽小麦的品质。辐照时间为30~90 s时,对发芽小麦各项品质参数的改善不明显;辐照时间为180 s时,虽然能大幅度提高降落数值、峰值黏度和面筋指数,但对湿面筋含量、面筋水合能力均造成不利的影响。最大程度改善发芽小麦品质的微波辐照时间是120~180 s。润麦时间为30 min时,微波处理后发芽小麦的降落数值、峰值黏度没有显著性变化;润麦时间大于30 min时,微波处理后发芽小麦粉的湿面筋含量趋于稳定,但面筋指数逐渐增大。微波辐照前的最佳润麦时间是30~60 min。     

全籽粒莜麦微波预熟化工艺优化

以莜麦为原料,用微波技术对莜麦全籽粒进行预熟化处理,利用单因素法和响应面试验优化产品工艺,得到莜麦预熟化的最佳工艺参数为微波时间70 s、微波温度70℃、微波功率800 W,在此条件下,莜麦的糊化度为93.77%。影响莜麦预熟化的因素依次为微波温度>微波时间>微波功率。经预熟化处理后莜麦外观籽粒保持完整,可以达到产品售卖的效果。     

微波辐射下糙米质构及糊化特性响应机制的研究

采用连续式微波辐射装置对糙米进行处理,探讨微波辐射工艺对糙米质构特性与糊化品质影响,分析微波辐射后糙米糊化特性与质构特性的响应关联性。结果表明,微波辐射处理对糙米糊化特性及质构具有积极作用。处理后糙米糊化温度降低,黏度值、崩解值和回生值升高;蒸煮加工后的糙米饭硬度、弹性、胶着性和咀嚼性下降,黏着性上升,有利于口感提升。在微波辐射剂量为4.0 kW·kg~(-1),微波工作时间为60 s的工艺条件下,效果相对最优。研究表明,微波处理后糙米截面出现裂缝,颗粒状淀粉增多。同时,处理后的糙米籽粒内部,淀粉颗粒排列疏松且粗糙,形态发生改变,出现微孔及凹坑,增大了淀粉颗粒的溶胀程度,改善了糙米籽粒的糊化特性及质构特性。     

微波辐照诱变选育高产橙色素红曲霉菌

采用带水循环冷却装置的微波设备,对紫红曲(Monascus purpureus)进行诱变处理,研究微波辐照功率和辐照时间对红曲霉菌的致死规律和突变规律,获得微波功率和时间的最佳辐照剂量,结果表明：在微波功率500W、辐照时间80s 时,得到突变株W5S8,液态发酵产橙色素色价为16.38U/mL,较原始菌株橙色素色价10.26U/mL 提高了59.62%,连续遗传5 代,产色素性状稳定。     

微波松散设备参数的分组优化

为改善微波松散设备的处理效果,将微波腔体分为进料端、中间区域及出料端3个区域,采用正交实验设计、极差分析和方差分析方法分析了各区的加工参数对配方烟叶的影响。结果表明:①在试验范围内,微波一区磁控管微波功率14 kW,微波二区磁控管微波功率15 kW,微波三区磁控管微波功率16kW以及微波加工时间330 s为最优方案;②采用优化参数进行微波松散,烟包平均温度降低1.4℃,烟包的片层温差降低2.3℃,松散回潮后烟叶松散率提高0.21%,碎片率降低0.17%。     

Fumigant toxicity of three essential oils on the eggs of Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)

Fumigant toxicity of the essential oils from Lavandula hybrida, Rosmarinus officinalis and Eucalyptus globulus against the eggs of Acanthoscelides obtectus was assessed. The essential oil vapours were toxic to eggs with LC₅₀ values ranging between 1.3 and 35.1 μl/l air, depending on egg age and the essential oil. In all cases, the young eggs (3-day old) were more tolerant to essential oil vapours than the older ones (4-day old). Apart from the inhibition of hatching, the exposure of eggs to essential oil vapours increased the subsequent mortality of hatched larvae. The influence of length of exposure to essential oil vapours on egg hatchability was also significant.     

The effect of a new chitin synthesis inhibitor, novaluron, on various developmental stages of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)

Novaluron, a novel chitin synthesis inhibitor (CSI), was tested against the various developmental stages of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 100 ppm. It did not kill T. castaneum adults at these concentrations, but at 1.0 ppm it caused total mortality of third-instar larvae. Novaluron did not affect the number of eggs laid by T. castaneum adults that were exposed to treated wheat flour, but it totally inhibited their hatching after the third day of exposure at a concentration of 1 ppm. On the first day after infestation novaluron did not totally prevent hatching, even at the highest tested concentration of 100 ppm. The time needed to restore egg hatchability after adults were transferred to untreated flour depended on the concentration of novaluron used in the treatment. When the adults of T. castaneum were exposed to novaluron-treated whole wheat grains (at 1 ppm), similar effects to those of the treated flour at the same concentration were observed: egg hatching was drastically reduced. The effect of uptake via contact of adults with novaluron-treated surfaces was examined by exposing them to a mixture of untreated flour and 10% novaluron-treated sand at a concentration of 10 ppm, and only 1% of the eggs hatched after 18 days of exposure. When adults were removed from treated surfaces of Petri dishes to untreated flour, the hatching rate was again reduced by 100%. It was concluded that the contact penetration of novaluron into T. castaneum adults prevents the hatching of eggs subsequently laid.     

Effects of different dietary oils superimposed on different dietary protein levels on the laying performance, egg weights, fertility and hatchability in the tropical environment.

The effects of different dietary oils superimposed on different levels of dietary protein on the rate of egg production, egg weight and egg hatchability and fertility in the tropics have been studied, using 405 layers and 81 breeding cocks all of the single comb White Leghorn x White Plymouth Rock breeds, over a period of 6 months. The oils were plam oil, groundnut oil and lard, and the three dietary protein levels were 14.4, 16.0 and 18.0%. Egg production rate was highest on the 3% palm oil diet superimposed on 18.0% protein diet and lowest on the 3% lard diet superimposed on 14.0% protein diet. There were significant increases in egg production rate as dietary protein levels increased and the differences due to oil types were also significant, being best for palm oil and poorest for lard diets. Feed/dozen eggs, the fertility and hatchability of the eggs laid, and the egg weights were also significantly influenced by oil types, and they all generally favoured palm oil diets, closely followed by groundnut oil diets. Lard significantly depressed egg production rate, egg weight, and egg hatchability and fertility. Protein levels significantly affected egg production rates, egg weight, feed/dozen eggs and egg fertility and hatchability.     

Pattern of egg distribution by Adzuki bean beetle,Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) (Coleoptera: Chysomelidae) in stored chickpea under natural infestation

Under laboratory experimental condition female Adzuki bean beetles, Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) are known to evenly distribute their eggs over grains available for egg laying. However, currently there are no data on pattern of egg distribution by Adzuki bean beetle in large quantity of chickpea grain stored for extended period of time. The objective of this study was to determine the number and distribution of eggs among grains of chickpea stored in large quantity for 8 months and subjected to natural infestations. The experiment was conducted under room temperature and relative humidity at Debre Zeit Agricultural Research Center. The chickpea cultivars used were Natoli (desi type, 22 g per 100 seeds with Tuberculated seed coat texture) and Arerti (kabuli type, 26 g per 100 seeds with smooth seed coat texture) and for each cultivar there were 21 replicas of bags (40 cm wide and 70 cm high). From each bag, which contains 10 kg each, 25 chickpea grain samples were randomly selected at monthly intervals and examined for the presence or absence of Adzuki bean beetle eggs. Grains with eggs were categorized into frequency classes (i.e. 0, 1, 2, …, n) based on the number of eggs present on them. The variance to mean ratio was used to decide the type of egg dispersion pattern. In all the sampling dates and on both cultivars, the variance to mean ratios were highly significantly greater than one indicating that egg distribution by female Adzuki bean beetles on grains of chickpea was aggregated type. Moreover, further analysis of data had shown that the egg distribution pattern perfectly fits the negative binomial distribution, which confirms that the pattern of egg distribution on chickpea grains was aggregated/clumped type.     

Effects of gamma irradiation on the development and reproduction of Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

The inhibitory effects of gamma irradiation were demonstrated on the development and reproduction including egg hatch, pupation, adult eclosion and oviposition of Plodia interpunctella. Failure of all these events increased with increasing doses from 0.1 to 1.0 kGy. However, the rates of developmental inhibition were different among three behavioral events. Egg hatch was almost completely inhibited by 0.5 kGy and higher doses. Pupation was completely inhibited by 0.25 kGy, but adult eclosion was not completely inhibited even by 1.0 kGy. In addition, different age groups within the egg and final larval stages differed in their susceptibility to 0.1 and 0.25 kGy doses; the rates of both hatching and pupation were lower when young individuals were irradiated. Fecundity and hatchability of eggs were greatly reduced when pupae were irradiated at 0.1 kGy and completely inhibited at 0.25 kGy and higher doses. This suggests that although some adults eclosed from pupae irradiated at 0.25 kGy and higher doses, they were not able to lay eggs. Our results suggest that irradiation at 0.5 kGy is appropriate for the inhibition of development and reproduction of P. interpunctella.     

微波杀虫工艺条件的优化

以储粮害虫及稻谷为实验对象,采用不同微波功率、稻谷微波加热温度及缓苏时间对试虫致死率、稻谷爆腰增率、食味值进行研究,综合响应面分析法与满意度函数进行工艺操作参数优化。结果表明：微波缓苏操作的实际最优工艺参数为：微波功率5.4 kW、微波加热温度59.7 °C、缓苏时间2.45 h,此时满意度函数值为最大0.866。经检验,最佳工艺参数进行优化的满意度与理论预测值无显著差异(P＞0.05),优化结果可靠有效,为稻谷中微波杀虫的应用提供一定的参考价值。     

Prediction of Poultry Egg Freshness Using Ultrasound

A non-destructive ultrasound based method was used to develop a model for poultry egg freshness assessment. The proposed model can predict the Haugh unit, albumen thickness, air-cell height, and a number of other egg quality parameters by computing the ultrasound phase velocity within the egg material. For this purpose, the effect of the storage time on the ultrasound phase velocity within the poultry eggs together with the peak values of the transmitted ultrasound signals in the time and frequency domains were considered as indicators of egg freshness. Tests were conducted on eggs that were stored for five weeks in different storage conditions. The computed parameters were used to develop different models to predict the number of storage days for the egg samples. The results showed that the amplitude of the main peaks of the ultrasound signal in the time domain increased by the number of storage days. Moreover, there was a significant difference between the mean values of the phase velocities obtained at different times during the storage period. Comparing the results obtained for the eggs kept at the room temperature to those refrigerated showed that these variations were more significant for the eggs kept at room temperature.     

Effects of sublethal doses of DDT and three other insecticides on Tribolium confusum J. Du V. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

DDT, incorporated in wheat flour at concentrations sublethal to adult Tribolium confusum reduced oviposition, egg hatchability, and larval survival. Lindane gave similar effects, but detailed analyses were conducted only with DDT. Malathion and sodium fluoride failed to produce such effects.Although the sterilant-type action of DDT and lindane was accompanied by a hyper-excretion of quinone compounds into the flour the quinones gave only a modest reduction of oviposition; the primary adverse reproductive effect was attributable to the insecticides. Oviposition was reduced 42%, hatchability 26% and larval survival 78% when adult beetles were exposed to 25 ppm DDT. The insecticidal effect was primarily with females and was evident in egg-laying virgin females. Oviposition was also reduced in first generation adults, but in these hatchability and larval survival were not altered.No anatomical or histopathological changes were evident in reproductive organs of DDT-treated beetles. The effect was to delay or cause retention or resorption of eggs.DDT, at sublethal levels, reduced the metabolic rate; beetle larvae produced less heat, less metabolic water, less uric acid, and weighed somewhat less than untreated populations.     

油茶籽粕鸭蛋去污除菌清洗剂应用效果的研究

目的 研究油茶籽粕去污除菌清洗剂的应用效果。方法 分别用人工污染鸭蛋和鲜鸭蛋为试验材料, 采用油茶籽粕鸭蛋去污除菌清洗剂(CX)、氧净洗液(YX)、自来水(SX)进行清洗处理, 比较其白度提高率、重量减轻率、除菌率和蛋新鲜度品质指标, 并以未加清洗处理作为对照(CK), 进行去污除菌效果的评价。 结果 CX清洗人工污染蛋的感官评分(88±3)分、白度提高率(18.59±0.18)%、重量减轻率(0.44±0.03)%, 菌落总数仅有(3.87±0.32) lg CFU/蛋壳(除菌率99%), 其去污除菌效果优于CK和SX清洗。CX清洗鲜鸭蛋, 其白度提高率(14.568±4.309)%, 重量减轻率(0.6112±0.0032)%, 洁蛋清洗水培养物的OD660为0.178±0.0054。清洗后的鸭蛋其保藏期内气室高度、哈夫值单位、蛋黄指数指标均优于YX、SX。结论 本研究所用的油茶籽粕鸭蛋去污除菌清洗剂清洁效果强, 保鲜力度高, 可延长鸭蛋的货架期     

辐照技术在粮食储藏中的应用

电子束辐照灭茵杀虫技术是近年在国内外发展、应用很快的新兴技术。重点介绍了电子加速器辐照技术在粮食储藏方面的研究进程和应用技术。采用该技术完成除虫作业,具有高效、安全、环保、经济等优点。