黄冠梨销地急速降温条件下适宜贮藏温湿度的筛选

通过测定黄冠梨采后贮藏中硬度、糖度、酸度、呼吸强度、乙烯释放量、果心褐变情况,研究了急速降温下各温湿度条件对黄冠梨果实贮藏期间品质的影响,以筛选出急降条件下最适宜黄冠梨贮藏的温湿度。结果表明,在急降温处理下,-0.7℃-85%RH温湿度组合能够最大程度地抑制黄冠梨果实的呼吸强度,较好地保持果实硬度。此外,还可以有效延缓黄冠梨果实的果心褐变,减少可滴定酸含量的下降,延缓了黄冠梨果实品质的下降。     

1-MCP处理对常温贮藏黄冠梨褐心病和果实品质的影响

为延长黄冠梨果实贮藏期,抑制褐心病,研究了1-甲基环丙烯(1-MCP)处理对常温贮藏期间(20℃)褐心病及相关品质指标变化的影响。结果表明:1.5μL/L的1-MCP处理能极显著(p0.01)降低果实贮藏期间的褐心病发病率与发病指数,贮藏30 d时,1-MCP处理黄冠梨果实褐心病发病率和发病指数分别为12.82%和0.09,比对照低88.59%和88.92%,同时抑制果实的呼吸强度和乙烯生成,保持果实硬度,并能有效降低果心PPO活性与MDA、H2O2含量,提高总酚含量和SOD、POD活性,减缓黄冠梨果心褐变反应。综上所述,1-MCP处理可以有效抑制黄冠梨常温贮藏期间褐心病的发生。     

降温方式对中采鸭梨果心ACO基因表达和褐变的影响

以河北鸭梨为研究对象,通过缓慢降温和急速降温处理,测定了贮藏过程中果实硬度、果实和内源乙烯释放量、果实呼吸强度以及内源二氧化碳浓度等生理指标变化,果心部位ACO(ACC氧化酶,1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase)活性和ACO基因表达量的变化,同时观察果心褐变情况,以研究缓慢降温和急速降温对鸭梨成熟衰老的影响及其与果心褐变的关系。结果表明:与急速降温相比,缓慢降温显著推迟了鸭梨冷藏期间果实乙烯代谢高峰的出现,贮藏各阶段果心部位ACO表达量、内源乙烯浓度显著低于急速降温鸭梨;缓慢降温很好地保持了鸭梨果肉硬度、降低了贮藏期间果实内源CO_2浓度、推迟了呼吸强度高峰的出现。整体而言,缓慢降温通过抑制果实乙烯代谢、降低呼吸强度、保持果肉硬度达到延缓机体成熟衰老的作用,进而显著减少了鸭梨果心褐变。     

1-MCP对不同采收期黄冠梨褐心病及贮藏品质的影响

以黄冠梨果实为试材,研究1-甲基环丙烯(1-MCP)处理对不同采收期黄冠梨常温贮藏褐心病发生的控制效果及相关品质指标变化。结果表明:1-MCP处理能显著抑制黄冠梨常温贮藏期间果心褐变的发生,降低果实贮藏期间的呼吸速率,抑制乙烯释放速率,推迟乙烯释放高峰出现的时间,保持较好的果实硬度,延缓果实可滴定酸、可溶性固形物含量的下降,较好地保持黄冠梨果实的品质,保鲜效果显著。且1-MCP对黄冠梨褐心的控制效果与成熟度密切相关。     

低能微波预处理对巨峰葡萄贮藏品质的影响

分别采用32.5,65.0,97.5,130.0 W功率的微波对巨峰葡萄进行处理,以未处理的巨峰葡萄作为对照,0~2℃贮藏40d。结果表明,97.5 W及以下的低功率微波处理对葡萄保鲜具有积极影响,能显著延缓巨峰葡萄的成熟与衰老。其中32.5 W的微波处理效果最好,在贮藏末期与对照组相比,低能微波处理抑制了丙二醛含量的快速上升,使得处理组的DPPH自由基清除率比对照组高约33%,落粒率降低了10%,多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶酶活降低1/3左右。     

成熟度结合1-MCP处理与不同低温贮藏对塞外红苹果的保鲜效果

以"塞外红"苹果为试材,将刚采摘的果实根据果皮颜色(淡红色、深红色)分为低和高2种成熟度,再将2种成熟度果实均采用0μL/L(CK)和1.0μL/L浓度的1-MCP处理后,放在0℃和2℃低温条件下贮藏。贮藏45、90、135 d时测定果实硬度、可溶性固形物含量(SSC)、可滴定酸(TA)、Vc、乙醇、乙醛、呼吸强度和乙烯释放量,同时调查果实腐烂/裂果和果皮、果心褐变情况。结果表明:与CK相比,1-MCP处理能较好保持贮藏135 d期间果实硬度、SSC、TA、Vc等内在品质,能明显(P≤0.05)降低果实腐烂率/裂果率和果心褐变率,完全抑制果皮褐变率,同时抑制乙醇和乙醛等有害物质的积累,延缓呼吸强度和乙烯释放量的增加,延缓果实衰老。结果还表明,成熟度低(淡红色)和0℃低温贮藏虽能较好地保持果实硬度,降低果实腐烂和果心褐变,但却出现了果皮褐变。初步判断2种成熟度塞外红果实贮藏后期的果皮褐变可能由0℃长期低温导致,而成熟度高(深红色)的果实和2℃条件下贮藏果实出现较高的果心褐变率和腐烂率由果实衰老造成。     

降温方法对晚采鸭梨果心PPO基因表达和褐变的影响

通过对晚采鸭梨果实分别进行急速和缓速降温处理,并测定贮藏期间晚采鸭梨的褐变指数、CO_2和乙烯含量等生理指标以及多酚氧化酶(PPO)的活性及其相对表达量的变化,研究了缓慢降温与急速降温处理下PPO基因表达对晚采鸭梨果心褐变的影响。结果表明:缓慢降温处理的晚采鸭梨PPO活性变化趋势比急速降温处理的PPO活性平缓,在贮藏初期(30 d~60 d)缓降处理PPO活性高于急降,而贮藏初期是引起果心褐变的关键时期,缓降初期较高的PPO基因相对表达量促进了PPO活性的升高,从而导致鸭梨果心在贮藏60 d时褐变严重。说明缓慢降温处理下,PPO1和PPO2 2个基因在贮藏初期共同促进了多酚氧化酶活性的升高,从而促进果心褐变。结论:急速降温抑制了PPO基因的表达,适当延缓了PPO活性的升高,降低PPO的活性能保持晚采鸭梨较高的品质。     

多胺处理对鸭梨采后生理的影响

本文以鸭梨果实为原料,研究了精胺和亚精胺处理对果实呼吸强度、果实乙烯释放量、果肉硬度、果实可溶性固形物含量和果皮组织相对电导率变化的影响。试验结果表明,精胺和亚精胺处理对鸭梨果实的呼吸强度和乙烯释放量具有显著的抑制作用,贮藏240d时,多胺处理组果实可溶性固形物含量和果肉硬度显著高于对照组(p<0.01),果心褐变指数显著低于对照组(p<0.01)。     

气调贮藏对甜樱桃果实采后生理生化变化的影响

主要研究了甜樱桃品种"拉宾斯"在不同CO2浓度的气调贮藏中的生理生化变化。将甜樱桃果实分别置于5%O2+5%CO2,5%O2+8%CO2,5%O2+10%CO2三个浓度的气调箱中(4±1)℃贮藏,分析贮藏过程中呼吸强度、硬度、丙二醛(MDA)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、过氧化物酶(POD)与苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)的变化情况。结果表明:高浓度CO2处理能降低采后甜樱桃的呼吸强度,抑制丙二醛含量上升,维持较高的多酚氧化酶、过氧化物酶、苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性,极大降低果实的腐烂率和褐变指数,其中5%O2+8%CO2为最优处理组。     

不同降温方式下晚采鸭梨PAL基因相对表达与果心褐变的关系

为了研究缓慢降温与急速降温处理下苯丙氨酸解氨酶（phenylalanine ammonian-lyase,PAL）基因相对表 达与晚采鸭梨果心褐变的关系,以晚采鸭梨为试材,测定了贮藏期间晚采鸭梨的褐变指数、质量损失率、硬度、 呼吸强度、乙烯释放量、PAL活力等生理指标以及PAL基因相对表达量的变化。结果表明：缓慢降温处理的鸭梨果 心褐变指数明显高于急速降温果实,且褐变情况更加严重;缓慢降温果实的PAL活力和PAL基因相对表达量在贮藏 60 d以后高于急速降温果实;PAL基因相对表达量与PAL活力及果心褐变指数显著相关,说明PAL基因的相对表达越 强,PAL活力越高,果心褐变越严重。结论：缓慢降温处理加速了鸭梨果心的褐变,急速降温能抑制PAL基因的相 对表达,降低PAL活力,保持晚采鸭梨果实的较高品质。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the