高压均质对大豆分离蛋白功能特性的影响

研究了高压均质压力(40～160MPa)和均质次数(1次/2次)对大豆分离蛋白(SPI)功能特性的影响。结果表明:均质次数为1次时,40MPa和80MPa可显著提高SPI的溶解性,压力增加至120MPa和160MPa时,溶解性反而明显下降,但持水性提高;1次均质可以显著改善SPI乳化活性,而对其乳化稳定性影响不大;80MPa1次均质和160MPa2次均质能显著提高SPI凝胶性;除160MPa外,均质压力相同时,1次均质比2次均质更有利于改善SPI功能特性(包括溶解性、乳化性、凝胶性和持油性)。     

均质及大米蛋白对大米淀粉糊化和质构特性的影响

利用均质机在20～100 MPa压力下处理大米淀粉(RS),在添加或不添加大米蛋白(RP)情况下,考查大米淀粉理化性质、糊化和质构特性的变化。研究结果表明:随着处理压力的增加,RS的溶解度、膨胀率和透光率分别从1.90%、3.37%、6.27%上升至2.88%、5.38%、14.17%,凝沉性则下降;添加大米蛋白后,同一处理压力下,淀粉的溶解度、膨胀率下降,凝沉性上升。糊化特性分析发现,均质处理后,RS的最终黏度、崩解值和回生值分别下降了17.75%、24.47%和16.45%,说明其热稳定性提升,抗老化能力增强;原淀粉和60 MPa压力处理后的淀粉在添加氯化钠后糊化温度上升,黏度、降落值、回生值均有所下降,添加大米蛋白后淀粉黏度下降,回生值上升。质构特性分析发现,随处理压力的增加,淀粉凝胶的硬度从1 743 g下降到1 398 g,弹性则变化不大,大米蛋白使淀粉的硬度下降而弹性升高。     

高压均质对大豆分离蛋白-多糖混合体系功能特性的影响

采用亚麻籽胶（FG）、魔芋粉（KGM）、羧甲基纤维素钠（CMC）三种多糖与大豆分离蛋白（SPI）建立SPI-多糖混合体系,研究了不同均质压力（1¹20 MPa）对SPI以及上述三种体系的功能特性的影响。结果表明:亚麻籽胶的添加使SPI的溶解性和乳化性显著（p<0.05）提高,在压力120 MPa时达到最大值,但是其乳化稳定性随压力升高而降低;SPIKGM体系的起泡性和泡沫稳定性在均质压力30 MPa时最佳;均质作用使SPI的持水性下降,添加多糖也没有明显改善SPI的持水性;SPI-FG的持油性在90 MPa时达到最高值。添加CMC的SPI在高压均质作用下各功能性质也有提升,但效果不是十分明显。高压均质对SPI和SPI-多糖体系的功能性质有不同程度的改善。      

高压均质对大豆分离蛋白功能性质的影响

为了了解高压均质技术对大豆分离蛋白（SPI）功能性质的影响,采用不同的均质压力、均质次数和料液比对大豆分离蛋白溶液进行了高压均质处理,并分析处理前后SPI功能性质的变化.结果表明：高压均质可在一定程度上提高SPI的溶解性、乳化活性及其稳定性和起泡性及泡沫稳定性.均质压力在0～70 MPa的范围内升高时,SPI的溶解性、乳化稳定性、起泡性和泡沫稳定性得到了相应的改善,而乳化活性在压力为40 MPa时达到最高;均质次数由1次向3次增加时,SPI的乳化稳定性、起泡性及泡沫稳定性得到了提高,而溶解性和乳化活性则降低;均质物料料液比在1∶16～1∶8 （g∶mL）的范围内逐步增大时,SPI的各项功能性质均有不同程度的提高,并在料液比为1∶8时达到了最高值.     

动态超高压微射流均质对大米蛋白功能特性的影响

以大米蛋白为原料,在不同料液比(1∶100~12∶100)和不同p H(2~12)的条件下,采用动态超高压微射流进行均质处理,研究不同均质压力(40~200 MPa)和均质次数(1~5次)对大米蛋白功能特性(溶解性、乳化性及稳定性、起泡性及稳定性和粘度)的影响。结果表明:不同料液比和不同p H的大米蛋白溶液经动态超高压微射流均质后其溶解性、起泡性、粘度均有显著的提高,而不同料液比和不同p H的大米蛋白溶液的起泡稳定性均无显著的提高。不同p H的固定料液比(3∶100)大米蛋白溶液经动态超高压微射流均质后其乳化性及稳定性有显著的改善,而不同料液比(尤其是料液比较高时)的固定p H(p H=7)大米蛋白溶液的乳化性及稳定性无显著性改善。均质压力对固定料液比(3∶100)和p H(p H=7)大米蛋白溶液的溶解性、乳化性及稳定性、起泡性、粘度的提高影响显著,而对其起泡稳定性无显著性作用。均质次数对固定料液比(3∶100)和p H(p H=7)大米蛋白溶液的溶解性、乳化性稳定性、起泡性及稳定性、粘度的提高影响显著,而对其乳化性无显著性作用(1~3次),甚至在均质次数较多(4~5次)时有负面性影响。      

不同大米蛋白功能特性的对比研究

本试验比较系统地研究了大米蛋白的功能特性，对不同品种大米蛋白的功能特性进行了比较，为新型蛋白产品应用与食品工业提供了依据。     

高压均质对胡萝卜汁物化特性及类胡萝卜素含量的影响

为研究高压均质(HPH)对胡萝卜汁物化特性和类胡萝卜素含量的影响,在不同均质压力(20,60,100,150 MPa和180 MPa),均质次数(1,2次和3次)和进料温度(25,50℃和70℃)的条件下处理胡萝卜汁并用激光粒度分析仪、Zeta电位仪、浊度仪和流变仪分别测定和计算胡萝卜汁粒径分布、Zeta电位、悬浮稳定性和流变特性(流体类型、黏度曲线和黏弹性),以此评估HPH处理参数对胡萝卜汁物化特性的影响。应用高效液相色谱法测定胡萝卜汁中类胡萝卜素的含量。结果表明:随着均质压力的升高(20～180 MPa)和均质次数的增加(1～3次),粒径分布峰向左移动,20 MPa均质处理与未均质相比,D_(50)减小52.41%,D[4,3]减小41.46%,D[3,2]减小49.48%。180 MPa均质处理与20 MPa相比,D50减小87.21%,D[4,3]减小82.9%,D[3,2]减小84.49%,HPH处理可减小胡萝卜汁中颗粒粒径并提高胡萝卜汁的悬浮稳定性。经流变学数据分析,胡萝卜汁属于假塑性流体(0n1),流变曲线符合Herschel-Bulkley模型,且胡萝卜汁具有凝胶特性(G′G″)。随着均质压力的升高(20～180 MPa)和均质次数的增加(1～3次),胡萝卜汁表观黏度降低,G′和G″均减小。HPH不降低胡萝卜汁中类胡萝卜素含量,甚至促进类胡萝卜素从植物组织释放至胡萝卜汁中。在进料温度25℃,均质次数3次,均质压力60MPa时β-胡萝卜素和α-胡萝卜素含量最高,分别为44.86μg/mL和22.39μg/mL。     

不同大米蛋白功能特性的对比研究

本试验比较系统地研究了大米蛋白的功能特性 ,对不同品种大米蛋白的功能特性进行了比较 ,为新型蛋白产品应用与食品工业提供了依据。     

高压均质对大米淀粉分子结构及体外消化性能的影响

为了明晰不同高压均质条件对大米淀粉分子结构与消化性能的影响,本研究通过凝胶渗透色谱-多角度激光光散射技术、核磁共振技术和碘比色法考察了均质处理前后大米淀粉分子结构的变化,以及利用体外模拟法比较了高压均质前后大米淀粉的消化性能。研究表明,随着均质压力和均质次数的增加,大米淀粉平均分子量和均方旋转半径均减小,分子量主要分布从5×10~6～1×10~7 g/mol和1×10~7 g/mol的大分子区域移向1×10~6～5×10~6 g/mol和5×10~5 g/mol的较小分子区域,表明淀粉分子链发生断裂和降解。α-1,6糖苷键的比例下降说明淀粉分子的支叉结构也受到破坏,直链淀粉含量增加。另外,由于均质过程中直链淀粉与适宜分子量大小的淀粉分子之间易发生重聚集而形成有序的结构域,有利于大米淀粉抗消化性能提高。本研究结果将为利用高压均质技术调控淀粉及淀粉类食品的消化性能和营养功能提供了依据和基础数据。     

可溶性大豆多糖对大米淀粉物化特性的影响

目的 探究可溶性大豆多糖(soluble soybean polysaccharides, SSPS)对大米淀粉物化特性的影响。方法 以大米淀粉为原料,将SSPS以不同比例与米淀粉进行混合,分析SSPS对大米淀粉膨胀度、透明度、冻融稳定性、糊化特性以及流变学特性的影响。结果 与对照组相比,在大米淀粉中加入SSPS可显著降低淀粉的膨胀度及溶解度,当SSPS添加量为10%时,膨胀度和溶解度最低,分别为10.99 g/g (95℃)和70.52%。随着SSPS添加量和冻融次数的增加,体系的析水率呈上升趋势。糊化性质表明,SSPS的添加使淀粉的峰值黏度、低谷黏度、最终黏度、崩解值及回生值均降低,但是糊化温度上升。动态流变学结果表明样品体系G’均大于G”,且呈现出频率依赖性,说明具有典型的弱凝胶特性。结论 可溶性大豆多糖在一定程度上可以改善大米淀粉的特性,为SSPS在淀粉基食品中的应用提供理论指导。     

Effects of high hydrostatic pressure on physicochemical and functional properties of walnut (Juglans regia L.) protein isolate

BACKGROUND: Walnut (Juglans regia L.) is a good source of protein that has potential application in new product formation and fortification. The main objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) treatment (300–600 MPa 20 min) on physicochemical and functional properties of walnut protein isolate (WPI) using various analytical techniques at room temperature. RESULTS: The results showed significant modification of solubility, free sulfhydryl content and surface hydrophobicity with increased levels of HHP treatment, indicating partial denaturation and aggregation of proteins. Differential scanning calorimetry and fluorescence spectrum analyses demonstrated that HHP treatment resulted in gradual unfolding of protein structure. Emulsifying activity index was significantly (P < 0.05) increased after HHP treatment at 400 MPa, but significantly decreased (P < 0.05) relative to the untreated WPI with further increase in pressure. HHP treatment at 300–600 MPa significantly decreased emulsion stability index. Additionally, HHP‐treated walnut proteins showed better foaming properties and in vitro digestibility. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that HHP treatment could be applied to modify the properties of walnut proteins by appropriate of pressure levels, which will help in using walnut protein as a potential food ingredient. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

高压均质在液态食品杀菌中的研究进展

高压均质是一种非热加工技术,随着高压技术和设备的发展和革新,现今高压均质的压力可以达到400 MPa,为食品杀菌提供了新思路。相关研究认为高压均质通过剪切、碰撞、空穴、湍流、涡旋、加热等结合效应对食品中的致病菌和腐败微生物产生破坏作用。本文介绍了高压均质的作用原理,结合微生物、食品物料的理化特性、均质条件等因素讨论该技术在食品杀菌中的研究进展,并分析了该技术的应用前景。      

Effects of high hydrostatic pressure on the physicochemical and emulsifying properties of sweet potato protein

The influence of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) treatment on the physicochemical and emulsifying properties of sweet potato protein (SPP) at various concentrations, e.g. 2%, 4% and 6% (w/v, SPP‐2, SPP‐4 and SPP‐6), was investigated. Significant differences in hydrophobicity, enthalpy of denaturation and solubility were observed (P < 0.05). Emulsifying activity indexes (EAI) of SPP‐2 and SPP‐6 increased at 400 MPa, whereas EAI of all SPP significantly decreased at 600 MPa (P < 0.05). Emulsion stability (ESI) was significantly decreased for SPP‐2 and SPP‐6, while increase in ESI was observed for SPP‐4 above 200 MPa (P < 0.05). SPP‐2 emulsions showed sharp decrease in apparent viscosity with pressure increase, while pseudo plastic flow behaviour was not changed for all of emulsions. Sporamins A and B were well‐adsorbed in pressurised emulsion without displacement. These results suggest that HHP treatment could be used to modify the physicochemical and emulsifying properties of SPP.     

酸性条件下高压均质对大豆蛋白结构与功能特性的影响

通过还原电泳、粒度分布以及内源荧光扫描光谱等手段研究了酸性条件(pH3.0)下高压均质处理对大豆蛋白结构的影响,并测定了改性样品功能特性的变化。结果表明,酸性条件下高压均质对大豆蛋白亚基组成影响较小。随着均质压力的上升,改性样品的粒径呈现先增大后下降的趋势,在40MPa时达到最大值,为94.33nm;而内源扫描最大吸收波长λmax也呈现先增大后下降的过程,表明大豆蛋白结构先展开后聚集,在20MPa时,其λmax为336.0nm,展开程度达到最大。功能特性方面,均值压力为20MPa时能有效改善大豆蛋白的溶解性;其乳浊液的粒径随着均质压力的增大而不断下降。     

壳聚糖的高压均质降解动力学研究

采用高压均质技术(piston-gap型高压均质机)降解壳聚糖,考察循环次数及原料相对分子质量对其降解效果的影响,研究高压均质降解动力学,探讨其降解产物相对分子质量与循环次数之间的关系。结果表明:高压均质降解效果随循环次数的增加及原料相对分子质量的增大而提高;壳聚糖的高压均质降解过程遵循一级反应动力学;壳聚糖降解产物的相对分子质量与循环次数之间存在函数关系。     

超高压处理对大米蛋白功能特性及结构的影响

以不同压力（200、400、600 MPa）对大米进行超高压处理。研究了超高压处理对大米中谷蛋白功能特性以及清蛋白、球蛋白和谷蛋白结构的影响。结果表明:超高压处理后大米蛋白的功能特性和二级结构均发生变化,不同压力影响效果不同。200 MPa时蛋白质的溶解性、持水性和乳化性提高,持油性降低;400 MPa时持水性和乳化性降低,持油性提高,溶解性升高不明显;600 MPa时溶解性、持水性、持油性和乳化性均降低。超高压处理后清蛋白、球蛋白和谷蛋白的二级结构发生改变,β-折叠结构含量降低,无序结构增多。相关性分析结果表明压力、功能特性和二级结构三者之间存在相关性。      

Effects of ultra-high pressure homogenization on microbial and physicochemical shelf life of milk

The effect of ultra-high pressure homogenization (UHPH) on microbial and physicochemical shelf life of milk during storage at 4°C was studied and compared with a conventional heat preservation technology used in industry. Milk was standardized at 3.5% fat and was processed using a Stansted high-pressure homogenizer. High-pressure treatments applied were 100, 200, and 300 MPa (single stage) with a milk inlet temperature of 40°C, and 200 and 300 MPa (single stage) with a milk inlet temperature of 30°C. The UHPH-treated milks were compared with high-pasteurized milk (PA; 90°C for 15 s). The microbiological quality was studied by enumerating total counts, psychrotropic bacteria, lactococci, lactobacilli, enterococci, coliforms, spores, and Pseudomonas. Physicochemical parameters assessed in milks were viscosity, color, pH, acidity, rate of creaming, particle size, and residual peroxidase and phosphatase activities. Immediately after treatment, UHPH was as efficient (99.99%) in reducing psychrotrophic, lactococci, and total bacteria as was the PA treatment, reaching reductions of 3.5 log cfu/mL. Coliforms, lactobacilli, and enterococci were eliminated. Microbial results of treated milks during storage at 4°C showed that UHPH treatment produced milk with a microbial shelf life between 14 and 18 d, similar to that achieved for PA milk. The UHPH treatments reduced the L* value of treated milks and induced a reduction in viscosity values of milks treated at 200 MPa compared with PA milks; however, these differences would not be appreciated by consumers. In spite of the fat aggregates detected in milks treated at 300 MPa, no creaming was observed in any UHPH-treated milk. Hence, alternative methods such as UHPH may give new opportunities to develop fluid milk with an equivalent shelf life to that of PA milk in terms of microbial and physicochemical characteristics.     

Effects of ultra-high pressure homogenization on the cheese-making properties of milk

The effects of single- or 2-stage ultra-high pressure homogenization (UHPH; 100 to 330 MPa) at an inlet temperature of 30°C on the cheese-making properties of bovine milk were investigated. Effects were compared with those from raw, heat-pasteurized (72°C for 15 s), and conventional homogenized-pasteurized (15 + 3 MPa, 72°C for 15 s) treatments. Rennet coagulation time, rate of curd firming, curd firmness, wet yield, and moisture content of curds were assessed. Results of particle size and distribution of milk, whey composition, and gel microstructure observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy were analyzed to understand the effect of UHPH. Single-stage UHPH at 200 and 300 MPa enhanced rennet coagulation properties. However, these properties were negatively affected by the use of the UHPH secondary stage. Increasing the pressure led to higher yields and moisture content of curds. The improvement in the cheese-making properties of milk by UHPH could be explained by changes to the protein-fat structures due to the combined effect of heat and homogenization.