碾搓式银杏脱壳机的设计与试验

为找出银杏工业化脱壳方法,针对其物料特性和脱壳要求,分析对比主要的脱壳方法,设计一种碾搓式银杏脱壳机。通过不同预处理的脱壳对比试验发现,当碾搓砂轮外缘间隙10mm,斜度15°,对分别经水煮、微波、烘干处理的银杏进行脱壳,破壳率接近100％,整仁率分别为98％、94％和97％脱壳效果。而仅作预冷处理的银杏采用此种方式脱壳,破壳率超过90％,但整仁率不到85％。试验为银杏脱壳装置的优化设计提供了依据。     

组合式橡胶籽脱壳机构设计与试验

目的：解决现有的橡胶籽脱壳装置脱壳率、整仁率低,不足以满足不同条件下橡胶籽脱壳需求的问题。方法：设计了一种组合式橡胶籽脱壳机构,通过橡胶籽在凹槽板与旋转刀片的剪切以及对转叶片辊筒挤压、碰撞的组合作用下实现脱壳。运用EDEM离散元软件建立橡胶籽与脱壳机构的离散元模型,并对其脱壳过程进行模拟。采用响应面法分析剪切挤压间隙、叶片辊筒转速、叶片辊筒安装相位对橡胶籽脱壳率、整仁率的影响规律,优化获得最佳工作参数从而进行台架验证试验。结果：所设计的组合式橡胶籽脱壳机,最佳工作参数组合为剪切挤压间隙12.6 mm、叶片辊筒转速300 r/min、叶片辊筒安装相位40.5°。此时,橡胶籽脱壳率为94.09%,整仁率为96.47%。根据最佳参数组合进行台架验证试验,橡胶籽脱壳率为89.67%、整仁率为91.33%。结论：在橡胶籽脱壳装置设计过程中,离散元法可有效分析不同结构参数对性能指标的影响。     

板栗脱壳工艺及其设备的设计

本文提出了先干燥,再划痕、揉搓、脱壳的板栗脱壳新工艺,并根据这个工艺设计了一台板栗脱壳机。     

油茶果脱壳技术与设备研究

对油茶果生物学特性进行了研究,根据其特点采用挤压、搓碾的脱壳方式研制了带有锥形辊筒结构的油茶果脱壳机。油茶果含水量和辊筒转速是影响脱壳效果的主要因素,适宜的脱壳工艺条件为油茶果含水量40%~60%、辊筒转速120~180 r/min,在此工艺条件下,脱壳率大于等于92%,产量大于等于2 t/h。     

葵花籽脱壳机的试验研究

对葵花籽脱壳机作了简单介绍;对影响葵花籽脱壳性能的籽粒含水率、喂入量和叶轮的圆周速度三要素进行了正交试验。得出了籽粒含水率在6．7％～12．2％、喂入量240kg／h、叶轮圆周速度为35～45m／s时．葵花籽脱壳效果较好的结论。     

小型荞麦脱壳机组的研制

介绍了荞麦脱壳机组的组成，工作原理和工艺性能，对荞麦米与未脱壳粒分离的试验结果作了简要概述。     

橡胶果碾搓式脱壳试验机设计

试验机装置主要由驱动传动、碾搓单元、控制电机自动正反转的电器元件、机架等组成。采用往复式摩擦、挤压的原理使橡胶果在摩擦力和挤压力的双重作用下实现壳仁分离。试验结果表明:该机工作性能良好,操作简便,脱壳率可达到78.3%,可进行橡胶果脱壳效果试验和破壳机理的研究。该装置可为研制高效率低损伤的橡胶果脱壳机提供技术基础。     

碾搓式橡胶果脱壳试验

为研究橡胶果脱壳效率随相关参数的变化规律,确定最佳脱壳条件,根据碾搓原理研制了橡胶果脱壳试验机。通过单因素试验和正交试验,分析不同的挤压压力、摩擦速度和摩擦材料对脱壳率指标的影响规律及机器的最佳工作参数。结果表明:随着摩擦速度增大,脱壳率先增大后降低;随着挤压压力的增加,脱壳率线性增加;摩擦材料依次取钢板、塑料板、木板、橡胶板时,脱壳率逐渐降低。对橡胶果脱壳率的影响因素从大到小依次为挤压压力、摩擦材料、摩擦速度。当挤压压力为700N、摩擦速度为46 mm/s、摩擦材料为钢板时,橡胶果的脱壳率达到81.8%。研究结果可为橡胶果脱壳机的整体设计提供试验依据。     

简讯

由东北重型机械学院研制成的松子、榛子脱壳机,最近由齐齐哈尔市科委和机械工业部教育局组织有关单位进行了鉴定。该机生产率为30～35kg/h,松子一次脱壳率达88%,果仁完好率达95%以上。机     

银杏(白果)脱壳分离机的设计

介绍了银杏(Ginkgo，G．biloba L)脱壳机的组成、工作原理、结构特点和技术参数，并对脱壳分离机的主要技术参数进行探讨。实践证明该机器技术可行，能实现银杏脱壳机械化。     

滚切式莲子剥壳机及其试验研究

针对现有莲子剥壳机存在效率低、破碎率高、通用性和运行稳定性差等现状,根据莲子结构特点和剥壳特性,设计一种基于滚切原理的莲子剥壳机。改变将莲子切割与脱壳同步进行的传统剥壳方法,利用槽轮机构的间歇运动实现莲子割壳与脱壳分步进行,使脱壳更彻底有效;通过以剥净率、破碎率为指标,拨销轴转速、搓辊轴转速、刀具轴转速为因素进行正交试验,结果表明:在搓辊轴转速为80r/min、拨销轴转速为35r/min、刀具轴转速为250r/min下,剥净率为91.23%、破碎率为2%;且对指标影响程度:拨销轴转速>刀具轴转速>搓辊轴转速。     

橡胶果脱壳装置的设计

为了实现橡胶果的高效低损伤壳仁分离的效果,采用先切割橡胶果壳,再通过辊子挤压、搅拌、风选分离实现橡胶果脱壳的工艺并根据该工艺设计橡胶果脱壳机。该装置的主要构造为切割装置、挤压装置、分离装置。切割装置由螺旋形刀具和刀槽组成,挤压装置由双辊筒组成,分离装置的主要组成部分为搅拌旋转辊子和风机。该装置结构简单,操作方便,造价低,对于橡胶果的综合利用产业发展有重要的借鉴意义。     

A new method of shelling green peas for processing

Summary. A commercial machine for shelling peas was developed after numerous tests of methods for removing peas from pods. the pods are preheated in steam and then fed to a shelling section by means of a vibratory conveyor which aligns them for end-on presentation to a pair of rubber-covered rollers. A standardized feed gap between the conveyor and the rollers separates shelled peas from unshelled pods. Pods which fail to be gripped by the roller pass to a second slightly modified shelling section.
Extensive tests showed that a greater yield of peas was obtained from the sheller operated on hand picked peas, than from conventional stationary or mobile viners operated on vines. Yield for the combination of a mechanical pea pod picker which would be necessary for commerical operations and the pea sheller was not determined. Peas from the sheller were virtually undamaged in contrast to vined peas and were consequently superior in flavour.
Storage of pods for periods of several days before shelling led to an increase in pea maturity but quality was otherwise unaffected. Ability to store pods permits greater flexibility in harvesting and processing operations and allows an extension of the growing area serving a factory. In addition use of the pea sheller eliminates the need for most of the cleaning equipment as shelled peas are clean. Shelled peas pass directly to the processing line without any delay to cause deterioration.     

Impact of mechanical shelling and dehulling on Fusarium infection and fumonisin contamination in maize

Mechanical shelling and dehulling methods were tested to evaluate their impact on Fusarium infection and fumonisin contamination in maize. All shelling methods which were tested were found to damage the grains. The IITA® sheller caused the highest level (up to 3.5%) of damage. Fusarium populations were higher on damaged grains, the highest being recorded from grains damaged by the IITA® sheller (2533.3 cfu g^-1). Fumonisin levels were higher in damaged grains, the highest being in maize shelled with the IITA® sheller (2.2 mg kg^-1). Fumonisin levels were positively and significantly correlated with the percentage of damage caused by the shelling methods, and with the number of Fusarium colonies in maize. Mechanical dehulling methods significantly reduced fumonisin levels in maize, resulting in a mean reduction of 62% for Mini-PRL, 65% for Engelberg, and 57% for the attrition disc mill. It is important for farmers to choose appropriate shelling methods to reduce mycotoxin contamination. Dehulling should be widely promoted for the reduction of mycotoxins in maize.     

无损伤栗果的微波爆壳工艺研究

栗果的脱壳去衣是板栗深加工的头道工序,历来是板栗加工的技术难题,已成为发展板栗加工业的制约因素。研究将微波技术引入栗果脱壳过程,以期找到一种有效的栗果脱壳去衣方法。研究结果表明:利用微波技术可实现对栗果的一次性脱壳去衣,一次性栗果爆壳率可达90%,栗果微波爆壳的合理工艺条件为:原料→ 称重分级 → 90℃预热干燥15 min →微波脉冲处理(平均功率495 W)→ 爆裂栗果 → 分离壳衣 → 栗仁(粉)。