拮抗菌对柑橘霉变及其抗性的影响

研究了柑橘接种拮抗菌后对柑橘霉变率的影响,以及对柑橘过氧化物酶(POD)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响。结果表明:接种Y-15、Y-16菌的处理组能更显著抑制柑橘霉变,并且该处理组的POD酶活性、SOD酶活性都比其他处理组的要高,MDA含量较低。说明这两种拮抗酵母能更有效地诱导柑橘抗性的增加,提高其抗病能力。     

接种TMV的烟草高温胁迫后防御酶活性的变化

采用温度转换和人工接种试验研究了接种TMV的烟草经高温胁迫后防御酶活性的变化。结果表明:烟草接种TMV后经过高温处理(48℃,24h),防御酶中的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性变化较小;过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性在处理后2d内没有明显变化,2d时高于对照;过氧化物酶(POD)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性均高于对照;多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性在大部分阶段高于对照。因此,CAT、POD、PPO、PAL活性的变化可能与高温诱发烟草对TMV的抗性有关。     

柑橘采后生理代谢对胶孢炭疽菌粗毒素的动态响应

目的:探究胶孢炭疽菌毒素对柑橘生理代谢的动态影响,为研究胶孢炭疽菌的致病机理提供理论参考。方法:在有机溶剂浸提法获得胶孢炭疽菌粗毒素的基础上,采用针刺接种法进行毒素的生物测定,分析粗毒素和病原菌对柑橘采后生理代谢(总酚、类黄酮含量;过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)、多酚氧化酶(polyphenol oxidase,PPO)、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(phenylalanine ammonialyase,PAL)、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶(β-1,3-glucanase,GLU)活性;丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)、果皮细胞壁成分含量)的动态影响。结果:胶孢炭疽菌粗毒素能使柑橘果实产生典型的病斑症状,且使MDA含量显著增高,细胞壁成分含量降低。当毒素浓度较低时,果实病斑直径与PPO活性、POD活性、类黄酮以及木质素含量呈正相关;与纤维素、半纤维素和果胶含量呈负相关。毒素浓度增高时,果实机体及防御酶系统遭到破坏,酶活性急剧下降。结论:胶孢炭疽菌粗毒素能影响柑橘果实生理代谢,引起果实发病,最终导致病斑的形成。由此证明毒素在胶孢炭疽菌对柑橘的致病过程中起到重要作用。     

蜂胶提取物处理对柑橘诱导抗病性的影响

以柑橘为材料,对蜂胶提取物诱导柑橘抗青霉病的表达时间以及蜂胶提取物处理对柑橘果实抗病性相关物质及酶的影响进行研究。结果显示,蜂胶提取物处理后48h 人工接种意大利青霉,柑橘所表现出的抗病性最强。蜂胶提取物处理增加了柑橘果皮中酚类物质的含量,提高了柑橘果皮中苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、几丁质酶(CHT)与诱导抗病性密切相关的酶的活性。这表明蜂胶提取物可增强柑橘果实的防御系统,降低果实贮藏期间的发病率,对柑橘表现出良好的保鲜效果。     

采后一氧化氮处理对油桃抗软腐病的诱导

以油桃为实验对象,研究了采后NO供体硝普钠(SNP)处理对低温贮藏期间油桃根霉软腐病的控制效果及其机理。研究结果表明硝普钠处理能显著地抑制损伤接种Rhizopus stolonifer的油桃果实软腐病的扩展,其中较低浓度5mmol/L的硝普钠处理效果最好,其病斑直径仅为对照的75.83%。进一步研究表明SNP浸泡处理能显著地提高低温贮藏期间油桃果实组织苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)和过氧化物酶(POD)的活性,且在贮藏后期对组织过氧化氢酶(CAT)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)酶活性具有抑制作用,然而对多酚氧化酶(PPO)的活性没有明显的诱导作用。可见一氧化氮是通过改变油桃抗性相关酶的活性来增强果实的抗病性。     

酶活性变化在萝卜抗TuMV分析鉴定中的应用

不同萝卜品种接种抗感芜菁花叶病毒 (TuMV )后 ,测定不同时期叶片中的过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶 (PPO)、苯丙氨酸裂解酶 (PAL)的活性 .结果表明 ,抗病品种POD活性的略低于感病品种 ,接种后POD活性升高 ;抗病品种PPO活性比感病品种高 ,接种后抗病品种PPO活性迅速升高 ,与抗性呈正相关 ,可以作为抗性大小的衡量指标 ;抗病品种PAL活性比感病品种高 ,接种后变化无规律 .     

采后热水处理对苹果梨青霉病的抗性诱导

由扩展青霉(Penicillium expansum)引起的青霉病是梨果实采后的主要病害.研究了采后45℃热水浸泡15min处理对苹果梨果实损伤接种P.expansum的诱抗效果及部分机理.结果表明:热水处理后不同时间间隔(0、24、48h)接种病原物对果实病斑直径的扩展抑制存在差异,其中以间隔48h的抑制效果最为明显,接种后第4d的病斑直径仅为间隔0h接种的33.2%,同样,热水处理后48h接种处理的病斑直径也显著低于同期的室温水处理,其中以接种后第8d的差异最为明显,为同期对照的68.7%.热水处理可明显提高损伤接种果实的PAL、POD和PPO活性,PAL活性在楼种后第6d高出对照2.76倍.PPO活性在接种后第4d是对照的1.96倍,热水处理还可有效增加损伤接种果实的总酚、类黄酮和木质素含量.上述结果表明,热水处理可通过诱导果实的抗性来抑制苹果梨损伤接种果实病斑直径的扩展.     

膜醭毕赤酵母对杨梅果实采后绿霉病的抑制与抗病性的诱导

为研究膜醭毕赤酵母(Pichia membranaefaciens)对杨梅果实绿霉病的抑制及其对抗病性的诱导作用,将杨梅果实先接种15μL浓度为1×109cfu/mL的膜醭毕赤酵母菌悬液,风干1h后再接种15μL的1×105cfu/mL的桔青霉(Penicillium citrinum)孢子悬浮液,然后转入(1±1)℃下贮藏8d,每隔2d测定果实腐烂率、病斑直径、抗病相关酶几丁质酶、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性以及总酚含量;同时分析了离体条件下P.membranaefaciens对P.citrinum孢子萌发和芽管伸长的影响。结果显示,P.membranaefaciens可显著抑制果实贮藏期间绿霉病的发生,并可诱导几丁质酶、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶、PAL、POD和PPO活性和总酚含量的升高;同时P.membranaefaciens在离体条件下也明显抑制病原菌的生长。因此,P.membranaefaciens抑制杨梅果实采后腐烂与直接抑制病原菌生长以及间接诱导抗病性密切相关。     

1-MCP对梨果实脂膜过氧化影响的研究

以"爱甘水"梨果实为实验材料,研究了1-MCP处理对梨果实脂膜过氧化及其相关酶的影响,测定了经1-MCP处理后梨果实中乙烯释放量、丙二醛(MDA)含量,过氧化氢(H2O2)含量、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性、多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性的变化,探讨了1-MCP对梨脂膜过氧化的影响。结果表明:1-MCP对梨果实采后贮藏过程中脂膜过氧化有一定抑制作用,抑制了MDA和H2O2含量的增加,对CAT活性、PPO活性、POD活性、APX活性有一定促进作用。1-MCP可以有效地延长果实的贮藏寿命,保持果实品质。     

几种激发子处理对苹果梨采后青霉病的控制

研究了β-氨基丁酸(BABA)、水杨酸(SA)、Na2SiO3和NO供体硝普钠(SNP)处理对苹果梨抗青霉病诱导的时效性及其作用机理。结果表明,各激发子处理后不同时间损伤接种均能不同程度地抑制扩展青霉(Penicillium expansum)的侵染和扩展,处理后18h接种各处理的病斑直径明显低于对照,其中BABA处理效果最为明显,病斑直径比对照降低了14.59%,SNP次之。进一步研究表明,各激发子处理对果实组织抗性相关酶过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)和苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)均有一定的影响,其中SNP能明显提高POD活性,PAL活性能显著地被SNP和BABA诱导,而对于PPO活性,SNP和Na2SiO3处理的诱导作用高于BABA和SA。     

驴乳的营养成分及其保健作用的研究进展

驴乳作为营养品广泛使用已有数千年的历史,因其含有多种营养成分和生物活性,是婴幼儿、老年及体弱者补充营养物质的重要来源。该文综述驴乳的营养成分和抗菌、抗炎、抗氧化、抗过敏等保健作用,以期为驴乳产业提供新的方向和理论支持。     

The effect of in vitro gastrointestinal simulation on bioactivities of kefir

Kefir is a fermented milk beverage and known to have positive effects on gut microbial diversity and human health. In this study, digested and undigested kefir samples were compared for changes in their antihypertensive, antidiabetic, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Results showed that the amount of total phenolic substances, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging (DPPH) activity, and the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE-I) activity increased from 43.76 ± 0.005 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/L, 4.20 ± 0.55%, and 9.91 ± 3.90% in undigested kefir to 668.16 ± 3.332 mg GAE/L, 63.06 ± 0.64%, and 98.88 ± 0.42% in digested kefir, respectively. While the dipeptidyl peptidase IV-inhibitory (DPPIV-I) activity of undigested kefir increased by 19.11 ± 7.35% after digestion, the optical density of the ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) decreased from 1.188 ± 0.05 to 0.278 ± 0.009, and the protein amount decreased from 101.4 mg L⁻¹ to 12.42 mg L⁻¹ in digested kefir. No antimicrobial effect was observed in undigested kefir, whereas, digested kefir samples were active, but only against Escherichia coli. These results show that the gastrointestinal digestion processes of kefir generally increase the number of bioactive molecules, and the digestion process must be taken into account to determine the biological capability of foods.     

Antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer activity of 3 Umbilicaria species

Abstract: The aim of this study is to investigate in vitro antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer activity of the acetone extracts of the lichens Umbilicaria crustulosa, U. cylindrica, and U. polyphylla. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by 5 separate methods: free radical scavenging, superoxide anion radical scavenging, reducing power, determination of total phenolic compounds, and determination of total flavonoid content. Of the lichens tested, U. polyphylla had largest free radical scavenging activity (72.79% inhibition at a concentration of 1 mg/mL), which was similar as standard antioxidants in the same concentration. Moreover, the tested extracts had effective reducing power and superoxide anion radical scavenging. Total content of phenol and flavonoid in extracts was determined as pyrocatechol equivalent, and as rutin equivalent, respectively. The strong relationships between total phenolic and flavonoid contents and the antioxidant effect of tested extracts were observed. The antimicrobial activity was estimated by determination of the minimal inhibitory concentration by the broth microdilution method. The most active was extract of U. polyphylla with minimum inhibitory concentration values ranging from 1.56 to 12.5 mg/mL. Anticancer activity was tested against FemX (human melanoma) and LS174 (human colon carcinoma) cell lines using MTT method. All extracts were found to be strong anticancer activity toward both cell lines with IC₅₀ values ranging from 28.45 to 97.82 μg/mL. The present study shows that tested lichen extracts demonstrated a strong antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer effects. That suggests that lichens may be used as possible natural antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer agents.     

Cladonia lichens and their major metabolites as possible natural antioxidant,antimicrobial and anticancer agents

The aim of this study is to investigate in vitro antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer activities of the acetone extracts of the lichens Cladonia furcata, Cladonia pyxidata and Cladonia rangiferina and their atranorin and fumarprotocetraric acid constituents. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by free radical scavenging, superoxide anion radical scavenging, reducing power, and determination of total phenolic and flavonoid compounds. As a result of the study atranorin had largest free radical scavenging activity with IC₅₀ values 131.48 μg/mL. Moreover, the tested samples had effective reducing power and superoxide anion radical scavenging. Total content of phenol and flavonoid in extracts was determined as pyrocatechol equivalent, and as rutin equivalent, respectively. The strong relationships between total phenolic and flavonoid contents and the antioxidant effect of tested extracts were observed. The antimicrobial activity was estimated by determination of the minimal inhibitory concentration by the broth microdilution method. The most active was fumarprotocetraric acid with minimum inhibitory concentration values ranging from 0.031 to 0.125 mg/mL. Anticancer activity was tested against FemX (human melanoma) and LS174 (human colon carcinoma) cell lines using MTT method. All samples were found to be strong anticancer activity toward both cell lines with IC₅₀ values ranging from 10.97 to 41.23 μg/mL.     

Antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer activities of three Parmelia species

BACKGROUND: Lichens are symbiotic organisms consisting of algae and fungi. They are used for human and animal nutrition and in the production of colours, perfumes and alcohol. Lichens have also been used in traditional medicine to treat diseases such as jaundice, pulmonary, stomach and cranial diseases. In this study the acetone extracts of three lichens, Parmelia caperata, Parmelia sulcata and Parmelia saxatilis, were tested for their antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer potential. RESULTS: Of the lichens tested, P. saxatilis had the highest free radical‐scavenging activity (55.3% inhibition). Moreover, all tested extracts showed effective reducing power and superoxide anion radical scavenging. Strong relationships between total phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant effects of the tested extracts were observed. The extract of P. sulcata was most active in terms of antimicrobial ability, with minimum inhibitory concentration values ranging from 0.78 to 12.5 mg L^?1. All extracts were found to have strong anticancer activity, with IC₅₀ values ranging from 9.55 to 22.95 µg mL^?1. CONCLUSION: The present study showed that the tested lichen extracts exhibited strong antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer effects. This suggests that lichens may be used as possible natural antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer agents. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

Biological activities of Maillard reaction products (MRPs) in a sugar–amino acid model system

The various biological activities of Maillard reaction products (MRPs) from sugar (fructose and glucose) and 20 amino acid model systems were evaluated. Colour development, in vitro antioxidant, α-glucosidase inhibitory, antihypertensive, and antiproliferative activities of aqueous solutions of MRPs produced by heating at 130 °C for 2 h were measured. The fructose–amino acid mixture showed higher UV-absorbance and browning intensity than the glucose–amino acid mixture. The fructose–amino acid model MRPs showed higher DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging and ACE inhibitory activities than the glucose–amino acid model MRPs. The α-glucosidase inhibitory effect of MRPs derived from fructose– and glucose–tyrosine showed higher α-glucosidase inhibitory activity than that of other MRPs. Sugar–amino acid model MRPs inhibited the growth of HCT116 colon cancer cell in a dose-dependent manner (from 0.5 to 1.5 mg/ml). Glucose MRPs showed slightly higher antiproliferative activity than fructose MRPs. In particular, sugar–tryptophan and –tyrosine MRPs exerted higher biological activities than the other MRPs.     

Antioxidant,Antibacterial, and Antiproliferative Activities of Free and Bound Phenolics from Peel and Flesh of Fuji Apple

This study was conducted to investigate the antioxidant, antibacterial, and antiproliferative activities of flesh free (FF), flesh bound (FB), peel free (PF), and peel bound (PB) phenolics from Fuji apple. The PB, which had highest total phenolic contents (126.15 ± 2.41 mg/100 g wet weight) and lowest total carbohydrate contents (34.68 ± 2.78 mg/100 g wet weight), showed the strongest 2,2’‐azinobis‐(3‐ethylbenthiazoline‐6‐sulphonate) (ABTS) radical scavenging activity (EC₅₀ = 0.36 ± 0.02 mg/mL), 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picryhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity (EC₅₀ = 0.26 ± 0.01 mg/mL), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (Ferric reducing antioxidant power; EC₅₀ = 0.19 ± 0.02 mg/mL) compared with those of FF, FB, and PF. The PB also showed the strongest antibacterial activities on Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes and it also showed the highest antiproliferative effects on Caco‐2 human colonic cancer cell (EC₅₀ = 1.44 ± 0.01 mg/mL) and Hela human cervical cell (EC₅₀ = 2.81 ± 0.01 mg/mL). Both free and bound phenolics from Fuji apple showed good antioxidant, antibacterial, and antiproliferative activities in our study, and bound phenolics had significantly higher activities compared with those of free phenolics.     

浏阳豆豉发酵中高产酶活菌株的分离鉴定及酶活性分析

从浏阳豆豉发酵过程中分离产高酶活菌株,通过形态观察结合分子生物学技术进行鉴定,并对其产蛋白酶、脂肪酶及纤维素酶的活性进行分析。结果表明,分离得到3株菌（编号为000、5132、621）均被鉴定为溜曲霉菌（Aspergillus tamarri）。3株菌的蛋白酶、脂肪酶及纤维素酶的活性测定结果表明,菌株621蛋白酶活性最强,为（207.98±3.20）U/mL;菌株5132的纤维素酶活性最强,为（3.40±1.40）U/mL;菌株000的脂肪酶活性最高,为（90.7±0.64）U/mL。     

红参浓缩液对小鼠的抗氧化、免疫调节及降血糖作用

该研究通过建立衰老小鼠模型和II型糖尿病小鼠模型,对比不同剂量的红参浓缩液对小鼠体内抗氧化、免疫及降血糖活性影响。实验发现：与模型组相比,红参浓缩液给药组显著降低丙二醛含量（MDA）、空腹血糖（FBG）和口服葡萄糖耐量（OGTT）血糖曲线下面积（AUC）并且显著提高羟自由基清除率（•OH）、总超氧化物歧化酶（T-SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化氢酶（GSH-Px）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活力和免疫球蛋白G（Ig G）、免疫球蛋白M（Ig M）、白细胞介素4（IL-4）和γ干扰素（IFN-γ）含量（P<0.05）,明显改善脾脏损害。以上结果表明一定浓度的红参浓缩液可以延缓衰老、提高衰老模型小鼠的免疫力,增强II型糖尿病模型小鼠的葡萄糖耐受力,具有降血糖的效果。     

Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of propolis from several regions of Korea

Biological activities of different propolis extracts in Korea were examined for the evaluation of quality comparison with that from Brazil (BZ). Total polyphenol and flavonoid contents of propolis extracts from Yeosu (YS) and Cheorwon (CW), whose values were higher than BZ, were also shown to be more aboudant. The extracts of YS and CW also showed strong antioxidant activities, using the linoleic acid peroxidation and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical-scavenging activity. However, the extract from BZ had less active antioxidant activity on linoleic acid peroxidation and DPPH free radical-scavenging activity of less than 70% than other extracts. The DPPH free radical-scavenging activity seems to relate with the antioxidant activity of linoleic acid peroxidation. The propolis with antioxidant activity also had DPPH free radical-scavenging activity. The extracts of YS and CW had effective antimicrobial activities on Staphilococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhimurium and Candida albicans. Strong antioxidant, radical-scavenging and antimicrobial activities of YS and CW seemed to relate with high values, total polyphenol, and flavonoid contents.