Preparation and properties of ^117m Sn（Ⅳ）-TTHMP in in-vitro and in small animals

In this work,TTHMP was synthesized and labelled with 117m Sn.The preparation conditions,stability and lipophilicity of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP were investigated.Biodistribution of the complex in rabbits and mice was studied.It was found that the quantity of TTHMP and pH value of the prepararion solution had vital effects on the labeling yield of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP.It was also found that 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP was hydrophilic and stable at room temperature and 37℃ in open air 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP showed unexpectedly high bone uptake and bone-to-blood ratio in the animals.This made it potentially useful as an reagent for skeletal scintigraphy and radiotherapy of bone tumors.     

117mSn－DTPMP的制备及其生物性质研究

合成了具有亲骨性的氨基膦酸配体－DTPMP（二乙基三胺基五亚甲基膦酸）,制备了117mSn(Ⅳ)－DTPMP,对配合物的稳定性、亲脂性作了研究,考察了它在小鼠体内的分布。将其生物性质与已有文献报道的117mSn(Ⅳ)－DTPA作了比较。结果表明117mSn(Ⅳ)－DTPMP的制备方法简单,配合物稳定性好,亲水,在小鼠体内的生物行为表明117mSn(Ⅳ)－DTPMP的靶向摄取率即骨摄取率较高,高于国外文献报道的117mSn(Ⅳ)－DTPA,是一种极具潜力的新型放射性药物。     

117Snm-胺基膦酸类配合物的生物分布研究

为了合成具有较高骨摄取和较低血液、肌肉、脾、肺摄取的放疗药物，以用于骨癌和骨转移癌治疗，合成了4种^117Sn^m-胺基膦酸类配合物，并对其在生物体内的分布进行了比较。研究结果表明，^117Sn^m—TTHMP可望成为骨肿瘤治疗药物。     

Preparation and bio-distribution of bone tumor therapeutic radiopharmaceutical ~(153)Sm-TTHMP

TTHMP (triethylenetetraaminehexamethylenephosphonic acid) was labeled with 153Sm. The labeling condition, stability, mole ratio of 153Sm to TTHMP, rabbit bone imaging and bio-distribution of 153Sm-TTHMP in mice were investigated. The results showed that weak basie media and high concentration ligands were favorable to form 153Sm-TTHMP; labeling compounds were stable at pH 7 in 7 days. The results also indicated that the chemical mole ratio of 153Sm-TTHMP is n(153Sm) : n(TTHMP) = 1 : 1 and skeleton uptake of 153Sm-TTHMP is high((13.96±3.51)%/g at 1h post injection and (13.54±2.98)%/g at 48h post injection), while the non-target tissue uptake is relatively low, so 153Sm-TTHMP is a promising bone tumor therapeutic agent.     

Alpha induced reactions on Cd up to 38.5 MeV: Experimental and theoretical studies of the excitation functions

The energy dependence of the cross sections of threshold reactions induced by alpha particles on targets of natural cadmium is studied in the energy range from threshold up to 38 MeV. Using a stacked foil irradiation technique and classical gamma-spectroscopy the formation of the radioisotopes ^{110,113m+g,117m}Sn, ^{108m,g,109g,110m,g,111cum,113m,114m,115m,116m,117m,g}In and ^111m,115gCd was assessed. The newly obtained excitation functions were compared with earlier published values, measured either on enriched or natural Cd targets. The results of calculations based on theoretical models of nuclear reactions obtained by the codes ALICE-IPPE, EMPIRE and GNASH are presented. Thick target yields and production routes for some medically relevant radioisotopes are discussed.     

Adsorption of ^117mSn（IV）—EDTMP on hydroxyapatite and collagen

Some organic phosphines labeled with ^117mSn(IV) have been proved promising for imaging and pain palliation of bone tumor.In this paper,a preliminary investigation on the adsorption characteristics of EDTMP(ethelenediaminetetramethylene phosphoric acid)labeled with ^117Sn(IV) on HA( hydroxyapatitie)and collagen,and an investigation on the adsorption mechanism of ^117mSn(IV)-EDTMP on HA was presented.     

Investigation on oxidation states of rhenium in Re-HEDP

The oxidation states of rhenium in Re-HEDP (hydroxyethylidene diphosphonate) were measured by the methods of extraction and potentiometric titration. The oxidation state of rhenium in Re-HEDP was mostly +4 valence, and the Re(IV)-HEDP was oxidized to Re( V)-HEDP when it was titrated by 1, at pH 2.0. In the reduction system of Vc+Sn2+, ReO4- was only reduced by Sn2+, but Vc was oxidized earlier than Sn2+ when it was titrated by     

Preparation and characteristics of ^117mSN—HEDTMP

Tin-117m(t1/2 14d;γ159keV,86%) is an ideal tracer for studying biological behavior of tin compounds as well as for developing clinically-useful radio-pharmaceuticals.It had been reported that Sn-117m[4 ] DTPA has unexpectedly high bone uptake and bone-to-blood ratio,and is potentially useful as an agent for skeletal scintigraphy and radiotherapy of bone tumors.In this work.HEDTMP [N-(2-hydroxyethyl)ethlenediamine-1,1,2-tri(methylene phosphonic acid)] was synthesized.Let it form complex with ^117mSn.The formation conditions,stability and distribution coefficient between oil and water of the complex were investigated.     

黑漆古铜镜表面层的X射线近边吸收谱分析

利用同步辐射X射线吸收(XANES)近边分析,探讨了黑漆古铜镜表面层某些原子周边的信息.Sn原子L3边XANES谱的分析,进一步证明黑漆古铜镜表面SnO2晶格中存在以肖托基缺陷的形式存在掺杂的Fe原子,Sn原子的外层轨道空态少于标样SnO2,被部分填充.Sn原子与O原子的结合程度较标样SnO2低,黑漆古铜镜表面是由Sn(IV)与Sn(II)的氧化态共同组成的稳定结构.     

Isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for determination of 126Sn content in spent nuclear fuel sample

The ¹²⁶Sn content in a spent nuclear fuel solution was determined by isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ID-ICP-MS) for its inventory estimation in high-level radioactive waste. A well-characterized irradiated UO₂ fuel sample dissolved in a hot cell was used as a sample to evaluate the reliability of the methodology. Prior to the ICP-MS measurement, Sn was separated from Te (¹²⁶Te), which causes major isobaric interference in the determination of ¹²⁶Sn content, along with highly radioactive coexisting elements, such as Sr (⁹⁰Sr), Y (⁹⁰Y), Cs (¹³⁷Cs) and Ba (^137m Ba), using an anion-exchange column. The absence of counts attributed to Te at m/z = 125, 128, and 130 in the Sn-containing effluent (Sn fraction) indicates that Te was completely removed from the anion-exchange column. After washing, Sn retained on the column was readily eluted with 1 M HNO₃ accompanied with approximately 80% of the Cd and 0.03% of the U in the initial sample. Owing to the presences of Cd and U in Sn fraction, the measurements of ¹¹⁶Sn and ¹¹⁹Sn were affected by the isobaric ¹¹⁶Cd and the doubly charged ²³⁸U²⁺ion, resulting in the positive bias of the determined values. With the exception of the isotopic ratios including ¹¹⁶Sn and ¹¹⁹Sn, ¹¹⁷Sn/¹²⁶Sn, ¹¹⁸Sn/¹²⁶Sn, ¹²⁰Sn/¹²⁶Sn, ¹²²Sn/¹²⁶Sn and ¹²⁴Sn/¹²⁶Sn were successfully determined and showed good agreement with those obtained through ORIGEN2 calculations. The measured concentration of ¹²⁶Sn in the spent nuclear fuel sample solution was 0.74 ± 0.14 ng/g, which corresponds to 23.0 ± 4.5 ng per gram of the irradiated UO₂ fuel (excluding the presence of ¹²⁶Sn in the insoluble residue). The results reported in this paper are the first experimental values of ¹²⁶Sn content and isotope ratios in the spent nuclear fuel solution originating in spent nuclear fuel irradiated at a nuclear power plant in Japan.     

Mössbauer spectroscopy of tin in unirradiated and neutron irradiated Zircaloys

Mössbauer spectroscopy of the 23.9 keV γ-rays in ¹¹⁹Sn nuclei was applied to study Zircaloy-2, Zircaloy-4, and other tin-bearing zirconium-based alloys of interest to nuclear power technology. Zircaloys are extensively used in nuclear reactors as fuel cladding. In CANDU reactors, Zircaloys are also used as major structural components such as calandria tubes, and were used until the late 1970's as pressure tubes (now replaced by Zr–2.5Nb alloy). Unirradiated specimens of these alloys, as well as radioactive specimens, both neutron-irradiated in high-flux test reactors and extracted from nuclear power-reactor components after many years of service, were examined. The obtained spectra consistently showed tin in substitutional solid solution in α-Zr, whereas no evidence was found of metallic Sn or intermetallic Zr₄Sn precipitates. In oxide scrapes removed from Zircaloy-2 pressure tube of one of CANDU reactors, where the alloy was exposed for about 10 years to pressurized heavy water coolant at temperatures of ∼280°C, a considerable fraction of tin was found in the Sn(IV) state, in the form that coincides with the state of tin in stannic oxide, SnO₂. The same form of tin was identified in filterable deposits in the primary heavy water coolant of CANDU reactors. For comparison, in Zircaloy heated in air, SnO₂ was formed only at temperatures above 500°C.     

Experimental study of the excitation functions of deuteron induced reactions on Sn up to 40 MeV

Using the stacked-foil activation technique, cross-sections of deuteron induced reactions on natural Sn were measured up to 40 MeV. Excitation functions are reported for the product nuclides ¹¹¹In, ¹¹³Sn, ^117mSn, ^125mSn, ^125gSn, ¹¹⁵Sb, ^116mSb, ¹¹⁷Sb, ^118mSb ^120mSb, ¹²²Sb, ¹²⁴Sb and ¹²⁵Sb and compared with the earlier published data sets. For all excitation functions comparisons with theoretical calculations using the ALICE-IPPE, EMPIRE, EAF and the TALYS codes were performed.     

Magnetovolume and chemical bonding effects of Sn atom in the γ'-(Fe1-xSnx)4N compounds

Combining x-ray diffraction and high pressure Mossbauer spectroscopy,the structure and the hyperfine parameters of Sn substituted for Fe in γ'-Fe4N were in-vestigated. The results of x-ray diffraction indicate that single phase γ'-(Fel-xSnx)4Ncompounds can be synthesized in the composition range 0≤ x ≤ 0.3, and the latticeparameter can be well fitted with two linear formulas α0(x) = 3.795 + 0.019 × x (0.0≤x ≤0.10) and α0(x) = 3.795+ 0.228 × (x- 0.1)(0.10 ≤ x ≤0.30) for different contentof Sn. Using high pressure Mossbauer spectra, the influences of the magnetovolunceffect and the chemical bonding effect of Sn atom on the hyperfine magnetic field andthe isomer shift were first distinguished. It is found that the magnetovolume and thechemical bonding have different influences on the properties of γ'-(Fe1-xSnx)4N, andthe latter plays a more important role.     

^117Sn^m-DTPMP的制备及其在小鼠体内的生物分布

合成了具有亲骨性的氨基膦酸配体二乙基三胺基五亚甲基膦酸（DTPMP）,制备了^117Sn^m（Ⅳ）-DTPMP,并研究其稳定性、亲脂性以及在小鼠体内的生物分布。结果表明,^117Sn^m（Ⅳ）-DTPMP的制备方法简单,稳定性好,亲水,标记率〉95％;在小鼠体内的生物分布表明,^117Sn^m（Ⅳ）-DTPMP的靶向摄取率即骨摄取率较高,注射1h之后达（22．26±2．02）％ID／g,是一种极具潜力的新型放射性药物。     

Alpha induced reactions on Sn: An experimental study of excitation functions and possible production pathways

In the frame of a systematic study of light ion induced threshold reactions on natural tin (Sn) excitation functions for alpha particles induced reactions are presented in a 12–38 MeV energy domain. Using a stacked foil activation method the following radioisotopes were identified: ¹¹⁶Te, ¹¹⁷Te, ¹¹⁸Te, ¹¹⁹Te, ¹²¹Te, ¹²³Te, ¹¹⁷Sb, ¹¹⁸Sb, ¹²⁰Sb, ¹²²Sb, ¹²⁴Sb, ¹²⁶Sb, ¹¹⁷Sn, ¹¹¹In. The experimental cross sections for these isotopes are presented for the first time in this energy range and a direct comparison with values calculated with the ALICE-IPPE code is discussed. Possible use of these data for production of some isotopes relevant in nuclear medicine is suggested.     

Finite element analysis of copper–Nb3Sn contact performance under transverse compression

It turns out from recent researches on Nb₃Sn conductor that contact strain is important for Nb₃Sn conductor, as it could cause the degradation of the conductor itself. Few experimental results describing the behavior of Nb₃Sn sub cables under transverse load are available. Numerical modeling is one method to investigate the contact strain inside the cable. In this paper, finite element method was used to analyze the two- and three strand contact strains under two pressing configurations: flat and concave plates. From the finite element analysis, it is found that the average von-Mises strain of bottom Nb₃Sn in Nb₃Sn–Nb₃Sn–Nb₃Sn contact model and copper–Nb₃Sn–Nb₃Sn contact model is the same under flat or concave plates; the average von-Mises strain of bottom Nb₃Sn in two strand contact model is also the same. It is also verified that the shape of the top copper press has no more influence on the strain distribution in Nb₃Sn strand under the transverse compression.     

中国古代铜镜的穆斯堡尔谱学研究

本文用~(119)Sn穆斯堡尔谱学对中国古代青铜镜进行了研究。发现在铜镜表面锡以Sn~(4+)氧化物状态存在,而在铜镜内部则以Cu-Sn-Pb合金状态存在。铜镜表面是否具有“黑漆古”似与表面层中锡的存在状态无必然联系。由铜镜表面区分层的~(119)Sn内转换电子穆斯堡尔谱的分析可知,锡的存在状态由表面的Sn~(4+)氧化物逐渐过渡到内部的Cu-Sn-Pb合金,但在距离表面的不同深度区域,这两种物相相对含量比的变化速度并不完全相同。     

Alpha induced reactions on Cd and Cd: An experimental study of excitation functions

Excitation functions of alpha induced reactions on enriched ¹¹⁴Cd and ¹¹⁶Cd targets, leading to the formation of the ^117m,119mSn, ^{114m₁,115m,116m,117m,g}In, ^115gCd isotopes, were studied by the stacked foil activation technique. Reaction cross-sections were measured from their respective thresholds up to E_α = 38.9 MeV. Quantification of induced isotopes has been made by gamma and X-ray spectrometry. The experimental cross-sections are compared, where available, with values reported previously in literature. Thick target yield for the medically important radionuclide ^117mSn is calculated based on discrete values of measured cross-sections.     

The chemical reduction of neptunium to the trivalent state

It was established spectrometrically that 1–1.5 M nitric and hydrochloric acid solutions of sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate (rongalite) reduce Np (IV) to Np (III). The reduction proceeds both in an atmosphere of nitrogen and in air, but the degree of reduction and the stability of Np (III) are increased in an atmosphere of nitrogen. It is known that an increase in the total amount of the reducing agent in the solution (hydrazine + rongalite) promotes the reduction of neptunium to the trivalent state; neptunium is reduced on the average by 70% in nitric acid solutions and by 95% in hydrochloric acid solutions.It was found that reduction of Np (V) with rongalite gave a mixture of Np (III) and Np (IV). In the Np (IV) and Np (III) mixture, the latter shows a noticeable stability to oxidation with aerobic oxygen.     

Health Phys.Abstracts,Volume 121,Number 5北大核心CSCD

Age-dependent Radiation Dose Rates from Canine Sn-117m Treatments Matthew G.Arno1,Chad Smith2(1.Foxfire Scientific,Arlington,TX;2.FX Masse,Gloucester,MA)Abstract:Tin-117m(Sn-117m)is used to treat dogs with osteoarthritic joints by radiosynoviorthesis.The decay process for Sn-117m is internal conversion wherein IC electrons and auger electrons provide the therapeutic effect.Additionally,the most prominent gamma emission is 158.6 keV.The effective dose rate received by a person interacting at close distances with a treated dog is needed to determine the person’s total dose and thus regulatory compliance.Simple measurement of the dose rate at a given distance does not provide an accurate measurement of the effective dose to a person due to the non-uniform nature of the radiation field at close distances.MNCP models of the interactions of five ages of humans at three distances were created to determine the effective dose rates using the methodology from NRC Regulatory Guide 8.40.Ratios of the effective dose rate to the person to the measured dose rate at 1 m from the same source were calculated.