水产品摄入获益与风险及其评估研究进展

水产品是人类多种营养素的良好食物来源,但水产品所含污染物及其所致危害日益受到关注.因此,对以鱼类为主的水产品摄入进行获益与风险的深入研究及对其进行风险获益综合评估有助于指导人群更加合理消费水产类食物.     

水产品摄入效益与风险及其评估研究进展

水产品是人类多种营养素的良好食物来源,但水产品所含污染物及其所致危害日益受到关注。因此,对以鱼类为主的水产品摄入进行获益与风险的深入研究及对其进行风险获益综合评估有助于指导人群更加合理消费水产类食物。     

基于生物可给性的广东省居民主要消费海水鱼膳食暴露评估应用初探

目的 分析广东省居民主要消费海水鱼品种中甲基汞的生物可给性及其影响因素,探讨生物可给性对膳食海水鱼甲基汞暴露的影响.方法 在广州某大型水产贸易市场采集12种海水鱼(共36份样品),经不烹调(生样)、油煎、烘烤或清蒸等4种烹调后,采用体外模型生理原理提取法测定甲基汞生物可给性,比较不同海水鱼、烹调方式之间甲基汞生物可给性...     

风险获益评估模型在食物营养与安全评估中的研究进展

风险获益评估最初起源于经济学,是以专业评估方法评价某一事件中风险与获益的可能性大小.食品行业中最先引进的是风险评估模型,经过几十年的发展,食物风险评估在国内外已逐步成型,然而,食物获益评估起步相对较晚.本文概述了食物获益风险评估的起源、模型构建的理论与方法,介绍食物获益风险评估在国内外的典型研究和应用情况,并对其发展趋...     

定性风险-受益评估方法在蔬菜及蔬菜中硝酸盐摄入评估中的应用性研究

目的通过评估蔬菜及蔬菜中硝酸盐摄入的风险与受益,为我国食物或食物成分的风险-受益评估研究提供参考依据。方法以欧盟构建的BRAFO(benefit risk analysis for food)模型为基础,对蔬菜及蔬菜中硝酸盐摄入的风险与受益开展一级和二级分级评估,同时与摄入量评估相结合,定性比较蔬菜及蔬菜中硝酸盐摄入的风险与受益。结果蔬菜作为食物提供人类多种营养素,摄入蔬菜能够降低结肠癌、超重和肥胖、心血管疾病、Ⅱ型糖尿病等疾病的发生风险,蔬菜中硝酸盐可引起高铁血红蛋白血症的发生。由参考情景转为假设情景时消费者获得的受益大于风险,假设情景要优于参考情景(300 g/d),即推荐居民消费蔬菜300~500 g/d。结论分级评估的方式对食物开展风险-受益研究具有科学性和合理性,需要进一步加强人群流行病学、毒理学等方面的研究,优化模型参数,将概率评估与风险-受益评估研究相结合以减少风险-受益评估研究中的不确定性。     

食品安全中风险-受益评估框架构建与方法

食品的风险-受益评估(risk-benefit assessment, RBA)是通过综合描述某种食物或食物成分的风险和效益特征,评估在一定的暴露水平下,摄入该食物对人体健康的总影响是有益还是有害,是一个开放的、不断建立和完善的应用方法体系。食品安全领域开展风险-受益评估研究是制定食品安全政策和决策以及引导合理膳食的重要依据。本综述系统介绍食品安全中风险-受益评估的评估框架构建,以及不同层级食品(食品组分或膳食)的风险-受益评估方法与评估过程等技术内容,并进一步提出该研究领域在食品安全中的应用现状与展望。     

风险-受益评估技术在食物及其成分方面的应用和研究进展

随着食物种类的多样化发展,食物给人类提供营养的同时也随之带来了风险,对食物和食物成分进行风险-受益评估是食品安全领域的一个新的发展方向。近年来,国际上有关风险-受益评估的研究主要应用于临床、微生物、环境及生态等研究领域,而基于食物和食物中某种成分的风险-受益评估研究则起步较晚。本文就国际上现有的食物及其成分的风险-受益评估技术和研究进展进行综述,并对我国风险-受益评估技术的应用进行了展望。     

液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱联用法测定鱼类干制品中甲基汞含量的测量不确定度评估

液相色谱—电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定鱼类干制品中的甲基汞含量,分析测定过程,评估重复测量、样品称量、前处理、标准溶液、标准曲线拟合等方面的测量不确定度。结果发现测量过程中对结果影响较大的因素主要是标准溶液纯度及配制、标准曲线拟合,重复测量。可能由于该样品是用于新方法开验样品之一,实验人员对实验过程控制严格,同时样品中甲基汞含量较低导致,但作为日常检测中测量不确定度主要来源的测量重复性不容忽视,日常检测工作的开展应重点关注这些方面。     

进出口蜂王浆及其制品中10-羟基-α-癸烯酸的分析与评估

目的 了解掌握蜂王浆及其制品中的主要营养成分质量情况,以确保蜂王浆在进出口贸易时得到相应的法律保障。方法 样品经乙醇提取,溶出10-羟基-α-癸烯酸(以下简称10-HDA),并沉淀蛋白质,加内标后用乙醇定容,经离心或放置过夜,上清液过滤,HPLC测定。结果 有代表性的进出口的蜂王浆及蜂王浆胶襄样品均含有一定量10-HDA。结论 蜂王浆含果糖、氨基酸、多种酶、乙酰胆碱及丰富的维生素、芸香甙、促进性腺样物质和抗菌素类物质等,而其中10-HAD由于具有一定稳定性,因此是检验蜂王浆营养品质的主要指标。     

低温乳制品冷链管理中利用风险量模型公式对食品安全质量风险的评估、控制的探讨

乳制品是消费者饮食中较常见的种类,随着生活水平日益改善和提高,人们更加注重食品营养和安全,低温乳制品因其特有的产品营养及低温酸奶含有益活菌等特性,逐渐受到广大消费者的接受和喜欢。与常温乳制品比,低温乳制品全程需要保持在2～6℃的低温条件才能保质保鲜,如何对冷链环节因客观条件下不同程度的脱离冷链要求而存在的一些风险进行有效评估、控制和改善,是保证低温乳制品安全质量和市场发展的重要课题之一。     

Determination of methylmercury in marine fish from coastal areas of Zhejiang,China

The concentration of methylmercury (MMC) and total mercury (TMC) in marine fishes (five species) frequently consumed in the coastal areas of Zhejiang province, China, was determined. The method of high-performance liquid chromatography–atomic fluorescence spectrometry (HPLC-AFS) with the microwave-assisted extraction was used for the MMC determination. TMC was analysed by a direct mercury analyser. MMC and TMC concentrations in five fish species ranged from 53 to 158?µg?kg^?1 and 60 to 172?µg?kg^?1, respectively. The proportion of MMC levels in TMC was greater than 80%. The highest MMC and TMC levels were found in Hairtail.     

6种鱼类鱼汤中脂肪酸组成和挥发性风味物质比较

目的 探究不同鱼类鱼汤中挥发性风味物质的差异。方法 采用气相色谱和气相色谱质谱联用,对鳙鱼、鲫鱼、鳊鱼、黄鱼、三文鱼、鳕鱼六种鱼类鱼肉脂肪中的脂肪酸与鱼汤中的挥发性风味物质进行了测定与对比。结果 在6种鱼鱼肉中共检测出20种脂肪酸,其中饱和脂肪酸7种,单不饱和脂肪酸5种,多不饱和脂肪酸8种。在鱼汤中共检测出挥发性风味物质72种,其中醛类16种,烃类27种,酯类6种,醇类10种,酮类5种,其他类8种。结论 鳙鱼、鲫鱼、鳊鱼与三文鱼中主要包括棕榈酸、油酸和亚油酸,相比于这四种鱼,鳕鱼和黄鱼中的ω-3PUFA类脂肪酸含量较高,而亚油酸含量较少。鱼汤的挥发性风味物质中均以醛类、醇类、烃类为主,淡水鱼的挥发性风味物质中醇类含量显著高于海水鱼,且淡水鱼挥发性风味物质总量也显著高于海水鱼。     

Estimate of mercury and methyl mercury intake associated with fish consumption from Sagua la Grande River,Cuba

This paper provides an estimate of the weekly intake of total mercury (THg) and methyl mercury (MeHg) from consumption of fish from the Sagua la Grande River, Villa Clara, Cuba, by determining the THg levels in different fish species. The levels varied between 0.143 and 0.484 μg g^?1 on a fresh weight basis. None of the analysed fish was found to have levels above the national and international regulatory levels, although THg levels over 0.2 μg g^?1, the threshold concentration established by the World Health Organization (WHO) for the consumption by vulnerable population groups, were found in 75% of samples. The MeHg level was found to be 84% of the THg content. A Food Frequency Survey was given to 127 townspeople to estimate river fish consumption. The weekly intake of MeHg was found to be greater than the value established by the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) in 50% of children, in 80% of pregnant women, and in 75% of women in childbearing age. These weekly intakes can represent an important risk to the population's health, especially for vulnerable groups.     

广东省3岁及以上城市居民脂肪及脂肪酸摄入状况分析

目的 分析广东省城市居民的脂肪及脂肪酸的摄入水平与食物来源.方法 2017-2018年选取广东省5个城市,采用多阶段分层整群抽样方法抽取3岁及以上居民,运用非连续3 d 24 h回顾调查法收集调查对象膳食摄入信息.结果 广东省城市居民平均每日能量摄入量为1671.9 kcal,脂肪摄入为69.2 g,脂肪供能比为39....     

Influence of mercury bioaccessibility on exposure assessment associated with consumption of cooked predatory fish in Spain

BACKGROUND: Predatory fish tend to accumulate high levels of mercury (Hg). Food safety assessment of these fish has been carried out on the raw product. However, the evaluation of the risk from Hg concentrations in raw fish might be modified if cooking and bioaccessibility (the contaminant fraction that solubilises from its matrix during gastrointestinal digestion and becomes available for intestinal absorption) were taken into account. Data on Hg bioaccessibility in raw predatory fish sold in Spain are scarce and no research on Hg bioaccessibility in cooked fish is available. The aim of the present study was to evaluate Hg bioaccessibility in various kinds of cooked predatory fish sold in Spain to estimate their health risk. RESULTS: Both Hg and bioaccessible Hg concentrations were analysed in raw and cooked fish (swordfish, tope shark, bonito and tuna). There were no changes in Hg concentrations during cooking. However, Hg bioaccessibility decreased significantly after cooking (42 ± 26% in raw fish and 26 ± 16% in cooked fish), thus reducing in swordfish and tope shark the Hg concentration to which the human organism would be exposed. CONCLUSION: In future, cooking and bioaccessibility should be considered in risk assessment of Hg concentrations in predatory fish. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Risk-benefit analysis of fish consumption: Fatty acid and mercury composition of farmed southern bluefin tuna, Thunnus maccoyii

The docosahexanoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) contents and total mercury concentration were measured in whole tissue composites of all edible tissues of wild caught and farmed southern bluefin tuna (Thunnus maccoyii, SBT) and each of the marketed tissue cuts (akami, chu-toro and o-toro) of these fish. Rapid lipid accumulation during culture resulted in a net reduction in mercury concentration of SBT composite tissues and an increase in the concentration of the dietary essential fatty acids. Moreover, the increased affinity of lipid for certain tissue cuts (o-toro) over that of others (e.g. akami), resulted in cross carcass variation in the mercury concentration of fish muscular tissue. Results highlight the potential for farming to be used as a tool to improve the flesh quality of fish species which could otherwise provide limited dietary essential fatty acids to consumers and potentially contain elevated contaminant levels.     

广东省部分地区市售龙眼中农药残留现状与膳食暴露评估

目的 调查广东省10个城市市售龙眼中农药残留现状并开展膳食暴露评估,为龙眼生产的合理用药及龙眼中农药残留限量的修订提供参考依据.方法 随机采购来自广东省10个城市的200份龙眼样品,对其中的50种农药残留进行检测.统计分析农药残留数据,采用风险熵值进行龙眼膳食暴露风险评估.结果 200份龙眼样品中,检出农药20种,其中...     

Evaluation of the potential use of discard species for fish silage and assessment of its oils for human consumption

Waste or by-products contains a substantial amount of nutrients. Fish silage is an alternative way for assessment of fish discards and waste generated in the fish processing industries. The aim of the study was to evaluate the potential use of discard species (Equulites klunzingeri, marine fish and Carassius gibelio, freshwater fish) for fish silage and chemical quality of fish oil extracted from fish silages prepared with acid and fermented methods. Lipid quality of fish oils extracted from fish silages with LAB strains was evaluated in terms of thiobarbituric acid (TBA), peroxide value (PV), p-Anisidine (AV), totox values and fatty acid composition. The results showed that PV, TBA, AV and totox values of all extracted fish oils were within the acceptable limits for edible oils. Recovered fish oils from silage contained high level of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), serving as a source of good quality fish oil for human consumption.     

Effect of chloride on the formation of 3-monochloro-1,2-propanediol fatty acid diesters and glycidol fatty acid esters in fish,meats and acylglycerols during heating

The effects of the presence of chloride on the formation of 3-monochloro-1,2-propanediol fatty acid esters (3-MCPDEs) and glycidol fatty acid esters (GEs) in saltwater fish, meats and acylglycerols (diacylglycerol and triacylglycerol) during heating were investigated in this study. Five saltwater fish species (salmon, saury, yellowtail, mackerel and Spanish mackerel) were grilled with a fish griller. 3-MCPDEs and GEs were detected in all of the grilled fish samples. The total amount of GEs was higher than 3-MCPDEs. Beef and pork patties with or without sodium chloride (1.5%) were cooked using gaseous fuel. The formation of 3-MCPDEs was significantly increased by the addition of sodium chloride to the meat patties, whereas the concentration of GEs in the cooked meat patties was not changed by the content of sodium chloride. Hexadecane solutions of diacylglycerol or triacylglycerol containing FeCl₃ were heated at 240°C. The formation of 3-MCPDEs was greatly increased by adding FeCl₃ to the solutions of triacylglycerol. The amounts of 3-MCPDEs decreased with the extension of the heating time. From these results, it is suggested that 3-MCPDEs and GEs are formed in saltwater fish and meats by cooking, and that the formation of 3-MCPDEs was affected by chloride in foodstuffs.