Neighborhood sociodemographics and change in built infrastructure

While increasing evidence suggests an association between physical infrastructure in neighborhoods and health outcomes, relatively little research examines how neighborhoods change physically over time and how these physical improvements are spatially distributed across populations. This paper describes the change over 25 years (1985–2010) in bicycle lanes, off-road trails, bus transit service and parks, and spatial clusters of changes in these domains relative to neighborhood sociodemographics in four US cities that are diverse in terms of geography, size, and population. Across all four cities we identified increases in bicycle lanes, off-road trails, and bus transit service, with spatial clustering in these changes that related to neighborhood sociodemographics. Overall, we found evidence of positive changes in physical infrastructure commonly identified as supportive of physical activity. However, the patterning of infrastructure change by sociodemographic change encourages attention to the equity in infrastructure improvements across neighborhoods.     

杭州公共自行车设施现状调查与思考

在考察杭州市城市中心区、商务区和一般居住区的公共自行车站点分布及运行情况的基础上,对杭州市提出的公共自行车解决一公里内出行问题的实际效果进行评价,提出了发展公共自行车,必须重视自行车道的建设和站点设置,建立科学的等级分布,健全公共自行车交通换乘体系,完善管理程序,逐步、有序的实现自动运营等改进建议,为城市公共自行车系统的更好发展提供依据。     

城市路内外停车设施车辆停放的差异性分析

为了提高城市停车设施建设和管理效果,论文以国内外多个城市和区域的交通调查和数据分析为基础,分别对路内外停车设施的车辆停放时长、停车周转率、停车时间分布、车辆停放目的、停车者行为决策以及停车费用敏感度等6个方面进行对比分析。研究结果表明,路内停车泊位利用效率明显高于路外停车设施,路内外停车设施服务的主要停车目的存在显著的差异性。步行距离、车辆停放安全性和收费价格是影响停车选择的重要因素,而当提高路内停车收费价格后,将会显著增加停车者选择路外停车场的比例。     

基于湖滨城市特征的自行车专用道规划设计 昆明环湖东路自行车专用道设计分析

介绍了国内外自行车交通发展的历程,在全球城市寻求低碳发展背景下,绿色出行方式正成为交通发展的主旋律。昆明环湖东路自行车专用道的示范项目通过充分挖掘昆明滇池湖滨地区的生态与景观特色,明确昆明环湖东路自行车专用道"宜行、宜游"的规划目标,定位在建设亲水自行车廊道、凸显高原湖滨城市特色,针对性地提出结合环湖路沿线湖滨地区生态景观特征及沿线自行车交通相关需求的,以人的使用与活动为出发点的设计方案。其建成投入使用所产生的初步示范效果良好,为湖滨自行车专用道的规划建设提供了相关经验。     

创新型城市道路交通特征及其对社会交往的作用——基于2个Cambridge城市案例的分析

通过对英国剑桥市和美国剑桥市的城市用地布局结构、城市核心区道路结构、核心区交通系统和道路空间特点等方面的比较分析,指出创新型城市的道路交通在出行目标可达性、交通方式可选择性、道路空间友好性3个方面具有较为明显的优势特征;城市支路网线密度与创新型城市的功能具有内在的联系,城市支路空间界面有效促进了创新型城市的就业人群和居民交往,丰富了城市空间的类型,从而为触发城市创新活动提供了更多可能性。由于我国大多数大学校区和部分科技园区大地块分割、封闭式管理,使其内部道路未充分发挥城市公共活动和促进广泛人群交往的功能,一定程度上影响了创新型城市的功能发挥。     

中国城市活力中心的街道步行环境指数测度

The existing studies concerning walkability mainly focus on the characteristics of the built environment that could encourage walking. However, few discussions have been reported regarding the influence of the street environment on walking experiences. In this study, a walking environmental assessment method was proposed, involving the nine indexes of crossing facilities, street planting, building aspect ratio, street furniture, isolation for non-motor vehicles, width of the sidewalk, illegal parking, sidewalk disrepair, and bike-exclusive lanes. This method was applied to evaluate the walking environment of 12740 city streets in 71 urban vitality centres of 50 typical Chinese cities by combining street images and virtual audits. In addition, the practical problems, causes, and strategies behind the scores were analyzed. The empirical results validate the feasibility of the proposed method in revealing problems of the walking environment in Chinese cities. Research conclusions provide suggestions to refine urban planning and management of non-motorized traffic systems in cities.     

城市中心步行化空间探讨

二次世界大战后欧洲城市开始进行步行街建设，进入７０年代步行街在西方国家大量流行。我国在９０年代开始进行城市步行街的规划建设。本文在总结国内外步行街发展的原因以及城市中心步行环境的类型的基础上，提出城市中心步行空间规划设计要点。     

建成环境对街道活力的非线性效应——基于XGBoost模型的多源大数据分析

深入认知建成环境对街道活力的影响效应,是街道环境优化与城市更新的基础。但多数研究忽略了二者之间的非线性关系,难以有效指导设计实践。基于多源大数据测度街道活力与建成环境,使用机器学习算法来分析其非线性效应,并针对不同类型街道进行探索。结果表明：1)提升开发强度是促进街道活力的最有效措施;2)建成环境要素对街道活力的影响表现出非线性特征,将其控制在合理范围内,街道活力才会有效提升;3)街道环境要素的综合设置应考虑其交互效应,一个要素的影响会随着另一个要素的变化被放大或缩小;4)老城区、商务片区、工业与区域交通设施周边区域及景观性街道的活力形成机制存在显著差异。相关规律可为街道的精细化设计提供人本尺度的理论参考。     

城市社区绿道的服务效率及设计优化研究——以深圳市为例

非机动出行是解决现代城市环境问题的有效途径之一,修建以自行车道为主的社区绿道旨在促进市民自行车出行,引导道路交通秩序,进而推进城市交通可持续发展。本文采用录像法,对深圳市中心城区4类典型社区绿道建成后的使用效率及交通行为特征进行研究,进而提出城市社区绿道建设及改造建议:绿道上的自行车道宽度应大于等于2.00m且应设置为双向通行;自行车道一侧的人行道宽度应不小于2.25m;自行车道应在邻接人行道的绿化带边缘而非绿化带内修建;垃圾桶应间隔设置于人行道两侧;行道树避免选择枝条下垂的树种等。     

A tale of three greenway trails: user perceptions related to quality of life

Urban sprawl and renewed concern for the environment have helped create new policies and initiatives designed to enhance community quality of life. Among these are transportation enhancements mandated in ISTEA and TEA21. Funding through transportation enhancements has helped to spur the designation and development of greenway trails with the intent of fostering alternative transportation and generally making cities more livable. This paper presents research conducted on three greenway trails in Texas. The research was based on the human ecosystem concept and was intended to determine if and how such greenway facilities were contributing to quality of life and how people might perceive such contributions based on the way they used the trail (e.g. for transportation or recreation). Results indicated that most people used greenway trails for recreation but that trails differed in user types and activities based on location and policy. Users felt that these urban greenway trails were contributing most to community quality of life through resident health/fitness, the natural areas they provide, better land use and resident pride. They felt that they contributed least to diversifying industry, business development and access to shopping areas or public transportation. Those who used trails for transportation scored trails as contributing more toward reducing pollution, reducing transportation costs and providing better access to work than did those who used trails only for recreation. Implications for understanding use and users in the designation, design and development of urban greenway trails are discussed.     

开封古城城市街区与建筑保护探析

历史文化名城是祖先馈予我们的宝贵遗产,也是华夏古老文明的见证。在历史文化名城的现代化进程中,如何正确处理好保护和发展的关系,真正实现古城的现代化,是一个现实而重要的问题。本文以开封古城为对象,通过对城市建筑和街巷的调研分析,从建筑历史和城市规划的角度讨论了历史名城的保护和发展问题,并为历史文化名城的保护和发展提出了建议。     

A Schematic Urban Street Network-Display Algorithm

The link-node network is the most commonly used model for representing a large-scale urban street system. It is easy to formulate a mathematical model which describes the complicated spatial and temporal urban-street-related problems on such a simplified network representation. However, recently developed microscopic network traffic models contain important details which cannot be depicted on the link-node diagram. This paper describes a computer-graphics algorithm which can generate a lane-detailed schematic urban street network display. The algorithm is very comprehensive, and it can accommodate various types of urban street configurations. The regular four-approach, right-angle intersection can be displayed most accurately. However, intersections with more or less than four approaches and/or links intersecting at an angle other than 90-deg can be generated satisfactorily. One-way streets intersecting two-way or one-way streets can also be depicted. Furthermore, roadways where the number of lanes changes (for example, from two lanes to three lanes, or from two lanes to one lane) can also be plotted. The overall quality of the display generated by this algorithm is satisfactory. The required input data is relatively simple, although the time associated with the input data preparation is short. In addition, applications using this algorithm are also discussed.     

Isn＇t it time to take bicycles seriously again in Beijing ？

The humble bicycle was once the predominant mode of transport in Beijing and it can be argued that the city has previously been one of the best bicycle cities in the world. Now the streets are littered with rusting old bikes and it seems as if Beijing has turned its back on the bicycle in its quest for modernity and evolution. The resultant re-configuration of the city and the rapid speed of development of modern transportation systems （particularly the lightening growth of personal automobiles） have created a complex set of issues and challenges which now put the city under pressure such as sustainability, air quality, health and traffic congestion problems.     

社区商业性生活街道老幼互动行为场景研究——三个广州案例实证

儿童友好社区和老年友好社区的发展理念已在国内试点城市推进实践,但社区建设中的老幼友好规划设计研究尚处于起步阶段。为探索社区生活街道如何为老幼人群提供接触他人、融入社区的良好支持,利用行为跟踪法和环境行为定点观察法,以广州的三个典型社区商业性生活街道为研究对象,对老幼群体在街道中的行为特征和互动场景模式进行分析与归纳,总结提出老幼人群互动的五种行为模式、典型街道生活场景模式和三种行为序列。从增进社区老幼互动、提升社区街道活力的角度,提出设施邻近和设施共享的社区生活设施复合布局模式构想。     

1861年至1911年汉口街道形态的演变过程

1861年汉口开埠,在西方文明的影响下,汉口的城市发展中心从沿河走向沿江,城市空间发展受控于商业资本的影响越来越大,由封闭式向外延式发展。汉口街道开始出现统一规划,不同于原初体现与生活不断协商、不断变化的渐进过程,同时与街道互为图底的新型建筑里分出现,街道鱼刺型形态得到强化。     

自行车交通在未来城市交通中的发展前景

以深圳市为例,探讨了自行车道在深圳发展得不理想的原因,阐述了自行车交通的优势,分析了自行车交通在未来的城市交通战略中的角色,指出发展自行车交通将成为重要的城市交通战略之一。     

A proper choice of route significantly reduces air pollution exposure--a study on bicycle and bus trips in urban streets

A proper selection of route through the urban area may significantly reduce the air pollution exposure. This is the main conclusion from the presented study. Air pollution exposure is determined for two selected cohorts along the route going from home to working place, and back from working place to home. Exposure is determined with a street pollution model for three scenarios: bicycling along the shortest possible route, bicycling along the low exposure route along less trafficked streets, and finally taking the shortest trip using public transport. Furthermore, calculations are performed for the cases the trip takes place inside as well as outside the traffic rush hours. The results show that the accumulated air pollution exposure for the low exposure route is between 10% and 30% lower for the primary pollutants (NO(x) and CO). However, the difference is insignificant and in some cases even negative for the secondary pollutants (NO(2) and PM(10)/PM(2.5)). Considering only the contribution from traffic in the travelled streets, the accumulated air pollution exposure is between 54% and 67% lower for the low exposure route. The bus is generally following highly trafficked streets, and the accumulated exposure along the bus route is therefore between 79% and 115% higher than the high exposure bicycle route (the short bicycle route). Travelling outside the rush hour time periods reduces the accumulated exposure between 10% and 30% for the primary pollutants, and between 5% and 20% for the secondary pollutants. The study indicates that a web based route planner for selecting the low exposure route through the city might be a good service for the public. In addition the public may be advised to travel outside rush hour time periods.     

城市商业步行街界面空间环境设计研究——以新余市步行街环境改造设计实践为例

随着物质文明的繁盛,人们逐渐开始追求有质量的精神享受。商业步行街也直接映射出城市综合文明的一面,怎样将这张城市名片设计成立体的,有活力,有特色,成为时下城市设计范畴重点研究的课题之一。该文以界面为脚本,对城市商业步行街进行了较为全面的诠释与归类,力图为设计实践作好充分的伏笔。使方案在合理的范围下得到最优处理,使其在具备功能的同时,通过界面合理的设计来整合建筑与环境的关系,从形态的和谐、视觉的统一、环境的营造等方面协调两者之间的关系,设计充满生机的城市商业步行街空间环境。     

关中小城市历史文化街区街巷空间有机生长规划途径研究

该文以有机生长理论为视角,以蒲城为例,对关中小城市历史文化街区街巷空间的功能秩序、空间秩序特色和现存问题进行分析总结,从街巷系统的功能融合、城市设计、公众参与三个方面提出关中小城市历史文化街区街巷系统规划的策略,创造功能复合的街巷、形成基因健康生长的"街巷网状系统"、尊重历史和文脉,从而达到对延续关中小城市传统风貌、缝合社会生活网络的目的。     

基于空间句法的和平古镇街巷空间量化分析研究

本文采用空间句法理论中的轴线分析法,对和平古镇保护区内的街巷空间系统进行量化分析,通过集成度、平均深度以及可理解度三个参数值的分析,为和平古镇的保护、更新提供引导和支持。