Costs of Suburban Services

Abstract

A BASIC PROGRAM FOR WAR HOUSING: A Program for Housing Workers in War Industries: Recommendations of the National Committee on the Housing Emergency. National Committee on the Housing Emergency, 512 Fifth Avenue, New York City; Mrs. S. I. Rosenman, Chairman. May 1942. 10c per copy.

A TEXTBOOK FOR PLANNING IN LOS ANGELES: Cities Are For People. By MEL SCOTT, Pacific Southwest Academy, Los Angeles. 1942. 110 pages.

PLANNING EDUCATION IN AMERICAN SCHOOLS: Education for Planners. By HUCRI S. MORRISON. National Resources Planning Board, Region 1, 2100 Federal Building, Boston, Massachusetts. June 1942. 80 pages, mimeo.     

Future Directions in Housing and Public Health: Findings From Europe With Broader Implications for Planners

Problem: Chronic diseases such as asthma are rising at alarming rates in the United States and worldwide. Housing environments play an important, underappreciated role in these trends.

Purpose: In this article, we document the magnitude of the association between housing conditions and asthma and related respiratory symptoms, present examples of new systems for addressing adverse effects of housing on health, and discuss how planners might require or encourage such innovations.

Methods: We use logistic regressions based on household survey data from seven European cities to show the magnitude of the association between housing conditions and noise annoyance and the exacerbation of asthma and related respiratory symptoms. To support our argument that new housing intervention systems show great promise for alleviating current housing-related health challenges, we offer several different examples of green building criteria that incorporate health measures.

Results and conclusions: After taking into consideration individual-level characteristics, we found that respondents across a range of cities who were strongly annoyed by general neighborhood noise had twice the odds of a doctor-diagnosed asthma attack or related respiratory symptom than those not at all annoyed. Those strongly annoyed by traffic noise had 68% higher odds. Drainage problems at the housing unit were associated with 54% higher odds of experiencing respiratory symptoms, building structural problems with 27% higher odds, and a leaky roof with 35% higher odds. We identify healthy housing development, construction, and housing rehabilitation systems as promising initiatives for addressing the web of associations between housing and health. We suggest that funds such as Community Development Block Grants or housing trusts could subsidize such efforts, and various existing planning processes could incorporate health requirements or scoring criteria.

Takeaway for practice: There is compelling evidence that housing conditions are associated with poor health. Planners should inform themselves about these and identify opportunities to incorporate health considerations into planning that affects housing.

Research support: None.     

Under Construction: How Home-making and Underlying Purchase Motivations Surface in a Housing Building Site

Abstract

Drawing on material geographies of home, this paper argues researching building sites furthers understandings of home-making, purchase motivations and modes of valuing new homes. The building site is examined through semi-structured walking interviews with 21 households living in a master-planned estate (MPE) under construction in southern Sydney. MPEs are a fitting representative for profiling the intricacies of new build housing developments. In these contexts, the duration of the building site persists; this overlaps with early occupation and creates challenges that are expected and unexpected, brief and enduring. Results are presented in two sections. First, sharing space with builders and new neighbours fractures some expectations of an ideal home. Home-making proceeds by accommodating, both emotionally and physically, the challenges of building sites. The second section shows how residents weigh up home-making challenges alongside anticipated financial reward. This reward is always speculative though, and the building site compounds this: residents take a risk at the outset, managing fears and worries that hinge upon the aesthetic expression of others. Building site experiences are both an example and evidence of home as a process. Housing studies should continue to pause at these interstitial moments, towards better grasping the expectations and aspirations of contemporary home-making.     

Innovation in Planning and Housing

In September 1986, the Royal Australian Planning Institute, the International Federation for Housing and Planning, the Eastern Regional Organisation of Planning and Housing, and the Federation of Local Government Planners Association of Australia hosted an International Congress in Adelaide under the banner, ‘Innovation in Planning and Housing’. Over 700 delegates from 35 countries were represented.

We asked 10 of these delegates to give their impressions of the congress. The usual disclaimer applies: the views expressed are those of the individuals, not necessarily their employers.     

A Tale of Two Cities: Physical Form and Neighborhood Satisfaction in Metropolitan Portland and Charlotte

Problem: Literature advocating compact development and mixed uses frequently claims that this form of development supports a higher quality of life, yet the empirical basis for this claim is weak.

Purpose: I assess the relationship between physical form and quality of life using neighborhood satisfaction as an empirical definition of quality of life.

Methods: I examine the effects of block and neighborhood housing density, land use mix, the mix of housing structure types, and street network connectivity on residents' ratings of neighborhood satisfaction. Using a multilevel dataset that combines individual household information with neighborhood contextual variables, I compare the Charlotte, North Carolina and Portland, Oregon metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs), which have very different development patterns and land use policies.

Results and conclusions: At the neighborhood level, I find density and mixed land uses to be associated with higher neighborhood satisfaction in Portland, but lower neighborhood satisfaction in Charlotte. At the block level, however, I find blocks that are exclusively single family detached housing to be associated with higher neighborhood satisfaction in both MSAs. These findings suggest that the influence of compact development and mixed uses on residents' quality of life depends upon the context, and may be sensitive to the spatial scales at which urban form is examined.

Takeaway for practice: Planners should understand that strategies promoting compact development and mixed uses will have different consequences in different contexts, and should pay careful attention to the appropriate spatial scale for implementing such policies. I conclude that compact growth and mixed uses improve quality of life by contributing to higher levels of neighborhood satisfaction, though they may not succeed in low density metropolitan areas. I conclude that in considering such development, planners should: rely on evidence to identify appropriate strategies; learn how to create conditions that foster urban amenities and discourage urban problems; pay attention to factors that complement the appeal of compact and mixed environments; and consider the possibility that the market will not tolerate mixing different housing types at a fine grain for the purpose of achieving higher density and diversity.

Research support: This research was supported by a dissertation research grant from the Department of Housing and Urban Development and the Department of City and Regional Planning, Cornell University.     

Book reviews

Comparing Housing Systems. Housing Performance and Housing Policy in the United States and Britain. Valerie Karn and Harold Wolman: Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992 pp274. £27.50.

A New Century of Social Housing. S. Lowe and D. Hughes (eds). Leicester University Press, 1991, pp189, £35.00.

Urban Housing for the Better‐Off: Gentrification in Europe. Jan van Weesep and Sako Musterd. Utrecht, The Netherlands: Bureau Stedekijke Net‐werken, 1991, pp148, D. Fr. 30.

Europe and 1992. A Handbook for Local Housing Authorities. Madeline Drake. Institute of Housing, 1992, £7.95.

The Shek Kip Mei Syndrome: Economic Development and Public Housing in Hong Kong and Singapore. M. Castells, L. Goh, R.Y. Kwok. London: Pion, 1990, pp351, $79.00

Issues in Post‐Divorce Housing. Peter McCarthy and Bob Simpson. Aldershot: Avebury, 1991. pp153. £30.00.     

The Foreclosure Crisis,Foreclosed Properties,and Federal Policy: Some Implications for Housing and Community Development Planning

Problem: Foreclosures surged during the 2007 to 2009 national foreclosure crisis and federal policymakers failed to respond quickly and forcefully to the problem. The large numbers and geographic concentration of foreclosed properties have posed a particular problem for many planners.

Purpose: I aim to describe the intrametropolitan distribution of foreclosed properties at the zip code level, the often anemic or delayed federal policy response to rising foreclosures, and the potential effects of likely changes in federal policy and housing finance for metropolitan housing, development patterns, and local housing and community development planning.

Methods: I used archival research and secondary and media resources to document the federal response to the foreclosure crisis. I analyzed a proprietary data set to describe the problem of the accumulation of foreclosed properties across and within metropolitan areas.

Results and conclusions: Foreclosed properties were already accumulating in metropolitan areas with weak housing markets by 2006, but formerly hot markets such as Riverside, CA, Las Vegas, NV, and Phoenix, AZ, had many more by mid-2008. Within metropolitan areas, foreclosed properties were disproportionately concentrated in central city neighborhoods, although suburban zip codes with long commute times also had relatively high levels. The federal response to rapidly worsening foreclosures was faltering and timid. More conservative finance following the crisis will put downward pressure on housing consumption, potentially shifting demand to smaller homes. However, financing may be difficult or expensive to obtain for condominium buildings, and lenders and investors may shy away from less conventional projects, due partly to higher risk premiums.

Takeaway for practice: In the short run, local governments must confront the problems of foreclosed properties, especially when they are highly concentrated in certain neighborhoods. More conservative mortgage markets are likely to persist for some time, with potential impacts on housing demand. Planners should strive to diversify tax bases by promoting more diverse land use and housing patterns to make their communities more resilient in future crises. Federal policymakers may move toward greater mortgage market regulation, but this will be vigorously debated. Policymakers will also consider the ongoing federal role in secondary markets, without which long term stability is unlikely. Finally, Congress may extend the Community Reinvestment Act to nonbank financial institutions given the federal support they have received during the crisis.

Research support: None.     

Designs on the Public: The Private Lives of New York's Public Spaces

America's Housing Needs to the 2lst Century Raymond J. Struyk and Christopher Walker. The Urban Institute and the National Association of Realtors, Washington, D.C. 1988. $7.50.

A Blueprint for National Housing Policy National Association of Home Builders, Washington, D.C. 1987. Free.

A Decent Place to Live: The Report of the National Housing Task Force. National Housing Task Force. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 1988.

Future U.S. Housing Policy: Meeting the Demographic Challenge Raymond J. Struyk, Margery A. Turner, and Makiko Ueno. The Urban Institute, Washington, D.C. $14.95.

Preventing the Disappearance of Low Income Housing National Low Income Housing Preservation Commission, National Corporation for Housing Partnerships, Washington, D.C. 1988. Free.

The Report of the president's Commission on Housing President's Commission on Housing. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 1982.

The State of the Nation's Housing William C. Apgar, Jr., and H. James Brown. Joint Center for Housing Studies of Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. 1988.

Subsidizing Shelter: The Relationship between Welfare and Housing Assistance Sandra J. Newman and Anne B. Schnare. The Urban Institute, Washington, D.C. 1988. $14.95.

Toward a National Housing Policy National Association of Home Builders, National Association of Realtors, and Mortgage Bankers Association of America, Washington, D.C. 1987. Free.

Private Supply of Public Services: Evaluating of Real Estate Exactions, Linkage, and Alternative Land Policies, Rachelle Alterman, editor. New York University Press, New York and London, 1988. 273 pp. $40.00.

Homeowners and Neighborhood Reinvestment, George C. Galster. Duke University Press, Durham, NC, 1987. 354 pp. $60.

Small Scale Municipal Solid Waste Recovery Systems Gershman, Brickner &; Bratton, Inc., Van Nostrand Rein-hold, New York, 1986. 272 pp. $42.00.

Economic Valuation Techniques for the Environment: A Case Study Workbook John A. Dixon and Maynard M. Hufschmidt, editors. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London, 1986. 203 pp. $25.00 (cloth), $8.95 (paperback).

The Health of Nations: True Causes of Sickness and Well-Being Leonard A. Sagan. Basic Books, New York, 1987. 240 pp. $19.95.

The Geography of De-Industrialisation Ron Martin and Bob Rowthorn, editors. Macmillan, London, 1986. Distributed by Sheridan House, New York. 365 pp. $45.00.

Spaces for Children: The Built Environment and Child Development Carol Simon Weinstein and Thomas G. David; editors. Plenum Press, New York, 1987. 322 pp. $39.50.

Play for All Guidelines: Planning, Design, and Management of Outdoor Play Settings for All Children Robin C. Moore, Susan M. Goltsman, and Daniel S. lacofano. MIG Communications, Berkeley, CA, 1987. 280 pp. $39.95.

Privatization: The Key to Better Government E. S. Savas. Chatham House Publishers, Chatham, NJ, 1987. 308 pp. $14.95 (paperback).

When Government Goes Private: Successful Alternatives to Public Services Randall Fitzgerald. Universe Books, New York, NY, 1988. 330 pp. $24.95.

The Metropolis Era. Volume 1: A World of Giant Cities; Volume 2: Mega Cities Mattei Dogan and John D. Kasarda, editors. Sage Publications, Newbury Park, California, 1988. Volume 1: 394 pp. $40.00. Volume 2: 322 pp. $40.00.

FDR's Utopian: Arthur Morgan of the TVA Roy Talbert, Jr. University Press of Mississippi, Jackson and London, 1987. 218 pp. $25.00.

Urban Shelter and Services: Public Policies and Management Approaches G. Shabblr Cheema. Praeger, New York, 1987. 221 pp. $39.95.

Spontaneous Shelter: International Perspectives and Prospects Carl V. Patton, editor. Temple University Press, Philadelphia, 1988. 380 pp. $39.95.

Shelter, Settlement and Development Lloyd Rodwin, editor. Allen &; Unwin, Boston, 1987. 476 pp. $39.95.

Hopeful Openings: A Study of Five Women's Organizations in Latin America and the Caribbean Sally Yudelman. Kumarian Press, West Hartford, CT, 1987. 127 pp. $14.95 (paperback).

Women, Human Settlements, and Housing Caroline O. N. Moser and Linda Peake, editors. Tavistock, London and New York, 1987. 222 pp. $49.95 (cloth), $14.95 (paperback).

The Role of Women in Developing Countries: A Study International Center for Public Enterprises in Developing Countries, Ljubljana, Yugoslavia. Distributed by Kumarian Press, West Hartford, CT. 1986. 121 pp. $10.00 (paperback).

Architecture of the Private Streets of St. Louis: The Architects and the Homes They Designed Charles C. Savage. University of Missouri Press, Columbia, 1987. 237 pp. $25.00.

Main Street Ready-Made: The New Deal Community of Greendale, Wisconsin Arnold R. Alanen and Joseph A. Eden. The State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Madison, 1987. 156 pp. $20.00.

Black Philadelphia Street Life: South Philadelphia, 1969–1971 Dan Rose. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 1987. 278 pp. $37.50 (cloth), $14.95 (paperback).     

Book Review Essayists: David Sawicki

The Elusive City/Five Centuries of Design, Ambition, and Miscalculation (Jonathan Barnett. Harper and Row, New York, 1986. 212 pp. $23.50) is a concise and highly edited account of the development of the city from the Renaissance to the present with particular emphasis on how changing theories and practices of urban design have relevance today.

Goodbye History, Hello Hamburger/An Anthology of Architectural Delights and Disasters (Ada Louise Huxtable. The Preservation Press, Washington, DC, 1986. 206 pp. $14.95 paperback) brings together 61 pieces written for the New York Times between 1963 and 1976 by the Pulitzer Prize winner who became the best known journalistic critic of architecture in the post-war years.

The Critical Edge/Controversy in Recent American Architecture (edited by Tod Marder. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1985. 203 pp. $25.00) is a collection of 15 essays on (what one group of critical observers believe to be) controversial buildings “in order to gain some understanding of the architectural concerns of the period” 1970–1985.

Court and Garden/From the French Hotel to the City of Modern Architecture (Michael Dennis. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1986. 274 pp. $40.00) is a history of the evolution of a particular building type, the French “hotel” (or more accurately the large French town house) and the accompanying change of perception of public and private urban space which so radically affected modern architecture and its accompanying urbanism.

The Urban Design Process: Harnid Shirvani. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1985. 214 pp. $25.00 (paperback).

Urban Design in Action: The History, Theory and Development of the American Institute of Architects' Regional/Urban Design Assistance Teams Program (R/UDAT) Peter Batchelor and David Lewis, editors. Vol. 29, School of Design, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 1986. 275 pp. $25.00 (paperback).

Fundamentals of Urban Design Richard Hedrnan. Planners Press, Washington, DC, 1984. 146 pp. $28.95 (paperback).

Built for Change: Neighborhood Architecture in San Francisco: Anne Vernez Moudon. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1986. 286 pp. $30.00

Housing, the State and the Poor: Policy and Practice in Three Latin American Cities. Alan Gilbert and Peter M. Ward. Cambridge Latin American Studies. Cambridge University Press, New York, 1986. 319 pp. $44.50.

Reaching the Urban Poor: Project Implementation in Developing Countries. C. Shabbir Cheema, editor. Westview Press, Boulder, CO, 1986. 264 pp. $25.00 (paperback).

Planning the Capitalist City: The Colonial Era to the 1920s Richard E. Foglesong. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1986. 286 pp. $25.00.

Quantitative Methods for Planning and Urban Studies Barry J. Simpson. Gower Publishing Co., Hampshire, England, 1985. 166 pp. $38.95.

Land Supply Monitoring: A Guide for Improving Public and Private Urban Development Decisions David R. Godschalk, Scott A. Bollens, John S. Hekman, and Mike E. Miles. A Lincoln Institute of Land Policy Book. Oelgeschlager, Cunn and Hain, Boston, MA, 1986. 224 pp. $35.00.

International Handbook of land Use Planning Nicholas N. Patricios, editor. Greenwood Press, New York, 1986. 679 pp. $95.00.

Critical Perspectives on Housing Rachel G. Bratt, Chester Hartman, and Ann Meyerson, editors. Temple University Press, Philadelphia, 1986. 686 pp. $34.95 (cloth), $14.95 (paperback).

Housing Finance and Public Policy: Cases and Supplementary Readings Michael A. Stegman. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1986. 290 pp. $37.95 (paperback).

The Federal Government and Urban Housing: Ideology and Change in Public Policy R. Allen Hays. State University of New York Press, Albany, 1985. 297 pp. $39.95 (cloth), $14.95 (paperback).

The Housing Outlook 1980–1990 William C. Apgar, Jr., et. al. Praeger, New York, 1985. 178 pp. $28.95.

Housing an Aging Society: Issues, Alternatives, and Policy Robert J. Newcomer, M. Powell Lawton, and Thomas O. Byerts, eds. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1986. 246 pp. $39.95.

Management of local Public Works Sam M. Cristofano and William S. Foster, editors. International City Management Association in cooperation with the American Public Works Association, Washington, 1986. 402 pp. $37.95.

Fighting Poverty: What Works and What Doesn't Sheldon H. Danziger and Daniel H. Weinberg, editors. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1986. 418 pp. $27.50.

Technology, Regions, and Policy John Rees, editor. Rowman and Littlefield, Totowa, NJ, 1986. 322 pp. $36.95.

Advanced Industrial Development: Restructuring, Relocation, Renewal Donald A. Hicks. Oelgeschlager, Cunn and Hain, Boston, MA, 1985. 321 pp. $30.00.

Silicon Valley Fever: Growth of High-Technology Culture Everett M. Rogers and Judith K. Larsen. Basic Books, New York, 1986 (1984). 302 pp. $9.95 (paperback).

Profit Cycles, Oligopoly, and Regional Development Ann Markusen. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1985. 357 pp. $25.00.

Technological Change, Industrial Restructuring, and Regional Development A. Amin and J. B. Goddard, editors. Allen and Unwin, London, 1986. 291 pp. $20.00.

Metropolitan America: Urban Life and Urban Policy in the United States, 1940-1980 Kenneth Fox. University Press of Mississippi, Jackson, 1986. 268 pp. $27.50.

A Comparable Worth Primer Steven L. Willborn. Lexington Books, Lexington, MA, 1986. 120 pp. $18.00.

The Economics of Comparable Worth Mark Aldrich and Robert Buchele. Ballinger Publishing Company, Cambridge, MA, 1986. 180 pp. $29.95.

The Small Community: Foundation of Democratic Life Arthur E. Morgan. Yellow Springs Community Service, Yellow Springs, OH, 1942. (Reprinted, with a new foreword by Donald S. Harrington.) 313 pp. 310.00 (paperback).     

Book reviews

Housing Systems in Europe Part I A Comparative Study of Housing Policy. Peter Boelhouwer & Harry van der Heijden 314 pp

Part II A Comparative Study of Housing Finance. Oscar Papa 207 pp Delft University Press, 1992

Time to put our House in Order. John Newton The Catholic Housing Aid Society, 1993, 88 pp., £9.50 paper

Repossessed. A Fresh Look at Mortgage Lending Practice. Sarah Jenkinson The Catholic Housing Aid Society, 1992, 73 pp., £7.50, paper

All in One Place. The British Housing Story 1971–1990. John Newton The Catholic Housing Aid Society, 1991, 109 pp., £7.99, paper

Housing for Life. Christine Davies E. & F. N. Spon, 1992, 168 pp., £14.95

Whatever Happened to Local Government?. Allan Cochrane Open University Press, 1993, 124 pp., £10.99

In Search of a Home: Rental and Shared Housing in Latin America. Alan Gilbert, in association with Oscar Olinto Camacho, Rene Coulomb and Andres Necochea. London, UCL Press, 1993, pp. 192, £35     

Deconcentrating Poverty With Housing Programs

Problem: Housing programs of the past have exacerbated the problems of concentrated poverty. Current housing programs serving very low-income households, including homebuyers as well as renters, should be examined to determine the extent to which they help households make entry into neighborhoods with low concentrations of poverty.

Purpose: This research is designed to assist planners in understanding how well various approaches to resolving housing affordability problems can facilitate the poverty deconcentration process.

Methods: Administrative data from the Department of Housing and Urban Development are used to assess the degree to which federal housing programs help lowincome homebuyers and renters locate in neighborhoods where less than 10% of the population is below poverty.

Results and conclusions: Subsidizing households ought to be more effective than subsidizing housing units at helping lowincome households locate in low-poverty areas, and whether a household rents or buys should not matter to whether a program succeeds at deconcentration of the poor. Yet, analysis of national datasets across several housing programs finds neither of the previous propositions to be true. Housing vouchers suppliedto households are not helping renters locate in low-poverty areas any more effectively than are current project-based subsidies. It also turns out that tenure matters; a disproportionately higher share of low-income homebuyers are locating in low-poverty neighborhoods than are lowincome renters.

Takeaway for practice: I recommend that housing planners seeking to make poverty deconcentration more effective use housing placement counselors, administer programs at the metropolitan scale, lease and broker market-rate housing directly, promote mixed-income LIHTC developments, practice inclusionary zoning, and monitor the impacts of these efforts.

Research support: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development.     

REVIEWS

From the Review Editors

Ethics and Theory for Practitioners (Paired Review)

Everyday Ethics for Practicing Planners Carol D. Barrett. American Institute of Certified Planners, Washington, DC, 2001. 246 pages. $29.95 (paperback).

Planning Theory for Practitioners Michael P. Brooks. APA Planners Press, Chicago, IL, 2002. 217 pages. $39.95 (paperback).

Everyday Ethics for Practicing Planners Carol D. Barrett. American Institute of Certified Planners, Washington, DC, 2001. 246 pages. $29.95 (paperback).

Planning Theory for Practitioners Michael P. Brooks. APA Planners Press, Chicago, IL, 2002. 217 pages. $39.95 (paperback).

The Environmental Case: Translating Values into Policy Judith A. Layzer. CQ Press, Washington, DC, 2002. 372 pages. $29.95 (paperback).

Environmental Choices: Policy Responses to Green Demands Lawrence S. Rothenberg. CQ Press, Washington, DC, 2002. 281 pages. $29.95 (paperback).

Revitalising Deprived Urban Neighbourhoods: An Assisted Self-Help Approach Colin C. Williams and John Windebank. Ashgate Publishing Limited, Aldershot, UK, 2001. 212 pages. $69.95.

Concept Marketing for Communities: Capitalizing on Underutilized Resources to Generate Growth and Development Rhonda Phillips. Praeger Publishers, Westport, CT, 2002. 184 pages. $64.95.

Times Square Roulette: Remaking the City Icon Lynne Sagalyn. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 2001. 620 pages. $59.95.

Cities in Full Steve Belmont. APA Planners Press, Chicago, 2002. 514 pages. $47.

Big Plans: The Allure and Folly of Urban Design Kenneth Kolson. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 2002. 236 pages. $34.95.

Land Development Calculations: Interactive Tools and Techniques for Site Planning Analysis and Design Walter M. Hosack. McGraw-Hill, New York, 2001. 662 pages plus CD-ROM. $125.

Breaking Gridlock: Moving Toward Transportation that Works Jim Motavalli. Sierra Club Books, San Francisco, 2001. 268 pages. $23.

New Departures: Rethinking Rail Passenger Policy in the Twenty-First Century Anthony Perl. The University of Kentucky Press, Lexington, 2002. 334 pages. $29.95.

A Fragile Capital: Identity and the Early Years of Columbus, Ohio Charles Cole. Ohio State University Press, Columbus, 2001. 292 pages. $45.

Columbus, Ohio: A Personal Geography Henry Hunker. Ohio University Press, Columbus, 2000. 220 pages. $35.

John Nolen and Mariemont: Building a New Town in Ohio Millard F. Rogers, Jr. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 2001. 261 pages. $45.

The City as Subject: Seki Hajime and the Reinvention of Modern Osaka Jeffrey E. Hanes. University of California Press, Berkeley, 2002. 348 pages. $45.

Planning for Crime Prevention: A Transatlantic Perspective Richard H. Schneider and Ted Kitchen. Routledge, London and New York, 2001. 331 pages. $100, $39.95 (paperback).

National-Level Planning in Democratic Countries: An International Comparison of City and Regional Policy-Making Rachelle Alterman, editor. Liverpool University Press, Liverpool, UK, 2001. 288 pages. $27.95 (paperback).

Local Policy for Housing Development: European Experiences Roelof Verhage. Ashgate, Hampshire, UK, 2002. 304 pages. $79.95.

Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Regulating Sex Businesses Eric D. Kelly and Connie Cooper, American Planning Association, Chicago, 2001. 169 pages. $34 (paperback).

Sex and the City: Geography of Prostitution in the Urban West Philip Hubbard. Ashgate, Aldershot, UK, 1999. 264 pages. $74.95.

After the World Trade Center: Rethinking New York City Michael Sorkin and Sharon Zukin, editors. Routledge Press, New York and London, 2002. 236 pages. $25.

GIS for Group Decision Making: Towards a Participatory Geographic Information Science Piotr Jankowski and Timothy Nyerges. Taylor & Francis, London and New York, 2001. 273 pages. $60.

Land Market Monitoring for Smart Urban Growth Gerrit J. Knaap, editor. Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, Cambridge, MA, 2001. 384 pages. $20 (paperback).

Landscape Modeling: Digital Techniques for Landscape Visualization Stephen Ervin and Hope Hasbrouck. McGraw-Hill, New York, 2002. 290 pages plus CD-ROM. $59.95.     

Book reviews

Implementing Housing Policy. Peter Malpass and Robin Means (eds) Buckingham: Open University Press, 1993, pp 194, £12.99.

Housing Policy in the 1990s. Johnston Birchall (ed) London: Routledge, 1992, pp 193, £12.99.

Housing Policy and Action. Peter Malpass, Matthew Warburton, Glen Bramley and Gavin Smart (eds) Bristol: SAUS, 1993, pp 115, £9.75.

Built to Last? Reflections on British Housing Policy. Carol Grant (ed). London: Roof, 1992, pp 177 £7.95 (paperback)

Dislodging the Welfare State? Housing and Privatization in Four European Nations. Lennart J. Lundqvist, Delft: Delft University Press. 1992. 144 pp.

The Crisis of London. A. Thornley (ed) London: Routledge, 1992. pp 213. £40 (hardback), £9.99 (paperback).

Hovels to High Rise. State Housing in Europe Since 1850. Anne Power. London and New York: Routledge, 1993. pp 434, £45.00 (hardback), £15.99 (paperback)

Government and Housing. W. van Vliet and J. van Weesep (eds).

Developments in Seven Countries. (1990). Volume 36, Urban Affairs Annual Reviews. Sage Publications, 1990. pp. 293 16.95

Housing Strategies in Europe, 1880–1930, C. Pooley (ed). Leicester University Press, 1992, £49.95

Housing Finance in the UK: An Introduction. Kenneth Gibb and Moira Munro, London: Macmillan Education Ltd, 1991. pp 266. £11.99 (paperback).     

Race and the allocation of public housing: Changing perspectives,recurrent themes

Housing on Trial. By Elizabeth Burney. Oxford University Press (for Institute of Race Relations). 1967.

What Price Equality? Deborah Phillips, Greater London Council 1986.

Race, Class and the Allocation of State Housing. By Jeff Henderson and Valerie Kam. Aldershot: Gower. 1987.

Race and Housing: New Perspectives. edited by Susan Smith and John Mercer, University of Glasgow, Centre for Housing Research. 1987.     

Apartments or Individual Houses

More on Urban Renewal: Local Development and Enforcement of Housing Codes. By Gilbert R. Barnhart. Division of Housing Research, Housing and Home Finance Agency, Washington, D. C. 1953. 55 pp. $0.40.

Preventing Tomorrow's Slums, A plan to Preserve Values in Older Neighborhoods. The Interim Commission on Neighborhood Conservation, Chicago, 111. 1952. 18 pp.

Blueprint For Neighborhood Conservation. By National Association of Real Estate Boards, Washington, D. C. 1953. 39 pp.

Problems of Urban Expansion: Transportation and the Growth of Cities. By Harlan W. Gilmore. The Free Press, Glencoe, Illinois, 1953. 170 pp., bibliography. $3.00.

The Rural-Urban Frikge. A study of Adjustment to Residence Location. By Walter T. Martin. Studies in Sociology, No. 1. University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon. Nov. 1953. 109 pp.

Location of Industry: University of California The Planning Of Industrial Location. By Peter Self. University of London Press Ltd., London 1953. 47pp.2s.6d.net.

Planning Problems in the Vicinity of the A.E.C. Savannah River Plant. Planning Advisory Service, Special Report. American Society of Planning Officials, Chicago. 1953. 20 pp.

The Community and Industrial Development. Urban Land Institute, Technical Bulletin No. 21, Washington, D. C. 1953. 16 pp. $2.00.

Industries For Small Communities With Cases from Yellow Springs. By Arthur E. Morgan. Community Service, Inc., Yellow Springs, Ohio. 1953. 108 pp., illus. $2.00.

Redevelopment for Light Industry. By Shirley K. Werthamer and Newell B. Landes. Redevelopment Information Service, Special Publication No. 6. National Association of Housing Officials, Chicago. 1953. 13 pp. $2.50.

Geographical Features of the Automation Of Industry. By David G. Osborn. The University of Chicago, Department of Geography, Research Paper No. 30. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago. 1953. 106 pp., illus., bibliography. $3.00.

The Housing Problem: HOUSEBUILDING IN TRANSITION, Based on Studies in the San Francisco Bay Area. By Sherman J. Maisel. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles: 1953. xv-390 pp. $5.00.

Stabilizing Construction: The Record and Potential. By Miles L. Glean and Robinson Newcomb. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1952. xvii - 340 pp. S6.00.

Housing and Family Life. By J. M. Mackintosh. Cassell and Company, Ltd., London, 1952. 230 pp., illus., bibliography. $3.50.     

Book reviews

Housing Finance in the 1990s. C. Whitehead & B. Turner (Eds)National Swedish Institute for Building Research, Gavle, 1993, 330 pp., ISBN 91–7111–068–2

Markets and Managers—New Issues in the Delivery of Welfare. Peter Taylor Gooby & Robyn Lawson (Eds) Buckingham, Open University Press, 1993, 190 pp., £37.50 hardback, £12.99 paperback

Housing Finance and Subsidies in Britain. Duncan Maclennan & Kenneth Gibb (Eds) Aldershot, Avebury, 1993, 218 pp., £35

The Estate Action Initiative: Council Housing Renewal, Management and Effectiveness. Ricardo Pinto Aldershot, Avebury, 1993, 286 pp., £35

Keeping to the Marketplace: the Evaluation of Canadian Housing Policy. John C. Bacher Montreal and Kingston, McGill‐Queens University Press, 1993, 327 pp., C$55.00, £42.45 UK

The Reform of Housing in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union. B. Turner, J. Hegedüs & I. Tosics London, Routledge, 1992, 362 pp., £45 hardback

Neighbour Disputes: Responses by Social Landlords. Valerie Karn, Rachel Liskinn, David Hughes & John Cawley Coventry Institute of Housing, 1993, 158 pp.     

Planning The Expo

Problem, research strategy, and findings: Many cities have adopted minimum parking requirements, but there is relatively poor information about how parking infrastructure has grown. We estimate how parking has grown in Los Angeles County (CA) from 1900 to 2010 and how parking infrastructure evolves, affects urban form, and relates to changes in automobile travel using building and roadway growth models. We find that since 1975 the ratio of residential off-street parking spaces to automobiles in Los Angeles County is close to 1.0 and the greatest density of parking spaces is in the urban core, while most new growth in parking occurs outside of the core. In total, 14% of Los Angeles County's incorporated land is committed to parking. Uncertainty in our space inventory is attributed to our building growth model, on-street space length, and the assumption that parking spaces were created as per the requirements.

Takeaway for practice: The continued use of minimum parking requirements is likely to encourage automobile use at a time when metropolitan areas are actively seeking to manage congestion and increase transit use, biking, and walking. Widely discussed ways to reform parking policies may be less than effective if planners do not consider the remaining incentives to auto use created by the existing parking infrastructure. Planners should encourage the conversion of existing parking facilities to alternative uses.