Civil Defense Shelters: a State-of-the-Art Assessment

This study reviews the literature on the design, construction, testing and cost of blast and fallout shelters. The researchers found that nuclear weapon effects and shelter design are well understood; however, cost is an important barrier to the construction of permanent shelters. Single-purpose blast shelters have costs ranging from U.S. $500 to 2500, or more, per occupant (or per space), depending on size, hardness, location, and whether the shelter is part of new construction or retrofit. Multiplied by a risk area population of approximately 160 million, the cost of a blast shelter construction program would rival that of a major strategic weapon system. Options in the mid-range of expense, i.e. a few tens to a few hundreds of U.S. dollars per space, include: (1) requiring modification of limestone mining practices, where appropriate, to generate usable shelter space near cities; (2) encouraging the construction of earth-sheltered housing and other buildings; and (3) requiring and/or subsidizing the construction of dual-use basement shelter in new construction. A program using this approach would require an annual expenditure equal to approximately 1% of the annual defense budget for 10 or more years. The very low-cost (and less effective) options open to the U.S. government, with its current civil defense budget, remain as follows: (1) maintain the inventory of fallout shelters and identify space with some blast protection potential; (2) plan for “crisis upgrading” to improve existing space in a crisis; and (3) plan for construction of expedient shelters in a crisis. The crisis-implemented options require several days' warning in order to be effective. While much of the technology for protecting people against nuclear weapons effects originated in the U.S., we have not solved the political problem of allocating the resources to protect our own population.     

城市绿地的避灾功能及其规划设计研究

随着对城市公共安全的重视和相关规划研究的展开,出现了一些与城市绿地防灾避灾功能相关的定义、概念,但还没有统一的标准或共识。对城市避灾绿地从概念、规划定位、选址要求、体系构建等方面进行了探讨,提出应从城市应急避难场所体系的高度评价城市绿地的避灾能力,并对避灾绿地服务半径的合理确定、建设时限、容量计算等问题提出了见解,力图从新的角度审视、指导今后公园的改造和建设,真正实现公园平时与灾时的功能转换。     

汶川地震后应急避难场所建设的对策研究

本文对绵阳地震灾区应急避难情况进行了调查,分析了应急避难及紧急疏散存在的问题。强调了公共避难场所建设的重要性。在地震灾区经验教训和部兮城市应急避难场所建设经验的基础上,研究了应急避难场昕的建设要求,并就厦门市应急避难场所的建设,提出对策和建议。     

关于日照分析遮挡调整相关问题的探讨

介绍了建立日照分析的数据模型,进行日照时间分析的方法、步骤,研究日照分析中误差的来源和消除或减弱误差影响的措施。重点探讨了在日照遮挡情况下对建筑物进行调整的方法,包括利用阴影法和日照圆锥面法查找日照遮挡的原因,然后针对遮挡原因及工程特点采用对遮挡建筑的调整、对被遮挡建筑的调整和对遮挡和被遮挡建筑共同调整等方法对建筑物进行调整以满足日照要求。     

南京奥体网球中心雨篷拉索虚拟张拉技术

南京奥体网球中心半决赛场雨篷采用钢框架拉索下压张拉技术。施工过程应用虚拟张拉技术进行指导,采用新颖的强迫就位张拉法解决传统张拉方法中存在的一些问题,并用有限元计算程序对结构进行施工过程分析。     

基础下人防坑道受力分析及处理方法

城市建设中,建筑结构基础常遇地下防空洞,可根据上覆土层厚度划分为深埋和浅埋两种类型,分别导出受力分析公式。应在充分利用被覆结构现有承载力的基础上,决定防空洞处理措施。     

新世纪初的城市人防工程建设(一)--历史、现状与展望

首先回顾我国城市人防工程建设的历史与成就、法律法规制定情况及理论研究进展,然后介绍国外城市民防工程建设情况并分析其特点,最后指出新世纪城市人防工程建设的发展方向。通过比较可看出我国城市人防工程建设在经费投入比例、市场化开发程度、人员掩蔽率等方面与国外存在较大差距。新世纪继续大规模开展城市人防工程建设极为迫切。     

在防空洞上修建高层住宅地基基础的若干问题

结合重庆某经济适用房的施工建设案例，对在防空洞上修建高层住宅地基基础的若干技术问题进行了较为全面的分析讨论，并在此基础上总结了基坑爆破、桩基施工、防空洞加固、边坡治理的一系列技术措施，实践证明一系列技术方法与措施行之有效，切实可行。     

江西省农村候车亭设计研究

对江西省农村候车亭建设和使用中暴露的问题进行了分析,从农村候车亭设计的标准化、造型上的多样化、使用中的人性化等方面进行了论述,达到了改善候车亭候车环境、构建和谐社会的效果。     

建筑混凝土结构检测加固技术与工程实践研究

随着我国经济的蓬勃发展,建筑行业随之兴起,人们对建筑功能的要求也不只限于遮风避雨,已经存在的建筑功能必须进行改进和提升才能满足人们的最新需求。鉴于生态和环境的要求,对已有建筑进行加固改造成了一种新型方式,主要是对建筑混凝土结构检测加固技术的改进。本文以某地办公大楼的加固实际工程为例展开讨论。     

地基基础质量事故引起的建筑物损坏与挽救

地基基础的质量事故是造成建(构)筑物开裂、下沉、倾斜甚至倒塌的最主要原因.本文详细论述了地基基础质量事故对建筑物的损坏;典型工程事故实例的分析;对病害建筑物的挽救及减少工程事故的建议等.建筑物病害处理技术已形成一门新的学科.     

上海市应急避难场所规划与建设问题剖析

梳理分析了上海市应对的主要灾种,明确相应的应急避难场所类型,剖析全市应急避难场所供给与需求关系及主要矛盾,提出解决问题的规划对策和建设方式。     

Trenchless construction: An emerging technology in United Arab Emirates

The development of trenchless methods has gained impetus in the construction industry in United Arab Emirates due to increasing amounts of investment in underground infrastructures that are new, deteriorating, or under capacity. This paper presents the results of a questionnaire survey of trenchless construction methods used by municipalities and contractors in United Arab Emirates. The survey provides an indication of current and expected future trends in the application of trenchless construction technologies including types of technologies employed and percentage of projects that employed trenchless technologies. The survey results indicate that trenchless technology is gaining increasing popularity among contractors and municipalities across United Arab Emirates. The survey results also indicate that trenchless technology is gaining increasing popularity among municipal engineers across UAE. The survey revealed current, and by extrapolation likely future growth, in utilizing trenchless construction methods and the average expenditures of municipalities in UAE for new construction and for rehabilitation.     

基于模糊理论的城市防空地下室防护等级评定

从城市人防建设实际出发，根据城市防空地下室特点，建立防护等级评定系统，得出模糊综合评判模型；选择隶属度函数，运用层次分析法确定各因素的权重；采用模糊数学的方法，进行一级、二级模糊综合评判，最终评定出城市防空地下室防护等级。     

城市应急避难场所与城市绿地建设结合途径的探讨

从中国城市绿地与应急避难场所的设计和建设特点入手，结合中国城市绿地的实际情况，分析了两者结合的可能性和优劣势，并探讨了适应中国城市发展的城市绿地与应急避难场所相结合的原则及设计方式。提出两者建设结合应遵循统筹规划、安全优先、平灾结合、改建结合的4大原则，并对系统分类、空间布局、交通布局、地形设计及利用、内部设施利用、植物种植等结合途径进行探讨，为城市应急避难绿地的研究和建设提供参考。     

Palazzo Valentini: Archaeological discoveries and redevelopment projects

Palazzo Valentini, a historical site of Rome's Provincial Administration, is located at the heart of the city. The building was purchased in 1827 by Vincenzo Valentini, a banker and consul general of the Prussian Crown. In 1939, with the outbreak of World War II, a fully self-contained, air-raid shelter was built under the courtyard, with an exit tunnel heading onto the Trajan's Forum. Archaeological investigations started in 2005 in view of a simple rehabilitation work of the underground level. As work progressed, the sample-plots brought to light new archaeological findings: relics of a huge temple and what remained of two residential houses with thermal baths. We therefore designed an exhibition space with glass surfaces to allow visitors to appreciate the findings while following a path through historical ages: from the 16th-century courtyard to the underground Roman domus (the sumptuous houses of senators and dignitaries of the Roman Empire), with private baths, to the remains of a Roman temple, and all the way to the Trajan's Column pedestal by way of the air-raid shelter. Virtual reconstructions, graphic effects, and movies are the means used to revive the hypothetical original appearance of the environments and the daily life of that epoch in order to help us build a prototype of an on-site museum of the third millennium.     

震后临时生活设施的建造

根据以往研究成果。区分了震后临时生活设施建设的"紧急救援"与"应急救援"两个阶段.继而针对汶川大地震探讨了震后在建设物资匮乏的条件下.根据不同救灾阶段的特点建造抗震棚和简易房的方式.提出了震后生活设施的建造应以灾民自救为主.以当地建筑材料为主的原则。     

基于ANSYS分析地基基础遇地下防空洞时的基础沉降和防空洞衬砌应力

近些年来,在城市建筑工程施工中,经常会遇到地下防空洞,如何处理已成为了一个棘手问题。本文主要通过有限元分析软件ANSYS分析在跨越防空洞的上部建筑影响下,地基土体的弹性模量以及基础底面距洞顶的距离对地基的最大沉降和防空洞衬砌Von Mises应力的影响,对比各参数水平下的影响量,从而给实际工程提供解决问题的思路和设计依据。     

某工程质量事故的处理

因湿陷引起防空洞破坏，导致住宅楼地基下陷，拉裂墙体。为了阻止裂纹发展，维护住宅楼安全，通过型钢支撑保证施工安全，浇筑钢筋混凝土内衬，保证了防空洞的正常使用和住宅楼的结构安全，达到了预期目的。     

Occupational rehabilitation in the construction industry of Victoria

A survey of construction companies' secondary disability management practices was undertaken in the state of Victoria, Australia. The results indicate that formal rehabilitation and return‐to‐work programmes and practices are not adopted in many companies. Smaller construction firms were less likely to have adopted formal programmes or practices than medium‐to‐large firms. In particular, construction companies reported difficulties in the provision of suitable alternate or light duties for workers returning to work following an injury. Most companies regarded disability management practices to have increased operating costs while yielding little or no benefit in terms of reducing lost workdays. Strategies to overcome some of these impediments to rehabilitation and return‐to‐work in construction are recommended.