Understanding Infill: Towards New Policy and Practice for Urban Regeneration in the Established Suburbs of Australia's Cities

A major challenge for urban Australia and its fast growing cities in particular is the provision of an adequate supply of appropriately located, affordable and sustainable housing across a range of dwelling types. A related challenge involves attempts by the metropolitan planning agencies in the capital cities to restrict residential sprawl and deliver more compact cities. Residential infill in the established suburbs has emerged as one of the principal urban planning policies designed to address this dual challenge. Infill targets, typically in the 50–70 per cent range, are now integral to all capital city planning strategies. This article examines the current pattern of infill housing development in Melbourne, Australia's second largest and fastest growing capital city. It highlights the existence of two infill segments—brownfields and greyfields—each with distinctive patterns of development that need to be better understood if urban regeneration is to figure significantly in delivering more liveable and sustainable cities. Current urban policies, programmes and practices are lacking an effective response to redevelopment of the greyfields.     

浅谈县级城市规划区内个人建房规划管理问题的对策和建议

随着社会经济的快速发展，规划区内村居民个人建房管理已成为当前亟待解决的热点难点问题，不按规划要求私自乱建现象十分严重。笔者结合近几年从事规划管理工作的经验，提出了解决县级城市规划区内村居民个人建房问题的一些对策和建议。     

住区规划与大城市住宅层数发展策略研究

以当前住宅层数发展的特点及其对住区规划的影响为依据,进一步说明住宅层数与住区规划的相互关联,并通过对不同类型居住形式的比较,探索大城市住宅层数发展的策略--即通过对中高层住宅进行的可行性研究,论证中高层住宅在中国大城市中的发展前景,并以此为前提探讨符合中国国情的住区规划与住宅层数发展策略.     

住区规划与大城市住宅层数发展策略研究

以当前住宅层数发展的特点及其对住区规划的影响为依据 ,进一步说明住宅层数与住区规划的相互关联 ,并通过对不同类型居住形式的比较 ,探索大城市住宅层数发展的策略———即通过对中高层住宅进行的可行性研究 ,论证中高层住宅在中国大城市中的发展前景 ,并以此为前提探讨符合中国国情的住区规划与住宅层数发展策略。     

TOWARD EQUALITY OF URBAN OPPORTUNITY

Freedom of movement is basic to the achievement of national goals in housing, civil rights, education, and the elimination of poverty. As a goal of urban planning, it implies extending a wide variety of residential choices to all groups. Yet urban development policies in many cities and suburbs tend to restrict residential choices available to the poor and to minorities. These policies result in pan from competition for local tax resources, which reinforces social prejudices. Several approaches are suggested for reorienting local development policies in support of national social objectives.     

Housing Vacancy and the Shrinking City: Trends and Policies in the UK and the City of Liverpool

In the context of the discourse around shrinking cities, the aim of the paper was to try and better understand and differentiate the various types and causes of urban housing vacancy and to ask whether policy responses including planning policies appropriately reflect this variety. The paper briefly discusses the issue of shrinking cities, before considering theoretical explanations for housing vacancy and examining the relationships between population change, housing vacancy and policy responses in the Liverpool conurbation. Conclusions are then drawn about the nature of housing vacancy and the effectiveness of policy responses.     

Pro-poorness of planning policies in Bangladesh: the case of Khulna city

The numbers of urban poor are increasing in the cities of Bangladesh. Formal urban planning approaches derived from experience in the global North have largely failed to tackle the consequent poverty challenges in the global South. This study provides new policy directions for pro-poor planning in Bangladesh through a case study of Khulna city. The study analyses secondary data on urban poverty in the city and interviews representatives of the urban poor, politicians, city administrators, academics, and planning professionals to gain a deeper and more nuanced understanding about the pro-poorness of current planning policies. The Khulna case reveals a continued poverty crisis in Bangladeshi cities, manifested by the limited access to income opportunities for the poor, lack of access to decent housing and urban services for the poor and spatial exclusion of the poverty-stricken areas in cities. Existing planning policies in the city fail to tackle poverty issues. Thus, to be pro-poor, planning policies should limit the over-emphasis on economic growth, and explicitly focus upon addressing the needs of the poor rather than over-concentrating on citywide demands. At the same time, planning practice should emphasize the needs of the poor and recognize the contribution of the informal economic and housing sectors.     

Affordable Housing Plans in London and New York: Between Marketplace and Social Mix

The article reviews and critically analyzes contemporary housing policies and plans in London and New York in the context of neoliberal urban governance. In both cities, we find severe housing affordability problems, an increasing dependence on market provision of affordable housing, and a gradual shift from supporting low- and moderate-income residents to promoting housing for households around and above the median income. Affordable housing plans in both cities also link their “marketplace” orientation to “social mix” objectives. The article addresses some socio-spatial implications of these plans and raises concerns regarding the implementation and unintended consequences of mixed-income housing. The conclusion discusses ideas and tools for more equitable affordable housing policies. Finally, we suggest that our analysis of the policy trends in London and New York and the implications we draw may be relevant to other global and globalizing cities, which face similar affordability concerns and rely on the marketplace to address housing needs.     

Delivering the Compact City in Australia: Current Trends and Future Implications

This article presents an overview of the characteristics of the market for higher density residential property (flats, units and town houses) in the three largest Australian cities: Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane. The article then discusses some of the implications of current planning proposals for further higher density housing in Australian cities under urban consolidation or compact city policies and reviews a range of issues that may well arise. In particular, issues concerning the role of the rental investment market and Strata Title framework in determining the outcomes of current metropolitan compact city policies and the implications of higher density housing for social stability are discussed.     

Delivering the Compact City in Australia: Current Trends and Future Implications

This article presents an overview of the characteristics of the market for higher density residential property (flats, units and town houses) in the three largest Australian cities: Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane. The article then discusses some of the implications of current planning proposals for further higher density housing in Australian cities under urban consolidation or compact city policies and reviews a range of issues that may well arise. In particular, issues concerning the role of the rental investment market and Strata Title framework in determining the outcomes of current metropolitan compact city policies and the implications of higher density housing for social stability are discussed.     

Effectiveness of Macro-regulation Policies on Housing Prices: A Spatial Quantile Regression Approach

The central government of China intensively implemented a series of housing macro-regulation policies to cool down overheated housing market in 2011–2013. This research uses spatial quantile regression to try to answer the question “How effective are the policies?” Results indicate that house-purchasing restrictions are effective to kerb the speculative demand for houses but are difficult to cool down housing prices especially for the cities with higher housing prices, the other policies could effectively decrease housing prices; however, the degree of effectiveness changes across cities with different level of housing prices. This suggests that China’s government may choose market-classified housing policies in future and heavily increase reserve requirement ratios and interest rates while house-purchasing restrictions are practiced. In addition, we find the positive spatial dependence of housing prices is stronger among cities with higher housing prices, which may more easily weaken the effects of housing policies for these cities when housing prices rise.

Highlights

? We model effects of macro-regulation policies on housing prices by spatial quantile regression in China’s housing market.

? We examine heterogeneous effectiveness of the policies across cities with different level of housing prices.

? House-purchasing restrictions are effective to kerb the speculative demand for houses but are difficult to cool down housing prices effectively especially for the cities with higher housing prices.

? The other macro-regulation policies effectively regulate housing prices; however, the degree of effectiveness changes across cities.

? Positive spatial dependence of housing prices is stronger among cities with higher housing prices.

     

Livability in dense residential neighbourhoods of Dhaka

Prime cities in developing countries, like Dhaka experience haphazard and intense horizontal densification. The livability of dense neighbourhoods needs to be investigated, particularly, the role of housing and planning in mitigating density problems and capitalizing the advantages of high-density living. This article argues that housing form and planned community facilities giving respect to socio-cultural practices can significantly influence Dhaka’s livability. Also, a wider definition of housing should be adopted to facilitate improvements in livability. As well, an integrated approach of residential planning is important in intensified housing development projects or planning for dense areas, encompassing housing standards, community facilities, public transport, open space provision and socio-cultural habits. This paper recommends the Bangladeshi Government to ensure enforcement of residential plans, to establish density zones in Dhaka’s main urban areas to guide spatial and transport development and neighbourhood facility provision, and to give greater respect for cultural practices in neighbourhood planning.     

Planning for growth in depopulating cities: An analysis of population projections and population change in depopulating and populating US cities

One of the most critical tasks in creating community plans and developing local planning policies and priorities is projecting populations, as accurate projections help communities appropriately distribute resources and services. While inaccurate population projections are problematic and have long-term and lasting effects for all cities, they are especially problematic in depopulating cities where the tax burden is shared among fewer residents – a large-scale public works project, a new convention center, more housing, or the annexation of land can further burden residents and strain public resources. This research examines how (and if) cities are using population projection data to guide their plans for the future, and if it varies between cities that are losing residents and cities that are gaining residents. Population projections are examined from 41 depopulating and 41 populating US cities. Levels of accuracy in the population projections are compared, along with other population change sensitive variables such as land use, housing, and vacancy. The findings indicated that population projection errors are present in both depopulating and populating cities. However, most depopulating cities anticipate growth, despite data to the contrary. This research also found that land area expansion in depopulating cities is not sensitive to population loss, and that there is a significant time-lag between population peak and land and housing unit peaks. This suggests that depopulating cities respond slowly to population decline. This research aims to underscore the importance of accurate population projections and their role in informing planning strategies and resource allocation, in depopulating cities specifically.     

The Limits and Potentials of the Housing Market Enabling Paradigm: An Evaluation of China's Housing Policies from 1998 to 2011

This paper examines the housing policies in China in the last 14 years in the context of the international debate on the World Bank's housing market enabling strategy to improve low-income housing provision in developing countries. A review of China's urban housing outcomes reveals housing price inflation and shortage of affordable housing in the fast expanding housing market. The paper analyzes policies to increase both demand for and supply of housing and argues that these policies have contributed to worsening affordability. This situation has been exacerbated by problems in the institutional framework managing the housing sector. The paper concludes that market enabling alone is not sufficient to achieve a satisfactory housing outcome for low- and middle-income groups in Chinese cities. It advocates more effective and direct public intervention for enhancing social housing provision and tightening market regulation to address both market and government failures to improve housing conditions for lower income groups.     

混合式住区对中国大都市住房建设的启示

鉴于中国大都市中日益显著的居住隔离现象,对于住房选择的干预越来越依赖市场,而现有住房政策、土地政策和城市规划忽视了住房和社区的社会意义,应当在住房发展中让不同收入阶层、不同类型家庭在社区和邻里层面混合居住,享有同等的社会资源,使社会各阶层在城市空间层面上处于相对平衡的状态,减轻由于居住空间分异所引发的社会问题。这一理想的实现必须依靠适度正确的制度干预。通过介绍美国、香港等国家和城市混合式住区发展的经验,引发更多从政策和实践等各个层面对中国大都市住房建设的探索。     

关于房屋鉴定几个问题的思考

近来笔者考察调研了国内十多个城市房屋鉴定工作,学习了许多好的工作经验,同时也发现在房屋安全鉴定工作中存在的一些共性问题,针对这些问题,根据自己的实践经验和相关技术规范、政策规定,提出了自己的意见和建议。     

城市地下空间开发利用现状及未来发展理念

城市快速发展出现诸如环境污染、资源短缺、交通拥堵、房价高等“大城市病”问题,破解“大城市病”的最佳选择在于开展城市地下空间开发利用。归纳我国大城市建设存在的“大城市病”特征,提出了城市地下空间开发利用对于城市可持续发展的现实意义,对国内外城市地下空间开发现状进行了综述,明确了当前城市地下空间开发利用存在的核心问题及发展方向;基于国内外现状分析,明确进行了我国未来地下城市空间开发利用的发展原则;提出未来地下城市规划布局发展的若干理念,从法制构建角度倡导树立第四国土、地下红线理念;从规划、设计、建造角度推崇融合设计、规划留白、智慧建造等理念;从空间角度提议采用节点TOD空间布局理念;从可持续发展角度坚持以人为本理念。本研究综述及发展理念旨在为未来大城市立体空间联动利用提供模式借鉴。     

市县两级空间协同发展的规划探索——以洛阳为例

都市区化是我国地级市市域空间的发展方向.由于县级政府规划事权的独立性较强,目前市县两级总体规划存在各自为政的现象,阻碍了市域空间统筹发展的进程.基于协同的视角,结合河南洛阳北部城市发展区这一典型案例,首先分析了当前市域空间发展存在的突出问题与市县规划分治的关系,随后阐述了市县两级空间发展的协同需求及相关主体.在借鉴我国协同规划理论体系研究既有成果的基础上,针对市域空间协同发展的特殊性, 提出市县两级空间协同发展规划的工作框架,确定了战略协同、系统协同和实施协同三大工作重点.并在洛阳市一中心六组团空间发展规划中,对协同规划的工作框架和重点环节进行了应用和实践检验.     

My Career as a Planner

In this essay, the author traces her development from a political scientist to an urban planner. Looking back on more than 40 years as a scholar and professor of planning, Fainstein deems issues of inequality derived from class, ethnicity, and gender to have been the focus of her teaching and scholarship. At first, she approached these questions through empirical investigations of citizen participation and theoretical exploration of the neo-Marxist literature and her early research focused on the politics of planning in American cities, the contributions of community groups, and the roles played by business interests. Later, she examined redevelopment and housing programs in London and Amsterdam to contrast these more welfare-oriented European cities to the American model and examined the relationship between gender and planning. Eventually, she brought together her empirical and theoretical research to develop a theory of urban justice and to suggest policies at the local level that were in line with these principles.     

土地制度改革视角下的艺术村规划研究

随着城市扩张的加速与农村经济的发展,艺术村的产业发展受到诸多土地问题的制约.该文从农村集体土地制度对艺术村规划建设影响的角度,分析艺术村发展中面临的住宅产权归属复杂、土地使用权流转困难及土地规划管理滞后等问题,进而探索土地制度改革视角下的艺术村规划策略:确定艺术产业土地权属,明晰权能,引导艺术村落合理用地;整理闲置土地...