尼日利亚拉各斯的非正式经济

目前，已经失控的城市化发展速度、国家人口的快速增长，或是《千年发展目标》与现状之间日益拉大的差距，都很难勾画出城市化非洲正在显露的整个面貌，尼日利亚的《卫报》助理编辑保罗·奥康罗拉（Paul Okunloa）这样写到。[编者按]     

Geophysical and hydrogeological evaluation of rising groundwater level in the coastal areas of Lagos,Nigeria

The paper reports the change in groundwater level observed in 30 wells in ten locations in southern Nigeria. Borehole data confirmed the electrical resistivity soundings which indicated the presence of topsoil, medium sand, sand, clayey sand and coarse sand. In some cases, there was little apparent change in the rate of groundwater rise, but from the data obtained it can be concluded that in the years 2000–2004 the average yearly rise was 0.3 m while between 2004 and 2007 it rose on average by 0.5 m. This rise in groundwater level has serious implications for both existing structures and the nature of the foundations for future building. The electrical resistivity survey was found to be a helpful tool in detailing the morphology of the groundwater surface and is recommended for ongoing monitoring.      

Springs as supplementary potable water supplies for inner city populations: a study from Ibadan,Nigeria

Potable water is a major problem in urban centres in Nigeria. For years, communities have used the springs in their vicinity. However, the government does not seem to take care of the springs' quality or their yield. Furthermore, the rapid urbanization brings in a variety of pollutants through seepage and underground infiltration. A study was conducted to assess the quality of the various spring waters used by the inner city populations in Ibadan, a heavily populated capital of Oyo State in southwest Nigeria. The results indicate that of the 16 springs, 13 served primarily as sources of drinking water. The yields ranged from 3320 to 8308.8 l for an 8 h period. Physico-chemical quality was in conformity with the recommended standards. The pH values varied between 6.25 – 6.89 and 6.34 – 6.94 and temperature values varied between 26.5 – 26.6 and 26.43 – 26.6 for the rainy and dry seasons respectively. The total dissolved solids varied according to the soil type and terrain. The bacteriological quality needs to be corrected through simple treatment such as filtration and disinfection. If these water sources are tapped effectively, pressures on conventional water supplies will be reduced particularly in view of the current millennium development goals that the country is trying to meet.     

Engineering geological and geophysical investigation of the reclaimed Lekki Peninsula, Lagos, South West Nigeria

 It was hoped to develop an area of reclaimed land on the Lekki Peninsula of Lagos State. An investigation was therefore carried out in order to establish the subsurface geological/geo-electrical sequence; to identify the sand columns and determine their thickness and prepare a map of the geomorphological features of the original, pre-fill terrain. Vertical electrical resistivity soundings (VES) and penetrometer tests were carried out in a sand filled segment of the Lekki Peninsula. The information obtained showed a good correlation between the geomorphological features as interpreted from the aerial photographs and those identified from maps derived from the VES/penetrometer results. Received: 28 August 1998 · Accepted: 18 January 1999     

Modes of housing production in developing countries: the contemporary role of land, labour, and capital in Lagos, Nigeria

The strategies of participants in housing production, in developing countries, are diverse and not fully understood. Governments in most developing countries have not been able to, sufficiently, explore how the production factors: land, labour and capital, impact on housing production. As a result, many policies formulated by governments aimed at stimulating housing production are found to result in unintended outcomes: they do not always align with the way housing is actually created. This study uses the production factors to assess how motivations are shaped and different modes of housing production result. The aim is to gain an improved understanding of how housing developers, builders and government, impact modes of production. The method includes synthesis of past studies on factors of housing production in Lagos. In parallel, it also involves visits and interviews with some selected developers and agencies to allow a deeper engagement with their activities. This is in addition to direct observation and interviews undertaken through purposeful selection of some autonomous (on-site) builders. As an exploratory study, it observes that a better approach to land supply is significantly beneficial in shaping the modes and capacity of housing. The study helps understand the strategies of participants in housing production in developing countries, especially in Lagos. It recommends that efficient land supply to the autonomous on-site builders should be a focus for policy makers. This will contribute to the production of more housing thereby facilitating an improved production of present and future housing needs of the population.     

Urban Residential Satisfaction and the Planning Implications in a Developing World Context: The Example of Benin City,Nigeria

As urban expansion continues into the 21st century, one of the daunting challenges facing many developing countries is the planning and the management of cities in such a way as to meet a planning reformist role of promoting equitable, efficient and sustainable urban settlements. In the face of mounting criticisms of technocratic top-down approaches to housing and infrastructure development, there is a need for studies on the interface of satisfaction assessments and planning on the one hand and the social and cultural implications for urban management on the other. This is particularly so in the context of developing cities that are often characterized by dwindling public finances, urban poverty, spatial variations in housing and services, and poor socioeconomic conditions, as well as top-down approaches to urban management. A systematic spatial assessment of urban satisfaction is presented using Benin, a traditional West African city, as a case study. The significance of the satisfaction approach for planning, social and equity concerns is identified, and it is argued that we should look beyond it and incorporate community participatory approaches in the urban development process.     

Environmental sanitation on the Lagos mainland: problems and possible solutions

Lagos was said to be the filthiest capital in the world. Many reasons have been suggested for such situation. A survey was carried out to identify the problems associated with environmental sanitation of the Lagos Mainland and to classify the solid waste of the area. The results of various analyses carried out on the data collected show that there are significant differences in the generation, rate and the composition of the wastes. Various types of relationships exist between the socio‐economic characteristics of respondents, the composition and the rate of waste generation. Suggestions for better management are made.     

拉各斯为非洲城市交通建立标准

尼日利亚首都使用了一个新的公交系统,它正承载着三倍的预期乘客,而车费削减了三分之一。Jake Blosse讲述了拉各斯的快速公交系统怎样成为发展中城市的个中翘楚。     

荷兰的绿色规划:空间规划与环境规划的整合

荷兰是世界上首先制定和实施绿色政策的国家之一,也是首先将空间规划与环境规划协调整合的国家之一.“整合”是当今荷兰规划政策的关键词,也是其过去有效控制城市增长及保护生态环境的核心手段.整合的字面意思为将不同的事物联系结合,使之成为一个系统.荷兰的规划整合既考虑不同规划(环境规划和空间规划)内容与目标的协调、融合、彼此兼顾,也考虑不同利益群体(政府、市场、市民社会)的平衡、协商、妥协.荷兰规划整合的经验表明,绿色规划需要平衡经济、社会、环境三方面关系,而非只强调严苛的环境保护门槛,限制其他两方面的发展.否则,绿色规划便会失去公众基础和经济支撑,也就失去了可持续性.同时,绿色规划需要兼顾目标和过程,用行动计划保证实施的效率.本文概述荷兰规划整合的驱动因素和多部门协作的行政框架,总结整合从概念到实践的发展阶段;举例说明不同的规划整合政策工具在实践中的应用;然后分析规划整合的隐形保障;最后对比中国的绿色规划现状,总结荷兰经验的借鉴意义.     

女性与规划:一种新的规划视角

本文从女性与规划的视角出发,审视传统城市规划的理念和实践.文章回顾和评价西方女权运动与规划的关系,就城市土地利用与开发问题,从居住、工作和休闲等方面进行具体分析,提出在规划理念和设计上应重视女性特有的生活方式,并在建设实施上加以保障.     

泛策划与规划心理学在城市规划中的应用——以山西大同卫星城中心区规划为例

通过分析土地开发中市场总体策划与详细规划设计的"两划"合一问题,在商业中心区规划中引入"泛策划"与"规划心理学"理论,并结合山西大同卫星城商业中心的规划应用,从商业建筑策划、心理辅助设计等多维角度出发,探讨新时期规划设计关注以人为本的设计方法。     

历时演变,共时规划——运算化设计技术在山地规划与建筑设计中的应用

规划设计是一种在工作方法上自上而下特色很强烈的工作.在全新的规划理念中,对于城市肌理形成的规律,越来越多的研究工作把注意力放在自组织方面,有很多种算法描述这些自发生成的空间.该方向工作的重点在于:把城市空间的形成,从一个共时的角度,扩展到一个历时的角度.     

女性与规划：一种新的规划视角

本文从女性与规划的视角出发,审视传统城市规划的理念和实践。文章回顾和评价西方女权运动与规划的关系,就城市土地利用与开发问题,从居住、工作和休闲等方面进行具体分析,提出在规划理念和设计上应重视女性特有的生活方式,并在建设实施上加以保障。     

Transformation of Urban Planning:Thoughts on Incremental Planning,Stock-Based Planning,and Reduction Planning

According to the current context of China's new urbanization and urban and rural transformation,this paper defines incremental planning,stock-based planning,and reduction planning.It further discusses the socio-economic foundation of incremental planning,the transformation of incremental planning to stock-based planning,and the emergence of reduction planning,as well as the characteristics of these three types of urban planning.Based on that,it finds that incremental planning is determined by China's unique urban growth pattern,and that the change of the urban growth mode leads to a transformation of urban planning.In addition,reduction planning can effectively cope with urban decline.After over 30 years of rapid economic development,more and more cities in China are approaching the bottleneck of growth.Therefore,the transformation of urban planning is unavoidable and will definitely become an important topic in planning circles.     

新农村建设规划及其特色研究——汉寿县村庄布局规划设计

该文指出当前我国农村建设中存在的主要问题、矛盾,提出“走有中国特色的新农村建设规划之路”,以汉寿县村庄布局规划设计为实例进行说明。     

和谐规划:城市规划人本主义的回归

长期以来,城市规划重物质形态构筑而轻人们的本质需求,缺乏人本主义思想和人性化关怀,造成城市公共设施和基础设施缺乏、绿地减少、道路拥挤、环境恶化等城市问题.城市规划应坚持以人为本的理念,协调经济发展与社会民生,注重提供公共绿地和开敞空间,关注弱势群体,以维护社会公平,促进城市和谐发展.     

和谐规划：城市规划人本主义的回归

长期以来，城市规划重物质形态构筑而轻人们的本质需求，缺乏人本主义思想和人性化关怀，造成城市公共设施和基础设施缺乏、绿地减少、道路拥挤、环境恶化等城市问题。城市规划应坚持以人为本的理念，协调经济发展与社会民生，注重提供公共绿地和开敞空间，关注弱势群体，以维护社会公平，促进城市和谐发展。马交国，     

规划中的沟通与作为沟通的规划——当代西方沟通规划理论概述

通过对西方沟通规划理论诸流派的简要介绍,从规划方法、规划主体和规划成果等几方面对比了沟通规划与传统规划的异同,提出在规划从蓝图向政策的转化过程中,沟通行为从规划方法向规划本体的转变.