Designing Landscapes for Change: Albertopolis

London's first cultural quarter – dubbed ‘Albertopolis’ after Prince Albert, who initiated it in 1851 – has proved exceptionally adaptable over time. Home to several world-famous museums and educational institutions as well as the Royal Albert Hall, its individual buildings and street plan have continuously evolved to cater for increased capacity needs and changing attitudes to public space. Landscape architect Kim Wilkie – who redesigned one of the Victoria and Albert Museum's courtyards and is now collaborating with Niall McLaughlin Architects on the remodelling of the Natural History Museum's grounds – reviews its history to date.     

Designing Whole Landscapes

A whole-landscape approach is critical to ensuring conservation and enhancement of biodiversity in farmed landscapes. Although existing agri-environmental schemes are constrained by property boundaries and voluntary take up, the potential for adopting a whole-landscape approach to planned countryside management is currently favoured by a number of factors. These include economic uncertainty in some agricultural sectors; the introduction of a reformulated rural development policy; increased understanding of relationships between biodiversity and management; and the introduction of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) technology that allows future landscapes to be visualized by stakeholders. Ecological and socio-economic aspects of whole-landscape planning in a study covering 31 neighbouring farms in west Oxfordshire are reported. A baseline was first compiled that included information on: property boundaries; land cover; relationships between hedge and field margin management and key taxa; and farmer socio-economics and attitudes towards agri-environmental measures, conservation and sustainable agriculture. Future scenarios of integrated wholelandscape management were then developed, designed to deliver amenity, environmental and biodiversity benefits. These scenarios were presented and interpreted to farmers and conservation and amenity stakeholders with the aid of GIS-based maps and three-dimensional virtual reality visualizations. Farmers' responses are reported and the potential for implementing whole-landscape planning is discussed.     

Designing Whole Landscapes

A whole-landscape approach is critical to ensuring conservation and enhancement of biodiversity in farmed landscapes. Although existing agri-environmental schemes are constrained by property boundaries and voluntary take up, the potential for adopting a whole-landscape approach to planned countryside management is currently favoured by a number of factors. These include economic uncertainty in some agricultural sectors; the introduction of a reformulated rural development policy; increased understanding of relationships between biodiversity and management; and the introduction of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) technology that allows future landscapes to be visualized by stakeholders. Ecological and socio-economic aspects of whole-landscape planning in a study covering 31 neighbouring farms in west Oxfordshire are reported. A baseline was first compiled that included information on: property boundaries; land cover; relationships between hedge and field margin management and key taxa; and farmer socio-economics and attitudes towards agri-environmental measures, conservation and sustainable agriculture. Future scenarios of integrated wholelandscape management were then developed, designed to deliver amenity, environmental and biodiversity benefits. These scenarios were presented and interpreted to farmers and conservation and amenity stakeholders with the aid of GIS-based maps and three-dimensional virtual reality visualizations. Farmers' responses are reported and the potential for implementing whole-landscape planning is discussed .     

文化景观与自然纪念地

阐述了《世界遗产公约》对于人类遗产保护的重要性及其所取得的成就,简要回顾了世界遗产文化景观概念的发展过程、分类。根据世界遗产文化景观在国际地区分布、种类的不同,指出国际上对于文化景观概念由于文化背景而导致的理解上的差异,以及由此造成的在遗产实践领域的困难,解释了文化景观清查卡的设想和内容以及对于全球文化景观的重要性。     

遗产景观的韧性设计——历史庄园景观保护与发展的景观导向区域设计方法

气候变化与城市化对圩田景观、历史村庄及其周围环境,以及那些不能只被当作“纪念碑”来保护的考古景观等文化遗产景观的管理和保护有重大影响。本研究主要关注历史庄园景观,即由乡村庄园及其所在土地决定其特征的景观。首先,气候适应是一项重大挑战,亟须解决由于温度升高而导致的水资源“盈亏”与植被的变化。此外,持续的城市化与人类日益增长的休闲需求也给庄园景观带来了空前的压力。如何应对由城市化带来的空间碎片化问题,以及如何回应休闲旅游业需求的增加而带来的庄园产权转换和功能置换等问题,是现如今庄园景观面临的巨大挑战。这些挑战的复杂性需要从区域或“直升机”视角（helicopter view）来理解庄园之间的系统性关系和内涵,从而找到各利益相关方可协作的平台。以荷兰格尔德兰省（Gelderland）为例,介绍一种基于景观的区域设计方法来理解、规划和设计历史庄园景观,即“通过设计来保护”的方法：以历史景观的空间发展结构为基础,执行核心利益相关者全过程参与机制,结合以图像为主要媒介的沟通方式,建构基于合作与共创的空间策略与准则。这是如何利用设计研究以及通过设计进行研究的典型例子。     

Greenways planning in Italy: the Lambro River Valley Greenways System

The greenways movement in Europe developed differently to its counterpart in the USA, influenced by geographical, economic and cultural differences as well as differences in social and urban development.Europe has seen a discontinuous and fragmented process, diversified in the various countries. The explosion of the greenway concept in Europe is a very recent phenomenon: the European Greenways Association and the Italian Greenways Association both date back only as far as 1998. Clearly, before this date the European countries did see a degree of activity both cultural and operational, but it is equally clear that there was a lack of commonality. Specifically, greenway planning in Italy while on the one hand work has been underway on green trails for many years, on the other there is a clear lack of methodology that allows for the planning of a broader network.This paper has two objectives; firstly to define a methodology useful for greenways planning in Italy at regional level, and secondly, to demonstrate the application of this methodology to a case study.The methodology adopted derives from an approach to planning inspired principally by the work of Ian McHarg and Julius Fabos and already applied by the authors to protected areas in Italy. The methodology is structured in four phases: analysis of the landscape resources, the existing green trail and historical route networks; assessment of each element; composite assessment; and definition of the Greenways Plan.A case study for the Lambro River Valley Park is used to illustrate the methodology proposed. The park comprises the municipalities situated along the Lambro River to the north of Milan. This is densely inhabited land and features multiple human activities located within a context conserving residual elements of naturalistic, landscape and historical–cultural interest. The application of the methodology to the Lambro River Valley Park allowed the development of a greenways network incorporating the existing network of green trails: 80% of the network is, in fact, already in place. The methodology also proved to be useful in the definition of a network dedicated to non-motorized traffic capable of connecting the numerous urban centres with the many resources present in the area.     

Learning From Nature: Omega Center for Sustainable Living

Laura Lesniewski , Principal of BNIM, describes how Elements, an internal division of the US firm focused on sustainable design and research, made an essential contribution to BNIM's new facility for the Omega Institute for Holistic Studies in Rhinebeck, New York. Through the adoption of building information modelling (BIM) and other new tools and analysis techniques, and the optimisations of the three primary flows through the building – energy, air and water – it has realised a new standard in ecological design. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

布拉迪斯拉发城市绿道的机遇与挑战

论述了斯洛伐克首都布拉迪斯拉发绿道规划存在的问题,阐述了现代城市景观中绿道的含义。布拉迪斯拉的传统景观见证了从20世纪90年代至今巨大的城市发展压力。小喀尔巴阡山区的葡萄庄园,在城市意象中占有重要地位,是城市文化的一部分。然而,这些葡萄庄园因为处于住宅开发区中最有价值的地段而逐渐被城市发展吞噬。绿色空间沿岸的多瑙河也受到同样的威胁,护坡空间是最有魅力的开发空间。明晰了布拉迪斯拉发绿道保护和规划的核心问题,从当地层面检验空间规划的程序。研究结果展示了景观生态家、风景园林师和城市规划师在线性廊道规划上的理解代沟。探讨了减少理解代沟的方法,比如把绿道作为多功能廊道进行理解。     

21世纪可持续景观—源自17世纪荷兰庄园的新型景观

17世纪荷兰与远东地区的贸易发展推动了西部港口城市的扩张,农业景观改造成的一系列新型花园和建有别墅和庄园的公园地区,推动了新型可持续人造景观的发展,由风车、堤坝和运河控制的“圩田”及其独特水系是最经典案例之一。受其启发,将游憩区和居住区连接起来的新视野成为荷兰新庄园发展的趋势,功能的结合创造了景观、自然和消费者之间的和谐。文章介绍了一些新庄园的实例。     

Greenways: multiplying and diversifying in the 21st century

Building on the legacy of historic greenway planning in the U.S., several new initiatives have been taking shape and gaining recognition in the past decade. One is ‘Green Infrastructure’ planning which is a ‘must have’ inter-connected system of green spaces. Another is ‘Smart Conservation’—the counterpoint of another planning initiative that preceded it known as ‘Smart Growth’. This is the establishment of critical green corridors that should be preserved and maintained for predominantly ecological functions, in advance of or in conjunction with new development. ‘New Urbanism’ has focused on bringing order and coherence to escalating ‘Edge Cities’ on the urban fringe, based on walkable, mixed-use towns, villages and neighborhoods with integrated open-space systems. Transit-Oriented Developments (TODs) are transportation plans for accommodating regional growth around clustered ‘pedestrian pockets’ linked by transit systems. Both New Urbanism and TODs have applied similar principles to ‘brown sites’ and declining city neighborhoods.All these initiatives are different aspects of the greenway movement, expressing its many possibilities, enriching its original concepts, enlarging its credibility—if need be—and emphasizing its importance for and relevance to current issues of sustainability and ‘green’ planning and design. The author, a teacher/practitioner, discusses recent U.S. greenway examples at site, metropolitan and regional scales for which he has been the principal planner/designer or a consultant, and compares New Urbanism and TOD methodologies and approaches to established greenway-planning practices and the premises of Smart Conservation.     

Greenways for recreation and maintenance of landscape quality: five case studies in Portugal

The use of the concept of greenway can be identified in Portugal throughout the 20th century as a planning and design tool. Several examples, such as the ‘Improvement Plans for Lisbon’ by Ressano Garcia (1901), the continuum naturale concept [Cabral, F.C., 1980. O Continuum Naturale e a Conservação da Natureza. Conservação da Natureza. Serviço de Estudos do Ambiente, Lisbon; Andresen, T., 2001. Francisco Caldeira Cabral. Landscape Design Trust, Surrey, UK, 213 pp.], the Green Plan for Lisbon [Telles, G.R., et al., 1997. Plano Verde de Lisboa. Ed. Colibri, Lisboa, 197 pp.], deal with the subjects of implementing vegetation corridors, pedestrian networks and landscape quality. These examples establish Portuguese planning and design tradition within the international greenway movement first identified by Fabos [Fabos, J.Gy., 1991. From Park to Greenways into the 21st Century. In: Proceedings from Selected Educational Sessions, ASLA Annual Meeting, Kansas City, Missouri]. Though several projects have been developed at the planning level, there is a need to analyze the applicability of such a concept at the regional, municipal and local level. We must consider the characteristics of Portugal's cultural landscape, recognition by other professions dealing with planning and involvement by politicians. By analyzing five case studies, this paper shows the significance of the greenway as a planning and design strategy, which coincides, with the current objectives of political and planning authorities at the municipal level. It also proves that it is possible to reconcile political objectives and urban development while safeguarding landscape quality and providing new opportunities for public recreation and education. Greenway planning and design is now undoubtedly a subject of growing significance in Portugal.     

寻求自然的建筑——上海市委党校学习研究中心方案创作手记

在上海市委党校学习研究中心创作中，把握项目的特殊性，以“自然”作为设计的中心理念必建筑空间处理的主题；从功能布局，建筑空间，景观，造型等方面追求建筑与环境的融合，以及建筑形态对基地的使用者的回应。     

Greenways and the making of urban form

One aspect of greenways which is exciting popular interest in the US is the durability of nineteenth-century parkways and park systems to stitch together fragmenting cities and urbanizing areas. What the Olmsteds, Cleveland, Eliot and Kessler achieved in their regional open-space plans can be the model for a new version of Howard's ‘town/country’ in which greenways/ greenbelts/greenspaces together make a comprehensive ‘green’ infrastructure.Some of the literature and the highlights of historic greenway planning and design in the US are reviewed. Their adaptation to current projects is illustrated through a series of case studies of gradually increasing scale—villages, towns, cities and regions. Such common strategies as ‘green’ streets, parks and playgrounds structuring walkable neighborhoods, intra-neighborhood parkways connecting town/city districts, and regional park systems protecting natural areas for recreation/conservation still confer similar social, economic and environmental benefits. Whether Pedestrian Pockets or Co-housing, expanding historic settlements or preserving the countryside, planning new ‘urban villages’ or neo-traditional towns, greenways can be powerful makers and shapers of urban form at both macro- and micro-scales.     

略论应将人列入景观及景观设计之要素

在通常的风景园林书籍中,未曾明确将人及其活动列入景观设计的要素。喜欢观看他人及被人观看是人的本性之一。明确提出并论述应将人及其活动列入景观及景观设计之要素的必要性。在风景园林等景观场所的规划设计中,将人及其活动作为景观要素之一加以考虑,必将进一步拓宽景观规划设计的视野,增加其维度,有助于提升景观设计的水平,使所设计的景观更加人性化,更加体现以人为本的理念,为建设美丽中国,留住乡愁作出贡献。