Neighborhood Affordability and Housing Market Resilience

Problem, research strategy, and findings: Although many researchers have examined factors associated with vulnerability to foreclosure, few have investigated the role neighborhood affordability plays in foreclosures in metropolitan areas. In this study, we examine the effects of location affordability (i.e., housing and transportation affordability combined) on resilience to foreclosure in more than 300?U.S. metropolitan areas during the U.S. housing recovery period. Using hierarchical linear regression with changes in zip code–level home foreclosure rates, our findings suggest the relationship between affordability and foreclosure resilience varies according to urban form (central/high-density city versus suburban low-density area) and types of metropolitan housing markets (boom–bust versus strong versus weak). In the national analysis, where location affordability was high, home foreclosure rates dropped substantially in central/high-density areas but not in suburban low-density areas. When we disaggregated the zip codes according to the market type, location affordability contributed to recovery in central cities in strong and weak metros and in the suburbs of boom–bust metros. There was no positive association in the suburbs of strong and weak metros. With improved data, future studies could measure an association between affordability and lower income renter households.

Takeaway for practice: Our study of the affordability crisis that followed the foreclosure crisis shows that planners can foster resilient and affordable housing markets by expanding and densifying affordable neighborhood locations and considering interactions between the costs of housing and transportation. Planners can improve neighborhood affordability with local and regional strategies based on the local residential density and the type of metropolitan housing market.     

开闭站，铁路主控中心，苏黎世，瑞士

建筑物位于圣爱都特维勒桥附近的铁道边上,在那里城市中的都市住宅让位给了偏僻的工业区。建筑物包含了与之前苏黎世的主要火车站地区中的铁轨交通管理相关的功能。在它的3个楼层中,只有顶层用作办公室和工作区。下面两层只容纳如继电器、计算机、变流器、铁轨系统的动力设备等技术设备,一个发电机间和通风设施。由于各个设备都需要大量散热,然而其他的房间,却要求稳定的气候环境——这就意味着它们既需要冷却降温,也需要加热升温——这就很有必要建造一个能够同时积蓄热量和有效地散播热量的气候密封袋。双层混凝土结构能够极大地满足蓄热…     

Self‐help housing provision: Production,consumption, accumulation and policy in Atlantic Canada

Self‐help has been a neglected aspect of housing provision in industrialised nations, yet in many locations it accounts for a significant share of new production and can contribute to improved housing circumstances for those whose housing need is not too severe. This paper discusses self‐help housing provision in Atlantic Canada and argues that it reduces the profitability of the residential construction industry and for this and other reasons, self‐help is likely to continue as a major form of production. This paper also evaluates the impact on self‐help of several housing policy options.     

THE SUBURBANIZATION OF DECLINE: FILTERING,NEIGHBORHOODS, AND HOUSING MARKET DYNAMICS

This study explores how the locations and characteristics of neighborhoods affected the process of housing filtering in the Orlando metropolitan area during the 2000s. The results show that racial composition was an important determinant of filtering down and that the foreclosure rate and income composition of neighborhoods became more important factors during the housing market bust period. The filtering process tended to be more affected by neighborhood attributes than by changes in the housing market, especially during the housing market bust period. As the filtering down process was not sensitive to the neighborhood location itself, suburban areas were also susceptible to filtering down processes like inner city areas. Moreover, there was a high probability of suburban decline through filtering down during the housing market bust period. These results may be the reflection of recent trends of central city rebound and suburban decline in the Sun Belt.     

Building the Connection Between Housing Needs and Metropolitan Planning in Sydney,Australia

The theme of a more compact city has been a central feature of planning policy for Sydney's development over the last two decades. Urban consolidation, in the form of attached dwellings in medium- and high-density configurations, has become the predominant form of new residential development since the early 1990s. One of the largely untested claims for this policy is that it provides more housing choice for an increasingly diverse population and that simply building larger amounts of smaller housing in high-density concentrations will be sufficient to meet that demand. As a result, planning for higher density housing has been undertaken with little explicit recognition of the housing sub-markets higher density housing caters for or their specific spatial characteristics within the city. These issues are examined by an analysis of the socio-economic characteristics of areas with high concentrations of attached housing. These data are processed by factor analysis to identify and locate the range of sub-markets within attached housing and additional small area data used to fill out the market profiling. The results reveal that a range of specific housing needs are met by this form of housing with discriminative characteristics in certain locations. In other words, higher density housing is associated with a range of locationally specific and spatially distinctive sub-markets. These findings are particularly relevant and timely as a new metropolitan strategy is in preparation for Sydney where an estimated 60–70 per cent of new dwelling provision in the next 30 years will take place within existing suburbs through higher density redevelopment. Planning for such development must take into account the local markets for such accommodation which have very different characteristics in different parts of the city.     

Building Competitiveness and Cohesion: The Role of New Housebuilding in Central Scotland's Cities

This paper begins by mapping out the ways in which new private housebuilding may impinge on two of the key themes of contemporary urban policy, economic competitiveness and social cohesion. It then examines aspects of this relationship in more depth, drawing on evidence from Central Scotland. First, it considers the pattern of new housing provision in two adjacent city regions. Second, it examines buyers' choice of new housing per se and between higher density, urban locations versus lower density suburban locations for new housing. Third, it looks at the role of new building in promoting social cohesion/integration. A mixture of sources of evidence are drawn on, particularly surveys of residents of selected new housing schemes and existing neighbourhoods in Central Scotland, but also linked analyses of planning and market data. The conclusions draw attention to the significant role of new housebuilding in supporting city competitiveness and regeneration, at the same time as its rather uneven contribution to sustainability and balanced communities becomes apparent. This leads to some positive pointers for policy while recognising the inherent conflicts between different dimensions of social cohesion.     

对完善重庆市公租房管理的思考

公租房作为补充完善住房保障体系、解决“夹心层”住房问题的有力手段得到中央以及各地政府的肯定.重庆市更是提出了建设4000万m2公租房的宏大目标.而公租房的管理是否科学、合理.有序,将直接决定其保障效率的高低.作为保障性住房的新形式,公租房的管理在全国尚没有一套成熟的办法.重庆市虽然进行了积极探索,也还存在一些问题.本文...     

POLICY REVIEW The Impact of Housing Policy Changes on Housing Associations: Experiences in the Netherlands

For decades, housing associations in the Netherlands were the country's landlords of social rented housing par excellence. Presently housing associations own and administer over 90 per cent of the social rented stock, which now comprises 37 per cent of the total Dutch housing stock. The changes in Dutch housing policy which were made from 1993 onwards, have also changed the role and position of the housing associations. The financial ties binding the social housing sector and the national government have largely been dissolved. Responsibility for adequate housing was decentralised from the central government to the local authorities. Municipalities and housing associations have developed a new tradition of performance agreements on local housing policy. This paper reviews the response of housing associations to the circumstances created by the new housing policy of the 1990s.     

Aspects of student housing satisfaction: a quantitative study

The aim of this article is to attain a better understanding of which aspects influence students’ housing satisfaction in Trondheim, Norway. Due to rising student numbers in the last decade in Norway, there is a distinct need for new student housing. It has been stated previously that students prefer specific, often central locations in university cities and that they have become more demanding when it comes to the standard of accommodation. Questions related to how and where to accommodate students have become an issue in both public and professional discussions. This study adds to the knowledge on different aspects that influence student housing satisfaction and thus offers background information for further discussion on the student housing situation in medium-sized university cities. Data were collected through a quantitative survey, which emphasized the following five aspects: (1) Type of tenancy/ownership, (2) The impact of demographic variables, (3) Housing location, (4) Different housing characteristics, and (5) Individual facilities (kitchen/bathroom). The survey data indicate that the most important variables for student residential satisfaction were, first, the type of tenancy/ownership; second, the quality of different housing characteristics; and third, the location. In this study, individual facilities and demographic variables did not have a significant effect on housing satisfaction.     

The geographic and sociodemographic transformation of multifamily rental housing in the Texas Triangle

This study catalogues the location, clustering and sociodemographic distribution of the development of multifamily rental housing over the last five decades in the Texas Triangle, one of the fastest growing megaregions in the United States. The research reveals prior to the 1970s, apartments clustered in downtown areas; throughout the 1980s and 1990s, the development of apartments expanded to the suburbs and along major interstates; and in the 2000s, apartment growth continued in the peripheral areas while returning downtown. During this time period, apartments were developed most often in majority white, high-income and low-poverty neighbourhoods. These geographic and sociodemographic characteristics challenge widespread conceptions that equate multifamily rental housing with central city locations and low-income populations. The findings suggest that multifamily rental housing offers a powerful tool to increase residential density in downtown and suburban locations, while also accommodating a sociodemographically diverse population.     

Regional Housing Figures in England: Policy,Politics and Ownership

This paper critiques the process of arriving at housing allocation figures for development planning in England, focusing upon regional debates. It considers the balance struck between policy (national) considerations and (local) political priorities, illustrated through two case studies: the East of England (and RPG14) and the English North West (and RPG13). These particular regions exemplify the dual poles of current planning policy in relation to housing provision: avoiding over-supply in the north of England and delivering managed growth in the south. The paper concludes by looking at ‘ownership’ of regional and county figures, at the excesses of central intervention, and at how such interventions run contrary to government's own philosophy for planning for housing in England.     

In the Shadow of the Gold Mines: Migrancy and Mine Housing in South Africa

The profitability of the gold mining industry has long been based upon the exploitation of the vast reserves of African migrant labour drawn from South Africa and the sub-continent. A central institution of the migrant labour force has been and continues to be the vast housing complex, where the majority of the industry's 700 000 migrant workers are housed in single-sex barrack-like accommodation under the tight control of the mining industry. Although in recent years the gold mining industry has attempted to use alternative housing strategies for its married migrant workers, today the barrack-like housing complex remains the most important institution of labour control in South Africa. This paper examines the mine housing complex and the social control mechanisms deeply embedded in the design and social organisation of migrant workers' housing in South Africa. Although the new Government of National Unity is committed to improving the housing circumstances of all South Africans, mine workers face a housing problem inherited from segregation and apartheid which requires particular attention from employers, the government and the unions representing the mine workers.     

Segregation and Marginalisation within Public Housing: The Disadvantaged in Bedok New Town,Singapore

This paper examines segregation within public housing in Bedok New Town, Singapore. The highly structured and regulated public housing sector, accommodating 86 per cent of the total Singapore population, provides an interesting look at the issue of 'choice' and 'constraint', and their implications for segregation. Using the index of dissimilarity to measure evenness of distribution and the P* index to measure social interaction and isolation, the data show that lower-income members of Indian ethnic background had become more segregated between 1980 and 1990. The eligibility criteria and allocation procedures pertaining to public housing help channel certain groups of residents into a narrow array of housing types in strictly defined locations. Particular socio-demographic features of lower-income Indians, coupled with their numerical inferiority, leads to a weak position within the housing market. The issue of constrained choice is especially relevant for this group of public housing residents.     

Housing supply,profit and housing production: The case of the United Kingdom,the Netherlands and Germany

This article investigates the relationship between housing production in the private sector and profitability in three European countries: the United Kingdom, the Netherlands and Germany. The relationship between private sector production and profitability is suggested by Ambrose and Barlow (1987) to be an important contributory factor to understanding levels of house building in Europe. The article utilizes a model of ‘profitability’ based upon three variables: house prices, land prices and building costs. The model is considered with other theories relating to housing production. These are: first, the way in which governments organize housing production, second, the mode of housing development; and third, motivations of house builders themselves. These issues are shown through the results to be significant in explaining why trends in the three countries are dissimilar. The conclusions are that a private sector functions better where government plays a strong steering role, particularly in the land market. The relationship between production and profit is weak where systems of supply exhibit a high degree of speculative activity or where new production relies upon the decisions of individual households rather than firms. The article raises particular questions of definition and comparison. These are in relation to the ‘private sector’ and to the profit model itself.     

The Changing Management of Social Housing: The Impact of Externalisation and Managerialisation

The paper examines how the New Public Management (NPM) project has reshaped housing management in England and Wales. Historical tensions concerning the nature and scope of housing management, and its recent establishment as a public sector profession, have been exacerbated by NPM. In particular, the two central NPM processes of externalisation and managerialisation have led to the provision of new social housing by housing associations and the development of rationalistic management. By exploring the changing nature of housing management in externalised housing associations, the paper illustrates the complex ways in which property and welfare-based approaches to housing management are being played out. It is argued that managerialism has worked to define core business and a property-based approach at the expense of aspects of personal and welfare-based services. This process is being intensified by new technologies as seen through the development of call centres. Housing associations and the regulator have sought to recapture some aspects of the welfare approach to housing management to provide services to increasingly welfare-dependent tenants. However, the paper concludes that the tensions between the property and welfare approaches are likely to lead to the domination of a property-based approach because of the ongoing managerial and external pressures on housing associations.     

The Danish housing market: Housing policies for different housing tenure

Since 1987 interest and publication in Norwegian housing policies have increased significantly. This article deepens and widens my earlier published work on Norwegian housing policy, and it responds to some earlier reviews of my work. The central themes of the article are that Norway has used state policy to develop its housing sector over many decades; that since the mid‐1970s policy makers have had to adjust their housing system to national and international macro‐economic change; and that in a comparative perspective, Norway has pursued housing policies which have important anti‐poverty elements, some egalitarianism, and some useful choice and efficiencies. Norway has used balanced state, market, and self‐help roles to develop its housing sector, and the institutional framework in which these roles operate has been reformed since the late‐1970s in the light of changing economic, social, and political conditions. Changes in the international economy have been particularly significant as Norway depends upon the international economy to sustain its living standards, including its housing standards.     

Familification: Family,Neighborhood Change,and Housing Policy

This paper proposes the term familification to describe one type of gentrification: the process of neighborhood change by families moving into a neighborhood. This study, drawing upon in-depth interviews, document analysis, and ethnographic observations, focuses on an urban familification program—one city's attempt to benefit families by restricting participation in its downtown housing programs. The paper first describes the programs and then explores how leaders, program participants, and neighbors understand the programs' intentions and effects. While family is not prominent in the programs' grant proposals, leaders indicated that promoting traditional families was a central objective. Implementing these programs revealed difficulties in defining family and in managing the programs' outcomes. Implications for fair housing laws are considered, and it is argued that fostering diversity in family life course stages may be a compelling government interest to promote neighborhood stability, and an inclusive strategy for urban development.     

关于中国延边地区朝鲜族农村住宅现代化过程的研究

20世纪70年代末的改革开放政策使得中国发生了翻天覆地的变化。自20世纪中期以后,中国社会的现代化进程非常快速,当然在居住方面也不例外。本论文主要是针对中国北部的朝鲜族农村住宅做为主要研究对象,他们在现代化进程中发生了相对明显变化,本文主要在建筑元素方面加以分析和归类。包含以下几个方面:(1)新施工技术条件下装修以及结构变化;(2)主要用房的基址的变化;(3)加热系统和厨房在平面位置变化的影响;(4)卫生间的变化。通过分析,可使得朝鲜族农村住宅在现代化进程中的变化客观化,也有利于制定对朝鲜族传统农村住宅的未来改造计划。     

Convergence theory,labour movements,and corporatism: The case of housing 1

This study undertakes a statistical analysis of housing policy and housing market developments in 18 advanced industrial countries comparing the early 1970s with the mid‐1980s. The article applies three modes of theoretical explanation, namely convergence theory, labour movement theory, and an institutional model based on theories of corporatism, focusing upon the first mode. The results show that contrary to convergence theory and its associated thesis of a particular “logic of industrialism”, institutional and ideological factors loom large. Analysing the structure of the market, ideological factors are found to be of greatest importance. At the same time, housing market processes and the character of housing policy are primarily determined by institutional factors, that is, the way in which market actors have been organized into or out of the housing policy system.