规划的变革与变革的规划——上海城市规划与土地利用规划"两规合一"的实践与思考

城市总体规划与土地利用总体规划的冲突与矛盾是近年来城市规划实施中遇到的突出问题之一。本文分析了两规在指导思想、工作内容、发展规模、空间布局等方面的矛盾冲突,总结了上海"两规合一"实践中关于战略引领、城乡统筹、生态优先、转型发展、管理创新的基本做法,并对"两规合一"后城市规划在管控能力、配给能力、政策能力和实施能力等方面的新变革进行了探讨。     

Seven Principles of Strong Climate Change Planning

Abstract

As greenhouse gas emissions and climate change impacts increase worldwide, there is an urgent need for communities, and thus urban planners, to simultaneously mitigate and adapt to climate change. We synthesize recent research to examine whether the field of planning is adequately addressing climate change. We conclude that although there has been progress in recent years, it is insufficient given the scope of the climate change challenge and the myriad ways climate impacts negatively affect communities. We argue for seven principles of strong climate change planning: 1) clear goals; 2) strong fact base; 3) diverse strategies; 4) public participation; 5) coordination across actors, sectors, and plans; 6) processes for implementation and monitoring; and 7) techniques to address uncertainty. For each of these principles we discuss the current state of research and practice.     

Statehouse Versus Greenhouse

Problem: In the absence of U.S. federal action to address the problem of climate change, a diverse array of nonfederal policy entrepreneurs and climate action planners has produced an impressive body of plans and policies to fight climate change at the regional, state, and local levels. Their actions are highly laudable, but have they actually reduced greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions?

Purpose: This article evaluates the work of a group of innovative state-level policy entre-preneurs whose actions were chronicled by Barry Rabe, and a set of 29 state climate action plans systematically analyzed by Stephen Wheeler. It compares states with and without climate policy entrepreneurs and states with and without climate action plans, asks if either plans or entrepreneurs have been successful in reducing CO2 emissions, and identifies the elements within plans that are associated with the greatest reductions.

Methods: The analysis uses multiple regression models to explain changes in per capita CO2 emissions attributable to residen-tial, commercial, transportation, and total nonindustrial end users from 1990 to 2007. A package of control variables accounts for political, social, climatic, economic, and urban form factors, while policy variables isolate the effects of climate policy entrepre-neurs, climate action planners, and specific policy recommendations within climate action plans.

Results and conclusions: State-level climate actions reduce GHG emissions by a measurable but modest amount: about one half metric ton per person per year. This represents 2–3% of the average American's 24-ton annual total GHG emissions. The reduction is small in comparison to the magnitude of the problem, but a substantial tax increase or population shift away from sprawling areas would be necessary to achieve the same reduction. specific policies I find to be associated with lower emissions include: building efficiency in both residential and commercial sectors, Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) policies in the commercial sector, and California's vehicle efficiency standards in the transportation sector.

Takeaway for practice: It is encouraging that we can already identify emission reduc-tions related to state climate action. However, the observed reductions remain small com-pared to the scope of the problem. These findings should persuade states without plans to begin the planning process while encourag-ing states with plans to encourage more entrepreneurship aimed at developing a second generation of policy options for stabilizing our planet's climate with or without federal action.

Research support: None.     

全球气候变化与河口城市气候脆弱性生态区划研究——以上海为例

在分析全球气候变化影响及世界主要河口城市应对策略的基础上,提出了建设资源节约型与环境友好型城市的概念、内涵、运行模式以及河口城市上海在全球变化影响下的气候脆弱性生态区划及适应性对策。     

Making Room for the River

Abstract

Problem, research strategy, and findings: In this study we analyze plan integration for flood resilience in the city of Nijmegen, the site of the largest Room for the River project in The Netherlands. Little is known about the degree to which local and regional plans are coordinated with the national Room for the River program or about the cumulative influence of plans on flood vulnerability. To effectively investigate these issues, we use and build upon the Plan Integration for Resilience Scorecard (PIRS) concept and method, which analyzes the consistency and effects of networks of plans on community vulnerability. We expand the scope to include plans from multiple administrative scales and the focus to include environmental vulnerability. Using a three-phase evaluation process, we demonstrate that Room for the River policies are well integrated in Nijmegen’s network of plans, particularly with respect to flood safety and natural protection. However, we also find that policies at different administrative scales lack consistency in some places, some socially vulnerable neighborhoods receive comparatively little policy attention, and local plans often prioritize development over flood resilience, though higher tier plans sometimes make up for these policy gaps. Flood resilience is still finding its way in the Dutch planning system.

Takeaway for practice: The PIRS offers planning practitioners a method to assess how networks of plans influence community vulnerability and, as demonstrated in this analysis, to determine the degree to which plans at multiple administrative scales target the most physically, socially, and environmentally vulnerable geographic areas. It can be used to support the ambitious goals of a program like Room for the River and align them with local development priorities.     

分区中社区配套设施用地规划的探索——以无锡市分区规划为例

社区是城市的基本单元,完善社区配套是城市规划的重要内容之一。本文以无锡市分区规划为例,在分区规划阶段确定社区规模、社区配套设施及用地控制指标,为社区建设和管理提供决策依据。     

试论社区综合防灾规划的特色

本文对我国城市建设中的社区防灾能力进行了分析,对编制社区综合防灾规划的内容与要点进行了初步的探讨。并针对灾害防御中,可以通过环境设计来减轻的灾害划分为防灾规划设计的重要内容。而不能通过环境设计来减轻的部分,则需要通过防灾知识宣传、应急响应的管理以及相应的社区居民自救及灾害预防、恢复重建等预案的建立与演练来减少社区在未来各种灾害作用下的影响与损失。     

经济社会发展、土地利用和城市总体规划“三规合一”路径

《国家新型城镇化规划(2014—2020年)》提出,推动有条件地区经济社会发展、土地利用和城市总体规划等"多规合一"。提出了"三规合一"的概念,分析了面临的主要问题,探索了推进"三规合一"的路径。     

Adaptation to Climate Change

Problem: Even if significant reductions in global greenhouse gas emissions are achieved, some amount of climate change appears to be inevitable. Local, regional, state, and federal planning and regulation should begin to address how to adapt to these changes.

Purpose: This article presents a policy synthesis of adaptation planning issues, using California as a case study. We examine the institutional and regulatory challenges and tradeoffs that climate change poses in six particularly vulnerable areas: water resources, electricity, coastal resources, air quality, public health, and ecosystem resources. We discuss obstacles to adaptation planning and successes overcoming these barriers, and suggest how planning can incorporate adaptation.

Methods: This article presents a policy synthesis of adaptation planning issues, drawing on our recent research on California's experience and related literature. We summarize the results of six studies that draw on quantitative and qualitative information gathered through surveys, interviews, and literature review.

Results and conclusions: Planners should use forward-looking climate data that include higher water and air temperatures, sea-level rise, and increased numbers of extreme events like heat waves, floods, and wildfires when making decisions about future development, infrastructure investments, open-space protection, and disaster preparedness. Climate change will exacerbate conflicts between goals for economic development, habitat protection, and public safety, requiring stronger interagency coordination and new laws and regulations.

Takeaway for practice: Local and regional planners can help society adapt to a changing climate by using the best available science, deciding on goals and early actions, locating relevant partners, identifying and eliminating regulatory barriers, and encouraging the introduction of new state mandates and guidelines.

Research support: Partial support for this research was provided by Pacific Gas and Electric, The Nature Conservancy, and Next 10.     

城市交通问题的治本之路——公共交通社区与公共交通导向的城市土地利用形态

从介绍公共交通社区的概念和实例入手 ,阐述土地利用形态对公共交通的重要作用 ,指出发展公共交通导向的土地利用形态是解决我国城市交通问题的根本出路     

Two Approaches to Valuing Some of Bicycle Facilities' Presumed Benefits: Propose a session for the 2007 National Planning Conference in the City of Brotherly Love

This article reports the results of two different approaches to valuing some of what are thought to be benefits of bicycle trails and lanes. First, an adaptive stated preference survey is used to measure how much travel time individuals are willing to spend to obtain particular features of on- and off-street bicycle facilities. These findings indicate that bicycle commuters in Minneapolis and St. Paul prefer bicycle lanes on existing streets over off-street bicycle trails, and also prefer them over streets that have no onstreet parking but lack designated bicycle lanes. Second, I used home sales data to learn the effect of bicycle trail proximity on home value. Though proximity to bicycle facilities is valued differently for different types, it actually significantly reduced home value in suburban locations. Suburban home values were most reduced by proximity to roadside trails, which also reduced home values significantly in the cities. Proximity to other types of bicycle facilities in the cities did not significantly affect home values.     

Urban development and climate change

Cities around the US are promoting redevelopment efforts in central city neighborhoods in order to foster more-sustainable development patterns. In this paper, we argue that such plans must be grounded in an assessment of the current conditions and existing populations in these neighborhoods. We propose a new way to frame plans for existing communities, using the concept of vulnerability to help us connect current conditions and future goals. Through a case study of the planning process for a transit-oriented redevelopment plan for a central neighborhood in Austin, Texas, we illustrate the difference between current approaches and an alternative approach.     

The Effects of Sprawl on Neighborhood Social Ties: An Explanatory Analysis

The notion that sprawl, in the form of low-density, auto-dependent neighborhoods, is inimical to neighborhood social bonds is a recurrent theme in the planning literature. Although this seems like common sense, relatively little empirical evidence exists to support this notion. This article tests this thesis using data from a cross-sectional survey of adults in Atlanta, Boston, and Los Angeles and from the 1990 decennial census. Although residential density was found to be unrelated to the formation of neighborhood social ties, it was significantly and substantially related to the degree to which residents of a neighborhood relied on their automobiles.     

试析城市规划与土地利用总体规划的相互协调

总结了法律法规对城市规划与土地利用总体规划相互衔接的有关规定,对两者在实际规划和管理工作中出现的冲突及其原因进行了分析,提出了土地利用总体规划对城市规划工作的启示,并对这两个规划如何协调进行了探讨。     

Underground spatial planning – Perspectives and current research in Germany

There has been a growing need over recent years for the coordination of utilizations in underground space. This study investigates rising demands on the utilization of underground space and associated conflicts related to space, responsibilities and priorities. Strategic, comprehensive, and holistic spatial planning is required to resolve these conflicts. This paper presents the current status of spatial planning regulations in Germany concerning underground space, and investigates possible planning solutions for its coordinated use. Findings of this study indicate that dedicated underground spatial planning should replace the common procedures towards designating exclusive areas for certain purposes in order to ensure the sustainable use of underground space.     

石油城市的防灾规划和对策

防灾减灾是城市规划的一个重要内容。石油城市的灾害种类及其特点大都涉及生命线工程网络系统的安全存亡问题。在石油城市的规划建设中，有必要从理论与实践的结合上研究和实施防灾减灾对策。     

战略规划应该突出三个“概念”

十年前广州制订战略规划的最初称谓就是概念规划。强调战略规划可以研究问题的多样性和不确定性跟突出战略规划阶段要研究基本概念不相矛盾。在现行规划体制与制度下,如何提高战略规划阶段中一些概念对城市总体规划有更大的贡献,本文强调应该突出土地利用、交通网络、生态环境三个概念。