Future LAB feedstocks：the advent of pearl GTL

采用两种不同来源的正构烷烃合成了相应的烷基苯,经磺化、中和后得到两种烷基苯磺酸盐,测 定了其应用性能,评价了其对环境的影响。结果发现,来源于天然气液化油（GTL）的正构烷烃完 全可以替代来源于煤油的正构烷烃生产烷基苯及其磺酸盐。     

烷基苯生产工艺对烷基苯磺酸钠物化性能的影响

介绍了烷基苯生产工艺的发展动向以及几种已工业化的烷基苯工艺生产的烷基苯组成及相应的烷基苯磺酸盐的物化性能，认为固定床烷基化工艺是今后研究和发展的方向。     

Interactions between LAS and nonionic surfactants

Physicochemical interactions between linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) and various linear alcohol nonionics (NI) have been investigated. The effect of adding nonionic to LAS on critical micelle concentration (cmc), surface tension, water hardness sensitivity and detergency performance depends on both hydrophobe and hydrophile structure. The addition of low levels of a lauryl range-high EO nonionic surfactant significantly lowers cmc and causes the formation of micelles containing predominantly nonionic molecules. These mixed micelles improve hard water performance by acting as a sink for LAS and free calcium. Nonionic surfactant enhances LAS hard water performance by preventing the loss of LAS via Ca(LAS)₂ precipitation, not by its own soil removal capabilities. Nonionic surfactant acts as a micelle promotion agent, while LAS remains responsible for surface and interfacial properties. Presented at the AOCS meeting in May 1984 in Dallas, Texas.     

Monitoring the linear alkylbenzene sulfonation process using high-temperature gas chromatography

Controlling the linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) sulfonation process is a critical part of the LAS manufacturing process; this process can be monitored by assaying for LAS content, unsulfonated linear alkylbenzene (LAB), and LAB sulfones. Traditionally, assaying the LAB and LAB sulfone contents has been time consuming and not straightforward. A simple and rapid procedure is described for the isolation and simultaneous capillary gas chromatographic (GC) quantification of LAB and LAB sulfones in LAS. The procedure involves extraction of the unsulfonated LAB and the LAB sulfones into n-heptane; sodium linear alkylbenzenesulfonate or linear alkylbenzenesulfonic acid (reacted to form sodium linear alkylbenzenesulfonate) remains in the aqueous extraction solvent layer. High-temperature capillary GC using a specialty metal capillary column enables both LAB and high molecular weight LAB sulfones to be quantified.     

Influence of 2-phenyl alkane and tetralin content on solubility and viscosity of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate

Cloud and clear points and viscosities of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) have been determined as a function of 2-phenyl alkane and/or tetralin content over a wide interval. While the 2-phenyl content significantly affects the solubility, tetralins have a marked depressive effect on viscosity. The investigation has established that LAS solubility can be explained by assuming eutectic types of isomer and homolog mixtures, which are dependent on internal to external isomer ratios.     

Methyl Ester Sulfonate: A High-Performance Surfactant Capable of Reducing Builders Dosage in Detergents

The detergency performance of α-sulfo fatty-methyl ester sulfonate (α-MES) under different water hardness conditions was compared against the dominant workhorse in Home Care products, linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS). Results demonstrate that α-MES has a higher soil removal index and its detergency performance is not drastically affected by water hardness, compared to that of LAS. The addition of α-MES to LAS also shows an improved cleaning performance and better water hardness resistance, due to the structural characteristics of α-MES, which allow the molecules to be relatively insensitive toward polyvalent ions such as Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺. The washing performance of α-MES, α-MES/LAS, and LAS with different builders at various dosages was studied, and the results indicated that the dosage of builders in the detergent product could be reduced up to 33% with the application of α-MES, while the detergency is not sacrificed.     

Microwave power absorption profile of detergent surfactant agglomerates during microwave heating

The microwave energy absorption behavior of the linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) surfactant detergent agglomerates was studied while considering changes in the physical properties of the samples. Microwave heating was used to change the internal structure of the agglomerates to make a reduced density (fluffy) product. The absorption of energy within LAS samples indicated fluctuating trends as microwave heating progressed. This was associated with the dielectric properties of the material which are strongly dependent upon the nature (“free” or “bound”) and quantity of water present in them at any instant which changes during heating. Therefore, complete profiles of the energy absorbed by the samples have been recorded to determine their actual power absorption behavior/total energy consumption over time. The bulk density of the agglomerates decreased significantly when exposed to microwave fields. Hot air drying can be combined with microwave heating to reduce the total heating time. It has been observed that the pre-heating of the samples reduces the total heating time and microwave energy requirement. This is due to the temperature-dependent decomposition of hydrates releasing more “free” water.     

Interactions between linear alkylbenzene sulfonates and water hardness ions. II. Reducing hardness sensitivity by the addition of micelle promotion agents

Agents which promote micellization of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) improve LAS hard-water detergency performance by reducing water hardness sensitivity. A model is proposed which correlates micellization and water hardness tolerance. The ability of inorganic salts and cosurfactants to act as micelle promotion agents is discussed. Presented at the AOCS meeting in Philadelphia, May 1985.     

Linear alkylbenzene sulfonate detergency behavior in water containing magnesium ions

Detergency performance of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) in water containing magnesium ions has been investigated. LAS showed the same behavior with magnesium as with calcium, on a qualitative basis. However, the detergency performance with magnesium is significantly higher than with calcium.     

Surface Activity,Aggregation, and Wetting Behavior of Sodium P-Perfluorononenyloxy Benzene Sulfonate

The physicochemical properties of sodium p-perfluorononenyloxy benzene sulfonate (OBS) in aqueous solution were investigated. Compared to linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS), OBS has a lower critical micelle concentration (CMC) and a low surface tension at the CMC. At the same concentration, OBS shows lower dynamic surface tension than LAS indicating faster wetting kinetics. In aqueous solution, OBS forms large spherical vesicles above the CMC. OBS shows excellent dynamic wetting properties on low-energy surfaces. The superior properties of OBS make it ideal for use in many industry fields.     

直链烷基苯磺酸异丙胺盐的性能及其在餐具洗涤剂中的应用研究

对直链烷基苯磺酸异丙胺盐(HIPN)的表面张力、润湿力、乳化力、发泡能力等基本性能进行研究,并与洗涤剂常用阴离子表面活性剂直链烷基苯磺酸钠(LAS)、脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚硫酸钠(AES)和α-烯基磺酸钠(AOS)进行了对比,研究了HIPN在手洗餐具洗涤剂配方中的表现。结果表明,在餐具洗涤剂中HIPN具有优异的增稠性能,能全部代替或者部分代替LAS和AES,实现和AOS复配的低成本无二烷配方。     

Detergency of binary mixtures of LAS/STPP and LAS/Zeolites: influence of (Ca++) on the washing liquor

The influence of sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) or zeolites on the detergency performance of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) has been evaluated at different water hardness levels. This study demonstrates that STPP or zeolite behaves either as a sequestrant or through an important synergism with LAS, showing a minimum and a maximum in detergency performance, depending on the water hardness level. There is an optimum LAS/builder ratio for each individual water hardness level. This optimum has to be determined experimentally as it will not always necessarily coincide with the highest surfactant and/or builder concentrations.     

Kinetic Analysis of the Ozonation Process of the Surfactant LAS Considering the Simultaneous Foaming Effect

Advanced oxidation processes (AOP) are able to degrade pollutants into harmless substances. To demonstrate the successful application of AOP to real, polluted effluents, ozonation has been applied for the removal of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS), a surfactant mixture commonly used in detergent formulation. LAS can be identified in a wide range of concentrations, i.e., in domestic wastewater or in the raw effluent of detergent-processing plants. The strongly tensoactive nature of LAS results in a foaming effect that eventually discourages AOP application, especially in the case of ozonation. The primary goal of this research is to analyze the LAS ozonation kinetics, considering the simultaneous effect of foam formation, by the development of a semiempirical model that is mainly based on the foaming phenomenon. Along with foaming, the proposed model also considers LAS removal by ozonation and the inverse phenomenon of LAS formation by redissolution of LAS. To the best of our knowledge, such a finding has not been previously reported. The proposed foaming model has been developed within various pH and LAS concentration values, primarily examining the initial pH value of the effluent due to its significant effect on foaming. The developed model adequately predicts the LAS concentration profiles measured in the liquid during ozonation. Moreover, this approach makes it possible to quantify the incidence of foaming and LAS redissolution during ozonation comparatively, leading to being able to propose the most desirable operating conditions for LAS removal.     

Study of the Effects of LAS and Zein Concentrations on Protein Solubilization

The effects of both linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) and zein protein concentrations on protein solubilization were investigated to better understand the influence of increasing concentration of the surfactant on protein denaturation and skin irritation. Different methods have been used for the determination of the amount of protein dissolved. A wide range of LAS concentrations and zein amounts were used. The results confirm that protein solubilization increases with LAS concentration increase and demonstrate that a minimum LAS/Zein ratio exists for all the zein to be dissolved.     

NiO／活性炭催化氧化降解水中LAS研究

以NiO／活性炭为催化剂,并加入H2O2,催化氧化降解100mL50mg／L十二烷基苯磺酸钠（LAS）。结果表明,H2O2用量为4．9mrnol／L,温度为50℃,pH值在3～4之间,反应时间为2．0h,LAS降解率接近80％,CODMn。去除率为71.6％。     

The behaviour of LAS in the environment

During the last few years a considerable amount of information about the biodegradation of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LASs) in real environmental situations has been made available. This paper reviews the existing LAS concentrations found today in the environment, using specific analytical techniques for this surfactant, as well as its mineralization and fate in compartments such as sludge amended soils. LAS is totally decomposed into carbon dioxide, water and inorganic sulfate without formation of stable metabolites, and no accumulation has been detected in the compartments studied. The highest degree of biodegradation (>95%) takes place in the processes (sewers and sewage treatment plants) showing the shortest half lives (1–10 h).     

聚六亚甲基胍与表面活性剂复配的研究

采用乳化剂聚氧乙烯脱水山梨醇油酸酯(Tw-80)和壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚(Tx-10)乳化助溶,利用正交试验法对聚六亚甲基胍(PHMG)与阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠(LAS)的复配物进行助溶实验.结果表明,Tw-80和Tx-10在单一使用时对助溶效果均没有作用,但2者配合使用对助溶效果存在高度显著的交互作用.Tw-80...     

Analytical methodology for linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) in waters and wastes

Analytical methodology has been developed for the measurement of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) in a broad spectrum of water and wastewater samples. In addition to providing the homolog-isomer composition of LAS, the gas chromatographic procedure has been quantified by incorporation of an internal standard to provide a specific measurement of LAS. The applicability and sensitivity of the standard, but non-specific, methylene blue active substances (MBAS) method have been increased by concentration and clean-up steps that eliminate many of the known interferences. The gas chromatographic procedure has provided specific, as well as significant, information relative to the removal of LAS in the waste treatment process.     

Use of certain alcohol ethoxylates to maintain protease stability in the presence of anionic surfactants

Anionic surfactants, including linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS), are known to decrease the stability of detergent proteases, possibly by hastening autoproteolytic processes. Thus, protease shelf life in enzyme-containing, heavy-duty liquid laundry detergents (HDL) is typically maintained by adding stabilizers, by limiting the level of interfering anionics, or by utilizing more compatible anionics, such as alcohol ethoxysulfates (AES). This study examines the stability of Savinase^® detergent protease in HDL formulations based on LAS and containing different alcohol ethoxylates (AE) for protection against protease inactivation. Dose response curves demonstrated that all commonly used anionic surfactants except AES promote loss of protease activity. In HDL formulations with equal percentage compositions of LAS and AE, the structure of the selected AE was found to have a profound influence on protease stability. Inclusion of AE with chain length ≥C₁₄ and ethoxylate levels >70% resulted in greater protease stability. HDL containing LAS and these protective AE could be formulated to achieve protease stability matching those of simulated commercial products. Unlike polyhydric stabilizers, the AE by themselves confer no additional stability to the protease. It is more likely that the stabilizing effect of the “protective” AE is due to decreased availability of LAS to the protease.     

The influence of sodium tripolyphosphate and zeolites on detergency of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate in the presence of Mg++

The influence of sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) and zeolites on the detergency performance of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) has been evaluated at different water magnesium ion levels. This study demonstrates that LAS/STPP gives better results in the presence of calcium than in the presence of magnesium, whereas the LAS/zeolite mixture gives better results in the presence of magnesium than in the presence of calcium.