结合模型匹配与特征跟踪的人体上半身三维运动姿态恢复方法

人体姿态空间的高维性及单目视频深度信息丢失,导致从单目视频恢复人体三维运动姿态非常困难,为此,利用特征跟踪的快速性及模型匹配的鲁棒性,提出一种无标记人体上半身三维运动跟踪方法.该方法利用匹配SIFT特征,并根据长度不变性约束建立优化目标函数,再采用迭代优化算法得到全局运动位姿;其他关节的姿态先根据逆运动学计算初始估计值,并通过模型匹配验证其可信度,当初始姿态估计错误时,则使用局部搜索获得关节姿态.实验结果表明,文中方法可以准确地恢复单目视频中人体上半身三维运动姿态.     

基于非线性规划的人体上肢运动研究

该文对非线性规划技术在人体上肢运动中的应用进行了研究,对解逆运动学问题的几种数值方法进行了分析和比较.然后根据这些方法的比较结果,该文选用了BFGS变度量法来求解与逆运动学问题等价的最小化问题,这种方法有良好的数值稳定性且对奇异矩阵不敏感,计算代价不高,程序设计也比较简单.最后,针对上肢的小范围运动设计了仿真系统,并和其他几种解逆运动学问题的方法在计算时间上进行了比较,结果表明了该方法的有效性和可行性.     

人体运动建模的实时逆运动学算法

人体运动的虚拟仿真及建模是当今计算机图形学研究的一个热点,而逆向运动学方法则是求解人体运动的一项关键技术.为了实现人体运动建模,提出一种新颖的基于人体关节约束的实时逆向运动学算法.首先基于骨骼长度改进了传统的循环坐标下降(CCD)算法,使其生成的运动效果更加流畅自然;然后引入生物分子运动模拟中的SHAKE算法,使短距离运动建模效果更加高效、鲁棒.在此基础上,提出了模拟多个节点同时运动的解析算法,以获得在多个关节点共同作用下的人体运动仿真效果.同运动捕捉的实测数据相比,采用文中算法所得的结果与在视觉效果上非常接近,并通过实验证实了其应用价值.     

基于单目视觉的机器人逆运动学分析

本文介绍了一种通过单目视觉测量,实现机器人的自主定位的数学方法.利用运动学建模确立了目标从图像到实际工作空间的映射关系,得到目标的实际位置和姿态,并利用三点法对KLD-600机器人进行逆运动学求解.实验表明,该方法操作简单,计算准确,运算速度快.     

仿人机器人复杂动作设计中人体运动数据提取及分析方法

提出了仿人机器人复杂动作设计中人体运动数据提取及分析方法. 首先, 通过运动捕捉系统获取人体运动数据, 并采用运动重定向技术, 输出人--机简化模型的数据; 然后, 对运动数据进行分析和运动学解算, 给出基于人体运动数据的仿人机器人逆运动学求解方法, 得到仿人机器人模型的关节角数据; 再经过运动学约束和稳定性调节后, 生成能够应用于仿人机器人的运动轨迹. 最终, 通过在仿人机器人BHR-2上进行刀术实验验证了该方法的有效性.     

基于关键姿态分析的运动图自动构建

高结点聚合运动图(snap together motion graph, STM graph)是刻画虚拟角色运动序列关系的一种结构化运动图.其特点是图中每个结点都包含多条与之相连的边,能够实现对虚拟角色的灵活控制.然而现有的高结点聚合运动图构建方法存在手工标注任务繁重、关键姿态提取结果不准确等问题.针对上述问题,提出了一种基于关键姿态分析的运动图自动构建新方法：通过维度约简和非参数密度估计分析样本数据的概率密度,获得一组关键姿态;然后通过分割获得运动片段,最后构建高结点聚合运动图.该方法不仅提高了关键姿态的提取精度,减少了构图过程的主观因素,同时提高了对虚拟角色控制的灵活性.实验结果表明了该方法的有效性.     

基于精英策略粒子群算法机械臂逆运动求解

多关节机械臂空间姿态控制研究中,逆运动分析是控制的基础,由于多关节机械臂逆运动求解问题较为复杂,对其求解结果优劣性的判别比较困难.为了解决传统关节变量算法在求解过程中收敛精度不高、局部最优解过多的问题,利用精英策略搜索粒子种群中的优质粒子,提高了算法整体适应度值,避免求解陷入局部最优解.仿真实验结果表明,基于精英策略多目标粒子群算法(ETMOPSO)提高了机械臂空间姿态的求解精度,为多关节机械臂空间姿态控制提供了一种研究思路.     

人体运动的非线性降维及新运动生成

为了提高现有运动数据的可重用性,生成更为丰富的新运动,提出快速自适应比例高斯过程隐变量模型,以及基于该模型的人体运动数据降维及运动生成方法.通过对运动数据进行统计学习,获得运动数据在隐空间的一个低维映射来实现非线性降维,同时获得了该运动的姿态空间的概率分布,其大小反映了该姿态的自然逼真程度;在给定末端约束条件下求取满足约束的、同时概率最大的姿态,并将其作为逆向运动学的解,克服了传统逆向运动学算法计算烦琐、效果不逼真的缺点.实验结果表明,该模型具有更快的收敛速度和更高的收敛精度,同时能够自适应运动编辑的方向,有效地扩大运动的可编辑幅度.     

一种协作机器人工作空间灵活度的求解方法

传统机器人工作空间灵活度主要采用逆运动学方法(IK)进行求解,而偏置的存在导致协作机器人的逆运动学求解困难,无法求解其工作空间灵活度.为此,提出了一种不需要进行逆运动学求解的改进方法.首先,对机器人偏置进行定义,并分析IK方法的不足.然后,借助服务球的概念得到满足服务点条件的几何约束,通过该几何约束得到求解灵活度的误差模型,并提出影响灵活度求解的误差参数E及工作空间灵活度指标λ.接着,分析改进方法中的参数n、n_0、n_1对E、λ的影响,并确定该参数的取值.最后,对比改进方法与IK方法可知,在保证求解准确性的前提下,改进方法比IK方法的求解时间短、计算效率高.通过求解具有偏置的协作机器人工作空间灵活度,证明了改进方法具有适应性强的特点.     

基于运动捕获数据的目标导向运动合成

在计算机动画研究领域,人体运动一直是研究者们感兴趣的内容,逆向运动学是求解人体运动的一项关键技术。用户通过指定相应目标和肢体末端关节,来计算人体全身关节的旋转角,进而得到整体的位姿和运动。传统的数值方法在求解人体运动时没有考虑人体运动的规律,因而得到的结果往往不够真实。提出一种基于真实人体运动数据的实时目标导向运动合成算法,该算法克服了传统数值迭代方法的缺陷,有效改善了单纯使用雅克比矩阵的效果,在动画生成的效率和真实性上都有一定的提高。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.