聚醚酮压片、冷却、粉碎一体机的设计

根据聚醚酮生产参数、后续工艺要求,设计、制造了聚醚酮压片、冷却、粉碎一体机.经过实际生产使用,设备运行状况良好,能够满足生产要求.     

纳微结构聚醚酮结晶物生产工艺及设备的开发

为缩短聚醚酮精制时间、降低能耗,将试验中间歇操作获得纳微结构聚醚酮结晶物的制备方法,改进成一种连续的工艺并应用于生产。运行结果表明:160℃左右结晶的聚醚酮在混合物中的晶型全部类似海绵状,晶体间孔隙较大、空隙率高,其精制时间是12.3h,为原传送带水冷精制时间的65.4%。对同批次结晶的聚醚酮进行物性检测对比,未见发生变化。此工艺较大程度的降低了聚醚酮精制的能耗,提高了生产效率。     

聚醚酮熔体过滤的研究

为了得到高纯度的聚醚酮产物,建立了一套新型聚醚酮挤出过滤装置对熔体进行过滤,研究了过滤的可行性,通过试验成功实现了聚醚酮产物的过滤,整个试验过程装置运行稳定,为聚醚酮过滤生产装置的研制和操作提供依据。     

大连宝力摩生产出高性能工程塑料

大连宝力摩新材料股份有限公司与大连理工大学合作生产出高性能工程塑料聚醚砜(PESU)、聚醚酮(PEK)、聚醚砜酮(PESUK).这几种新型工程塑料在力学性能、热性能、燃烧性能、化学性能和抗辐射方面都优于国内外的同类产品.该公司是国内首家生产这些高性能工程塑料的企业,他们的产品价格远低于国外同类产品的价格,因此产品受到国内用户的欢迎.     

高性能材料聚醚酮酮的生产、应用

介绍了高性能材料聚醚酮酮的性能,对亲核取代反应法、亲电取代反应法两种技术路线进行比较,并对聚醚酮酮的发展和应用进行综述。     

高性能聚芳醚酮的发展及应用

综述了聚醚酮、聚醚醚酮、聚醚醚酮酮、聚醚酮酮、聚醚酮醚酮酮等5类高性能聚芳醚酮的性能、合成方法及其改性研究进展等,并介绍了聚芳醚酮的应用情况,指出聚芳醚酮的发展趋势是通过开发新的合成技术或者改性途径,在不影响其主要性能的前提下降低生产成本.     

聚醚酮过滤装置中温度和压力控制的改进

聚醚酮的合成原料、反应合成、精制和干燥过程中,都会带入或产生细小颗粒的杂质,为满足聚醚酮的高端使用要求,需对杂质进行过滤.由于温度及压力控制系统等原因,过滤过程中会出现物料变性,控制失调、测量信号失真的现象,从而导致操作无序,无法实现预定过滤目标.将分散的温度和压力控制系统改进为计算机集中控制,选择适当的测量点和测量元件,均衡加热元件释放的热量,再配以适当的操作工具和合理的分工合作,成功地解决了聚醚酮连续过滤生产中存在的问题.改进后的现场投运检测结果表明,聚醚酮过滤后物性稳定,杂质粒度低于5μm.     

聚醚酮不同结晶温度对其精制的影响

为了更有利于聚醚酮从结晶混合物中分离出来,探索了其结晶条件对其结晶物形态及精制时间的影响。采用特制的恒温制片板,在不同温度、不同恒温时间下获得聚醚酮结晶物,用液泛提取器对其进行精制。结果表明:聚醚酮产物在速冷时晶体类似层岩状,晶体间隙小,精制时间长;在130—155℃及165—190℃,晶体为球形,晶体间有小的孔洞;在160℃左右时,聚醚酮在混合物中的晶型类似海绵状,晶体间孔隙较大,空隙率高,形成均匀纳微结构界面,更有利于精制过程的传质,其精制时间是12.6 h.为速冷精制时间的69.3%。对同批次不同温度下结晶的聚醚酮进行物性检测,其性能未发生变化。此结果对聚醚酮结晶工艺的设计、达到节能降耗、提高生产效益具有指导意义。     

聚醚酮酮特性粘度的测定

考查了聚醚酮酮溶于浓硫酸中的时间与特性粘度的关系,探讨了通过不同特性粘度聚醚酮酮的共混来调节共混物特性粘度的方法。比较了用浓硫酸为溶剂时,采用单点法、外推法和算图法测定聚醚酮酮特性粘度时的优、缺点.结果认为算图法是一种快速、较准确的测定特性粘度的方法。     

聚醚酮酮和磺化聚醚酮酮的热稳定性研究

用差热分析法,差示扫描量热法、换失重法,等热分析方法对聚醚酮酮和磺化聚醚酮酮的热稳定及其差异进行了研究,结果表明聚醚酮酮有更好的热稳定性。     

中国基础磷化工产业现状与展望

以磷肥、黄磷、热法磷酸、三聚磷酸钠、饲料磷酸氢钙等产品为例,阐述了基础磷化工产业现状,针对基础磷化工产品同质化、技术等同化、市场过剩的局面,分析了产生问题的原因。指出基础磷化工必须淘汰落后产能,必须依靠技术进步降低生产成本,实现产品结构的升级与调整;而技术进步的重点在于实现原子经济效益、能源利用和劳动生产效率三者的最大化以及消耗的最小化,要不断开发满足社会需求的新产品。此外,还对相关的政策法规和规章制度提出建议。     

5种新型杀菌剂对4种鱼的急性毒性及安全性评价

为评价5种新型杀菌剂的环境安全性,采用半静态法测定了其对4种鱼的急性毒性。结果表明,氟醚菌酰胺对斑马鱼、稀有鮈鲫和凤尾鲫的LC_(50)(96 h)均大于100 mg/L,对青鳉的LC_(50)(96 h)为35.25 mg/L,其急性毒性均为低毒;氟吡菌胺对斑马鱼、青鳉、稀有鮈鲫和凤尾鲫的LC_(50)(96 h)分别为1.49、0.56、0.35、1.04 mg/L,其对斑马鱼和凤尾鲫急性毒性为中毒,对青鳉和稀有鮈鲫为高毒;苯噻菌胺对斑马鱼、稀有鮈鲫和凤尾鲫的LC_(50)(96 h)均大于100 mg/L,对青锵的LC_(50)(96 h)为88.23mg/L,其急性毒性均为低毒;嘧菌酯对斑马鱼、青鳉、稀有鮈鲫和凤尾鲫的LC_(50)(96 h)分别为106.80、0.44、85.96、4.61 mg/L,其对斑马鱼和稀有鮈鲫急性毒性为低毒,对青鳉急性毒性为高毒,对凤尾鲫为中毒;醚菌酯对斑马鱼、青鳝、稀有鮈鲫和凤尾鲫的LC_(50)(96 h)分别为0.77、0.66、0.51、0.81 mg/L,其对4种鱼急性毒性均为高毒。明确这些药剂的环境安全性对指导其科学使用,保护环境生物均有较大意义。     

Long-term residual value of North Carolina and Queensland rock phosphates compared with triple superphosphate

The effectiveness of large single applications of North Carolina reactive rock phosphate, Queensland non-reactive rock phosphate, and Calciphos, were compared to the effectiveness of superphosphate in field experiments in south-western Australia for up to 11 years after application. As measured using plant yield, superphosphate was the most effective fertilizer in the year of application, and relative to freshly-applied superphosphate, the effectiveness of the superphosphate residues declined to be about 15 to 65% as effective in the year after application, and 5 to 20% as effective 9 to 10 years after application. Relative to freshly-applied superphosphate, all the rock phosphates were 10 to 30% as effective in the year of application, and the residues remained 2 to 20% as effective in the 10 years after application. The bicarbonate soil test reagent predicted a more gradual decrease in effectiveness of superphosphate of up to 70% 10 years after application. For rock phosphate, the reagent predicted effectiveness to be always lower than for superphosphate, being initially 2 to 11% as effective in the year after application, and from 10% to equally as effective 10 years later. Therefore rock phosphates are unlikely to be economic alternatives to superphosphate in the short or long term on most lateritic soils in south-western Australia.     

Major Trends in Refractories Industry at the Beginning of the 21st Century

An analysis of the present and of the future of the refractories industry is being presented,considering some improtant techincal,economical,human and environmental issues,on a worldwide basis,Refractories still needed as confinement materials to prevent heat and mass transfer losses in many diverse manufacturing industries,and will remain so ,but the main challenges,this industry do need to neet,are to adjust to and overcapacity production ,to cope with new needs of the customers,in particular the “outsourcing“,which is a new custome/supplier rela-tionship being adopted by many of them,and more compet-itive arena.Among the direct consequences,are the need to keep the education world in refractory engineering training aliver and to cope with macro and micro projects to change the image of the Refractories,from a commodity material to a sophisticated “high-tech“ compostie material.Some suggestions are provided in the text.     

提高学生综合与创新能力多种教学方式的探索

以《材料化学》、《复合材料》、《材料现代分析技术》和《材料导论》等专业课为载体,结合高分子科学与工程系科研优势和资源,探索启发式、参与式和专题讨论课等多种教学方式,将其应用到专业课教学中,以提高学生综合与创新能力为目标进行教学研究与实践。在理论课教学上注重思维训练,传授学习方法,提高学生学习自主性;注重课程之间对学生综合能力培养的协同作用。鼓励学生开拓思路,鼓励创新,配合教师完成每个教学环节,由此加深学生对课程知识的理解,有效地提高综合能力。     

Discriminative Response to Animal, But Not Plant, Chemicals by an Insectivorous, Actively Foraging Lizard, Scincella lateralis, and Differential Response to Surface and Internal Prey Cues

Responses by the insectivorous, actively foraging scincid lizard, Scincella lateralis, to chemical cues from a plant food favored by herbivorous lizards, its ability to discriminate prey chemicals from control substances, and its relative response to internal and surface prey chemicals were studied experimentally. We presented chemical cues to the lizards on cotton swabs and recorded their tongue-flicks and biting attacks on the swabs. The lizards exhibited significantly greater tongue-flick rates and biting frequencies to prey surface cues than to plant surface chemicals from romaine lettuce, diluted cologne (pungency control), and deionized water. Responses to the plant stimuli did not differ from those to the two control stimuli, in contrast with strong responses to the same plant cues by herbivores. This finding provides the first information suggesting that chemosensory response may be adapted to diet, with responsiveness to plant stimuli evolving de novo in herbivores. Biting and tongue-flicking responses were significantly greater to cricket chemicals than to all other stimuli, among which there were no differences. Thus, the lizards are capable of prey chemical discrimination, which may be ubiquitous among actively foraging lizards. The lizards exhibited more frequent biting and higher tongue-flick rates to internal than surface prey chemicals. Although different methods of stimulus preparation are appropriate for different purposes, we conclude that prey surface chemicals available to foraging lizards are most desirable for studies bearing on location and identification of prey.     

Impact of ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX) pretreatment on energy consumption during drying,grinding, and pelletization of corn stover

Pretreatment and densification of biomass can increase the viability of bioenergy production by providing a feedstock that is readily hydrolyzed and able to be transported over greater distances. Ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX?) is one such method targeted for use at distributed depots to create a value-added and densified feedstock for bioenergy use. However, the pretreatment process results in a high-moisture material that must be dried, further size reduced, and pelletized, all of which are energy-intensive processes. This work quantifies the energy consumption required to dry, grind, and densify AFEX-pretreated corn stover compared to non-pretreated stover and explores the potential of reduced drying as a means to conserve energy. The purpose of this work is to understand whether material property changes resulting from AFEX pretreatment influence the material performance in downstream formatting operations. Material properties, heat balance equations, and a rotary drum dryer model were used to model a commercial-scale rotary drum dryer for AFEX-pretreated corn stover, showing the potential to reduce dryer energy consumption by up to 36% compared to non-pretreated corn stover. Laboratory-measured grinding and pelleting energies were both very sensitive to material moisture content. Overall, the total energy required for drying, grinding, and pelleting amounts to a savings of up to 23 kWh/dry Mg for the AFEX-pretreated material when dried to a low moisture content, equating to up to 0.61 $/Mg savings for gas and electricity. Grinding and pelleting of high-moisture AFEX-pretreated stover was shown to be more costlier than the savings collected through reduced drying. Although the energy and cost savings shown here are modest, the results help to highlight operational challenges and opportunities for continued improvement.     

我国现代煤化工产业发展现状及对石油化工产业的影响

介绍了我国煤制油、煤制烯烃、煤制天然气、煤制乙二醇等几种现代煤化工技术及其产业化发展现状,探讨了现代煤化工的资源消耗、CO₂排放及产业发展过程中的相关问题;同时,分析了现代煤化工产能增长对石油化工产业的影响。结论认为,我国石油对外依存度逐年上升,发展现代煤化工是对石油化工的有益补充,是发挥我国煤炭资源优势、保障国家能源安全的重要途径;近年来我国现代煤化工取得快速发展,但总体来说产业发展之路仍在探索之中,需要深入研究、稳步试点、慎重推广。随着我国现代煤化工产能不断释放,其与石油化工的竞争逐渐凸显,石化企业应注重创新驱动,发挥产品差异化优势,同时降低生产成本,与现代煤化工企业实现优势互补、互利双赢。     

Effect of catalysts in the quality of syngas and by-products obtained by co-gasification of coal and wastes. 1. Tars and nitrogen compounds abatement

The aim of this work is to analyse the possibility of using co-gasification technology to process coal mixed with wastes to take profit of its energy content and at the same time to minimize the environmental impact associated with the use of wastes and to diminish the costs of flue gas treatment. The addition to coal of different types of materials, like: pine based waste, petcoke and polyethylene (PE), was not found to give rise to any operational problems, regarding both the feeding system and gasification process and led to higher energy conversions, however, the gas presented higher tars and hydrocarbons content. Several catalysts were tested, such as, dolomite, olivine, nickel and magnesium oxides, zinc oxides and cobalt and molybdenum oxides. Catalyst action was analysed in tars release and also in ammonia compounds reduction. The presence of catalysts allowed increasing hydrogen release, whilst there was a decrease in hydrocarbons and tars contents. A nickel-magnesium oxide was the catalyst that led to the highest reduction in hydrocarbons and tars. This catalyst also led to the lowest NH₃ content in the fuel gas produced, due to the catalyst efficiency in NH₃ destruction.     

安克锰锌在荔枝树上施用的残留代谢消解规律与安全性评价

安克锰锌是烯酰吗啉两个异构体和代森锰锌组成的多元混合制剂。试样经粉碎、溶剂浸泡提取、混合柱净化,用气相色谱测定烯酰吗啉和代森锰锌母体(CS2),液相色谱测定代谢物乙撑硫脲(ETU)。仪器最低检出量:烯酰吗啉为1.436×10-12g,代森锰锌母体1.326×10-10g,ETU2.5×10-10g,最低检出浓度依次为0.02、0.025、0.02mg/kg,方法回收率依次为86.4%～90.8%、89.2%～95.9%、89.10%～95.13%;标准偏差为0.53～4.34;变异系数为0.58%～4.62%。安克锰锌在果皮中的消解方程广西和广东分别为C=1.2719e-0.1975T和C=1.045e-0.1972T,半衰期(T/2)均为3.5d;土壤中分别为C=0.8734e-0.1187T和C=0.6171e-0.1146T,半衰期(T/2)=6d;最高剂量250倍、最多施3次,最短距收期7d,在果肉中均未检出,果皮和土壤中的残留仅分别为0.1385～0.1745mg/kg和0.3105～0.3415mg/kg,均低于欧共体规定代森锰锌MRL值0.5mg/kg。