8Cr20Si2Ni马氏体汽阀钢的碳化物

研究了电炉工艺和电渣工艺生产的8Cr20SiZNi钢中碳化物类型、形貌、分布特征及其室温性能随温度的变化。在Philips CM12电子显微镜中观察到1050℃加热时晶内块状和粒状M_(23)C_6数量最多,尺寸最大,冷却时原奥氏体晶界块状M_(23)C_6之间还析出少量精细颗粒和薄片M_7C_3;随着加热温度的升高,块状M_(23)C_6数量减少,粒状M_(23)C_6 精细颗粒和薄片枝晶M_7C_3的数量增多,在高于1150℃加热和加热后的冷却过程中,枝晶薄片和精细颗粒M_7C_3聚集长大、增多。     

4Cr14Ni14W2Mo钢的奥氏体晶粒度,孪晶及碳化物

对锻造的4Cr14Ni14W2Mo钢经相应热处理后的奥氏体晶粒度、孪晶及碳化物类型做了研究,认为固溶处理后的臭氏体晶粒度主要取决于固溶加热温度,与正常锻造温度关系不大。固溶加热过程实质也是再结晶的继续,即二次再结晶,臭氏体晶粒的大小只能通过控制再结晶温度高低和时间长短来实现。该钢热处理后,碳化物类型为M_(23)C_6和M_7C_3两种,而以M_(23)C_6最多,其中M_(23)C_6为(Cr,Fe,W,Mo)_(23)C_6和(Fe,Ni)_(23)C_6两种结构,而M_7C_3为(Cr,Fe)_7C_3。     

NOTE ON B AND M_3B_2 IN A NiFeCrWMoTiAl ALLOY

在NiFeCrWMoTiAl合金断口的萃取碳复型上,观察到:合金中的硼可以减少和消除能脆化合金晶界的Ti_4C_2S_2脆性薄片;硼含量为0.025—0.050％和0.075—0.100％时,M_3B_2分别呈薄片(或枝晶薄片)状和块状;在1200℃以下温度加热时,颗粒状M_3B_2沉淀,而且薄片状M_3B_2向颗粒状M_3B_2转变。     

NiFeCrWMoTiAl合金中的硼和M_3B_2

在NiFeCrWMoTiAl合金断口的萃取碳复型上,观察到:合金中的硼可以减少和消除能脆化合金晶界的Ti_4C_2S_2脆性薄片;硼含量为0.025—0.050％和0.075—0.100％时,M_3B_2分别呈薄片(或枝晶薄片)状和块状;在1200℃以下温度加热时,颗粒状M_3B_2沉淀,而且薄片状M_3B_2向颗粒状M_3B_2转变。     

GH36合金中的碳化物和高温持久缺口敏感性

使用薄膜TEM(透射电镜)直接观察了成分相近但热处理制度不同的两个炉号GH36合金的显微组织,使用SAD(选区电子衍射)和DF(暗场)技术做物相分析。结果表明,合金经正常热处理后析出细小弥散分布的VC,尺寸约为几nm至十几nm,由Moire干涉纹计算出最小的VC颗粒尺寸只有2.8nm。此外还有M_(23)C_6和NbC。其中VC和M_(23)C_6与合金基体的取向关系是[011]_(VC)//[11]_M//[011]_(M_(23)C_6),(111)_(VC)//(111)_M//(111)_(M_(23)C_6),(200)_(VC)//(200)_M//(200)_(M_(23)C_6)。通过补充时效后合金中VC颗粒聚集长大,晶界析出的M_(23)C_6更多,这种组织及晶界状态有利于改善合金的持久缺口敏感性。     

VC, M_(23)C_6 PRECIPITATES AND STRESS RUPTURE NOTCH SENSITIVITY IN GH36 SUPERALLOY

使用薄膜TEM(透射电镜)直接观察了成分相近但热处理制度不同的两个炉号GH36合金的显微组织,使用SAD(选区电子衍射)和DF(暗场)技术做物相分析。结果表明,合金经正常热处理后析出细小弥散分布的VC,尺寸约为几nm至十几nm,由Moire干涉纹计算出最小的VC颗粒尺寸只有2.8nm。此外还有M_(23)C_6和NbC。其中VC和M_(23)C_6与合金基体的取向关系是[011]_(VC)//[11]_M//[011]_(M_(23)C_6),(111)_(VC)//(111)_M//(111)_(M_(23)C_6),(200)_(VC)//(200)_M//(200)_(M_(23)C_6)。通过补充时效后合金中VC颗粒聚集长大,晶界析出的M_(23)C_6更多,这种组织及晶界状态有利于改善合金的持久缺口敏感性。     

固溶处理对Stellite 6B钴基高温合金中碳化物的影响

研究了锻造后钴基高温合金Stellite 6B中碳化物的类型和组织形貌,以及高温固溶处理对合金中碳化物的影响。研究表明,Stellite 6B合金的显微组织由面心立方钴基固溶体与一次碳化物M_7C_3和二次碳化物M_(23)C_6组成。高温固溶处理下,碳化物M_(23)C_6先转变为M_7C_3,然后溶解到基体,当固溶时间短时,易形成分布在晶界处的连续的网状碳化物。固溶温度为1280℃,保温10 h时,网状碳化物溶解的更加充分,能够得到完全固溶的奥氏体基体。     

Inconel 617B合金焊接接头750℃持久微观组织演变对性能的影响

采用扫描电镜和透射电镜观察Inconel 617B合金焊接接头750℃持久试验前后微观组织,并探讨了微观组织演变对硬度的影响和持久断裂机制。结果表明:Inconel 617B合金焊接接头持久后,主要析出M_(23)C_6相和γ'相。晶界上M_(23)C_6相呈块状,晶内M_(23)C_6相为薄板状或针状;球形γ'相细小,弥散在晶内。随持久时间延长,晶界M_(23)C_6相长大并连接;晶内γ'相也有长大的趋势,但长时间持久尺寸仍十分细小;晶内除析出的M_(23)C_6相继续长大成薄板状外,还析出新的尺寸较小的针状M_(23)C_6相。持久初期,M_(23)C_6和γ'的析出使得焊接接头的硬度明显升高。随着持久时间延长,由于新析出的M_(23)C_6产生的强化增强效果不足以弥补因析出相粗化和固溶度降低造成的弱化效果,硬度有下降趋势。Inconel 617B合金焊接接头持久试样断裂在焊缝区,晶界和枝晶间M_(23)C_6相粗化严重,更易萌生空洞和裂纹,是引起沿晶断裂的主要原因。     

回火温度对高Si铁素体/马氏体耐热钢组织与力学性能的影响

对高Si含量铁素体/马氏体钢在550～800℃进行系列回火试验,利用相图计算、组织观察与萃取析出相XRD分析相结合的方法研究了回火温度对高Si含量铁素体/马氏体耐热钢组织与性能影响。结果表明,在550～800℃回火,高Si含量铁素体/马氏体钢析出相由M_(23)C_6和(NbV)(CN)组成;当回火温度低于750℃时,随回火温度升高M_(23)C_6在析出相中所占比例逐渐升高;而当回火温度超过750℃时,M_(23)C_6溶解,其在析出相中所占比例逐渐下降。在700～800℃回火,随着回火温度的升高,高Si含量铁素体/马氏体钢强度和硬度均降低。     

热处理工艺对S31042奥氏体耐热钢显微组织和力学性能的影响

研究S31042奥氏体耐热钢不同热处理工艺后的显微组织和力学性能。结果表明:随着时效温度由700℃上升到900℃,该钢的晶界M_(23)C_6型碳化物析出量增多,并逐渐呈现连续分布,冲击韧性显著降低,高温抗拉强度逐渐降低,屈服强度基本保持稳定,但900℃时效热处理后屈服强度略微增加;当时效温度由900℃上升到1000℃,该钢晶界碳化物析出量减少;高温抗拉强度变化不明显,屈服强度有所降低,冲击韧性提高;相比于拉伸过程中的低应变速率,在瞬时冲击高应变速率条件下,晶界M_(23)C_6相的聚集析出造成沿晶开裂倾向增加。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。